PSY 230 Quiz Questions Unit 2

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "Have you ever hit your relationship partner?" "When was the last time you texted a friend?" "Why did you choose to be a psychology major?" "How often do you eat lunch?"

"Have you ever hit your relationship partner?"

A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question?

A

________ is when you study every member of a population.

A census

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias?

A codebook

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, Dr. Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest EXCEPT? All students at the university All students who are political science majors All students he has ever taught All students taking an Introduction to Neuroscience class

All students who are political science majors

A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question?

C

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

Cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use pre-determined strata

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have:

Collected a sample

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:

Conducted a census

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? Simple random sample Convenience sample Systematic sample Cluster sample

Convenience sample

A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a semantic differential scale?

D

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, if all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following? Decreased the external validity of his study Collected too much data Relied on a census Enhanced sampling bias

Decreased the external validity of his study ?? (not enhanced sampling bias)

A population is to ________ as a sample is to ________. Entire; part Internal; external Census; people Researchers; participants

Entire; part

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

Fence sitting

External validity is most important for which of the following claims?

Frequency claims

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, 43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and 46 of 48 Psychology and Law students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say? His sample is larger than his population His sample is representative His sample is biased His sample came from his population of interest

His sample came from his population of interest

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?

How was the sample collected?

Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Would you be in favor of brutally cutting down this majestic tree to make way for a stupid bike path?" A problem with this question is that it is a _______________.

Leading Question

The following item appears on a survey: "On a five-point scale, where 1 is Strongly disagree, 2 is disagree, 3 is Neither agree nor disagree, 4 is Agree, and 5 is Strongly agree, rate the following statement:"I look forward to coming to class". What type of question format is being used?

Likert Scale

Observer bias relates mainly to ________ whereas observer effects stem from ________. Validity; reliability Researchers; participants Faking good; faking bad Outcomes; expectations

NOT outcomes, expectations researchers, participants ??

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of males and females in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (55 percent female and 45 percent male). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 55 females and 45 males. Is Dr. Lawrence collecting a representative sample? Yes, because the sample includes a representative proportion of males and females. Yes, because all of the students in her sample attend her university. No, because the participants are selected nonrandomly. No, because 100 people is not enough for a representative sample.

No, because the participants are selected nonrandomly.

Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with:

Observer Bias

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?

Observer effects

Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which question is a double-barreled question? Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore. What computer games have you played? On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime. On a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much), rate how much you like and play your favorite game.

On a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much), rate how much you like and play your favorite game.

Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which question uses a Likert-type scale?

On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime.

Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random selection is necessary for external validity. They both are necessary for frequency claims. They both mean the same thing. Random sampling is more important than random assignment.

Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random selection is necessary for external validity.

Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about:

Reactivity

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

Studying people who are easy to find

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. After completing the observational study, Professor Ibrahim sends a survey out to the entire campus about bicycle safety, and asks all bicyclists to respond. He finds a large difference between their reports of how safely they ride and what his observers found. What is the most likely cause of the self-report ratings being inconsistent with the observational data?

The bicyclists were probably responding in a socially desirable way on the self-report survey.

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? Their accuracy can usually be determined. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated.

The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. When the observations began, the observers noticed that bicyclists slowed down when they neared the observers. How could this reactivity be avoided? The observers could use a blind study design. The observers could use random assignment. The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding. The observers could use a masked design.

The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding.

Why are double-barreled questions problematic?

They may have poor construct validity.

Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? They are more efficient than asking forced-choice questions. They are the most common format for psychologists to ask questions. They completely lack construct validity. They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.

They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.

Is it ethical for psychological researchers to observe people in a public place? No, because informed consent cannot be obtained from those being observed. Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private. No, because the researchers will have to individually identify the people they observe. Yes, because as long as it is for the sake of science, it is ethical to observe people in public or private places.

Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private.

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting?

Using scales with an even number of response options

Mr. Stratford is the president of a national organization of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender people in the United States. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that transgender people make up only 5 percent of his organization, but he wants to make sure that their views are accurately represented. He decides that he will randomly sample 100 transgender members and then adjust the final results so that transgender people are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. Is Mr. Stratford collecting a representative sample? Yes, because 1,000 people is enough to make a representative sample. Yes, because the transgender people in the final sample were sampled randomly from the population of transgender people in the organization. No, because the transgender people are over-represented in the final sample. No, because straight people are not included in the sample.

Yes, because the transgender people in the final sample were sampled randomly from the population of transgender people in the organization.

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim? You should automatically disregard the claim. You should automatically accept the claim. You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. You should ask whether more participants are necessary.

You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.

What kind of sample is best for external validity?

a sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made a lot of policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all of the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. What sampling method did the researcher use?

cluster sampling

Typically, in which type of claim is it most important to have a random sample?

frequency

Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Do you oppose not cutting down this tree?" A problem with this question is that it is a

negatively worded question

Dr. Jennings is doing a study on the experience of being a racial minority on a college campus. He goes to the Asian Student Association, Black Student Union, and Hispanic Student Group on his campus to recruit participants for his study. Dr. Jennings only includes Asians, African-Americans, and Hispanic participants in his study. What type of sampling is Dr. Jennings using?

purposive sampling

Which of the following describes a "fence-sitting" response to a survey? responding to a controversial question on a survey by selecting the response right in the middle responding to the questions on a survey by consistently selecting all the "yes" or "strongly agree" responses responding to the questions on a survey by consistently selecting all the "no" or "strongly disagree" responses responding in a socially desirable way

responding to a controversial question on a survey by selecting the response right in the middle

All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: Reverse-worded questions Fence-sitting Nay-saying response sets Acquiescence

reverse-worded questions

A sample is always __________ a population.

smaller than

Beth is working on a research study focused on attention span in children. Among the participants, the group of 11-year-old boys is underrepresented. Beth asks her 11-year-old brother to distribute flyers about participation in the study to his male classmates and soccer team. What type of sampling is this?

snowball

The following problematic question appears on a survey: "Please indicate whether the following statement is true or false for you: My cell phone is new and has all the latest features". How could this question be changed to improve its construct validity?

split the question into two so that it is not double-barreled

A college administrator knows that 70 percent of the students at his college are from out of state, so he decides to make sure that he includes 70 out-of-state students and 30 in-state students in his survey about admission practices at the college. He has a list of all of the out-of-state and all of the in-state students currently enrolled at the college. He randomly selects 70 students from the out-of-state list and 30 students from the in-state list. What sampling method is he using?

stratified random sampling

When people are asked why they made a certain choice, they ______________. will refuse to tell you why they made a certain choice because they don't know will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice are always able to tell you why they made that choice will lie to you about why they made that choice

will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice