PSY 245 Exam 1

Compared with doing a generic internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? a) It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. b) It is free. c) It searches research scientists' websites. d) It can be done on any computer.

a. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a) importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study b) inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher c) risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained d) time investment of the study versus complexity of the study

c. risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

which of the following headlines is an association claim? a. chewing gum can improve your mood and focus b. handling money decreases helpful behavior in young children c. workaholism is tied to psychiatric disorders d. eating kiwis may help you fall asleep

c. workaholism is tied to psychiatric disorders

which of the following research questions best illustrates an example of basic research? a. has our company's new marketing campaign led to an increase in sales? b. how satisfied are our patients with the sensitivity of the nursing staff? c. does wearing Kinesio-tape reduce joint pain in figure skaters? d. can 2-month-old human infants tell the difference between four objects and six objects?

d. can 2-month-old human infants tell the difference between four objects and six objects?

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a) interrater reliability b) construct reliability c) test-retest reliability d) internal reliability

d. internal reliability

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots? a) internal reliability and interrater reliability b) internal reliability and test-retest reliability c) all types of reliability d) interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

d. interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

To study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? a. respect for person b. beneficence d. special protection d. justice

d. justice

which of the following is the most reliable source for reading the details of a psychological study? a. scientific journals b. online podcasts c. newspaper science pages d. full-length books

a. scientific journals

in reading an empirical journal article, what two questions should you be asking as you read? a. what is the argument? What is the evidence to support the argument? b. why was this research done? Were there any significant findings? c. How reputable is (are) the author(s)? Did the findings include support for the hypotheses? d. how does this research relate to other research? What are ways to extend this research further?

a. what is the argument? What is the evidence to support the argument?

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? a) a review journal article b) a meta-analysis c) a trade book d) a chapter in an edited book

b. a meta-analysis

Why is publication an important part of the research process? a. because publication enables practitioners to use the research in applied settings b. because when a study is published, other scientists can verify or challenge it, making science self-correcting c. because journalists can make knowledge available to the general public d. because publication is the first step of the theory-data cycle

b. because when a study is published, other scientists can verify or challenge it, making science self-correcting

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a) HIV b) syphilis c) smallpox d) tuberculosis

b. syphilis

Which of the following jobs most likely involves producer-of-research skills rather than consumer-of-research skills? a. Police Officer b. University professor c. physician d. journalist

b. university professor

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? a)An intervention program evaluator b)An advertising executive c)A political pollster d)A clinical psychologist

b)An advertising executive

Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm does this illustrate? a)communality b)organized skepticism c)universality d)disinterestedness

b)organized skepticism

When your scale does not correlate with other, unrelated procedures or scales, it has ________ validity. a) criterion b) convergent c) discriminant d) face

c. discriminant

Which of the following involves using evidence from the senses or from instruments that assist the senses as the basis for conclusions? a)evidence-based treatment b)translational research c)hypotheses d)empiricism

d)empiricism

Another word for discriminant validity is ________ validity. a) asymmetrical b) convergent c) multiple d) divergent

d. divergent

Suppose you hypothesize that all children have an imaginary friend at some point during their preschool years. You talk to twenty children, all of whom say that they have or have had an imaginary friend. Does your finding support your hypothesis? a) No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children. b) Yes, because there is no alternative explanation for these findings. c) Yes, because all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis. d) No, because you do not have a theory to support your hypothesis.

a) No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children.

"A strong relationship was found. Children with more positive relationships with their parents had higher academic performance than children with less positive relationships with their parents." From this information, you know that the r in the study was closest to a) +.50 b) +.10 c) -.50 d) -.10

a. +.50

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? a) a description of the study's hypotheses b) a list of procedures c) a statement of benefits d) a statement of risks

a. a description of the study's hypotheses

Destiny concluded that her new white noise machine helped her fall asleep last night. She based this conclusion on personal experience, which might have confounds. In this context, a confound means: a. another thing might have also occurred last night to help destiny fall asleep b. destiny's experience has left her puzzled or confused c. destiny has not compared last night with times she didn't use the white noise machine

a. another thing might have also occurred last night to help destiny fall asleep

In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff? a. internal and external validity b. construct and statistical validity c. statistical and internal validity d. external and statistical validity

a. internal and external validity

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a) people with developmental disabilities b) refugees c) women d) members of minority religious groups

a. people with developmental disabilities

which of the following headlines is a causal claim? a. taking a deep breath helps minimize high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression b. younger people can't read emotions or wrinkled faces c. strange but true: babies born in the Autumn Are more likely to live to 100 d. check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD

a. taking a deep breath helps minimize high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of beneficence b) the principle of respect for persons c) the principle of justice d) the principle of integrity

a. the principle of beneficence

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards. a) 3; 5 b) 5; 10 c) 3; 10 d) 3; 8

b. 5; 10

After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. In fact, suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. What happened? a. Marcelino was probably a victim of the bias blind spot b. Marcelino was probably influenced by the availability heuristic; he was too influenced by cases that came easily to mind c. Marcelino thought about too many examples of teens who died from other causes besides suicide d. Marcelino did not consider possible confounds

b. Marcelino was probably influenced by the availability heuristic; he was too influenced by cases that came easily to mind

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? a) During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner needs to tell the participants only that there was deception. b) Participants must be told the reasons for the deception. c) Dr. Kushner needs to invite only participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. d) Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional.

b. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

which of the following headlines is a frequency claim a. obese kids are less sensitive to tastes b. either percent of women feel dissatisfied with how their bodies look c. feeling fat? maybe facebook is to blame d. daycare and behavior problems are not linked

b. either percent of women feel dissatisfied with how their bodies look

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the a) length of the measurement. b) margin of error estimate. c) statistical significance. d) strength of the association.

b. margin of error estimate.

Dr. Rodriguez is interested in studying the impact of exercise on synaptic connections in the hippocampus of rats. However, before the study begins, construction work to renovate another lab on the floor above Dr. Rodriguez's lab begins. Dr. Rodriquez notices that his rats appear distressed by the construction noises, so he negotiates to have his laboratory temporarily moved to another building. What guideline for animal care in research is Dr. Rodriguez following? a) reduction b) refinement c) relevance d) replacement

b. refinement

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? a) full-length books b) review journal articles c) chapters in edited books d) magazine articles

b. review journal articles

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? a) a panel of experts b) the editor of the journal c) Nadia, the author of the article d) the publisher of the journal

b. the editor of the journal

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a) the statistical validity of the study b) the external validity of the study c) the construct validity of the study d) the internal validity of the study

b. the external validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, estrogen levels in participants were the a) research question. b) hypothesis. c) data. d) theory.

c) data.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a) Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. b) Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. c) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. d) Behavioral research involves probability sampling.

c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a) a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study b) a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate c) a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study d) a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

c. a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

What is the best description of a peer-reviewed journal article? a) an article written by college professors b) an article that is designed to communicate the results of a scientific study to the general public c) an article written by experts and reviewed by other professionals in the same field of study d) an article written by journalists designed to share scientific findings widely via the media

c. an article written by experts and reviewed by other professionals in the same field of study

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? a. informed consent b. justice c. beneficence d. respect for persons

c. beneficence

Which of the following best describes an abstract? a) index of authors in the field of psychology b) description of studies recently published in other psychology journals c) brief summary of an article d) computerized database

c. brief summary of an article

A study suggesting a link between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of a) legal protection of lab animals. b) using deception. c) data falsification/fabrication. d) failing the Principle of Justice.

c. data falsification/fabrication.

what does it mean to say the research results are probabilistic? a. researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct b. research predicts all possible results c. research conclusions explain a certain proportion of possible cases but may not explain all d. if there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably correct

c. research conclusions explain a certain proportion of possible cases but may not explain all

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to... a) research. b)answers. c)data. d)questions.

d)questions.

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a) "My data are inconsistent with my theory." b) "My theory needs amending." c) "My data partially prove my theory." d) "My data disprove my theory."

d. "My data disprove my theory."

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as a) an AWA. b) an IRB. c) an AIRB. d) an IACUC.

d. an IACUC.

If we cannot observe a behavior, we cannot study it. What does this statement refer to? a) empiricism b) falsifiability c) skepticism d) replication

empiricism

What should the introduction of a research report include? a) a description of the materials used to collect the data b) a description of the procedures used to test the hypothesis c) a summary of recent research on the primary topic of interest d) a summary of how the findings of the study can potentially be generalized to other populations

c. a summary of recent research on the primary topic of interest

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has a) interrater reliability. b) subjectivity. c) face validity. d) credibility.

c. face validity.

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study? a. construct validity b. statistical validity c. external validity d. internal validity

a. construct validity

as a true empiricist one should: a. base one's conclusion on direct observations b. strive to prove all theories with research c. be sure that one's research can be applied in a real-world setting d. discuss one's ideas in a public setting, such as on social media

a. base one's conclusion on direct observations

One of the reasons that research studies are superior to personal experience is that a) an authority is involved. b) they include at least one comparison group. c) they use confederates. d) they avoid constants.

b. they include at least one comparison group.

Articles that could be considered journalism a) are hard to access. b) are typically written by scientists. c) do not require specialized education to read. d) are typically written for scientists.

c. do not require specialized education to read.

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? a) scientific journals b) popular magazines c) edited books d) an expert's dissertation

c. edited books

If Jamal wanted to test the consistency of participants' responses on a survey at two different times, what would he use? a) internal reliability b) criterion validity c) interrater reliability d) test-retest reliability

d. test-retest reliability

A professor may agree to an interview with a journalist who expresses an interest in writing a popular article describing findings from the professor's recently published empirical journal article. What is the professor most likely hoping to achieve by working with this journalist? a) He wants to make the findings available to a wider audience that might be able to benefit from the findings. b) He hopes to become known as an expert in his field. c) He is hoping to communicate new knowledge to other scientists. d) He is hoping to help solve problems identified by other scientists related to their field of research.

a. He wants to make the findings available to a wider audience that might be able to benefit from the findings.

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a) Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis. b) Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory. c) Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because some of her data did not support it. d) Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.

a. Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? a) The theory may need to be amended. b) Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. c) Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. d) The theory is completely wrong.

a. The theory may need to be amended.

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a) bias blind spot b) confirmation bias c) motivated thinking d) faulty intuition

a. bias blind spot

Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article? a) clinical researchers b) depressed patients c) social workers d) journalists

a. clinical researchers

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study? a) the type of game b) effort put into playing the game c) the gender of the participant d) the number of researchers

a. the type of game

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of justice b) the principle of respect for persons c) the principle of beneficence d) the principle of integrity

b. the principle of respect for persons

What is the primary purpose of peer review? a) to give scientists more practice thinking critically about research methodology b) to ensure the relevance, accuracy, and integrity of the content c) to distinguish between magazines and journals d) to make sure that the authors have included all relevant citations of other research in the field

b. to ensure the relevance, accuracy, and integrity of the content

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? a) measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes b) assigning the participant to keep a "daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level c) asking the question "When was the last time you saw a snake?" d) asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

d. asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? a) deception through omission b) deception through permission c) deception through commission d) deception through exception

c. deception through commission

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How did the researchers get their sample for this survey? a. construct validity b. statistical validity c. external validity d. internal validity

c. external validity

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing? a) an explicit warning about any potential risks b) asking participants to summarize the data they provided as one strategy for checking their understanding of the study hypotheses c) fully informing participants about all aspects of the study d) having participants review and sign an informed consent form

c. fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a) Both are very difficult to establish. b) Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. c) Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. d) Both involve subjective judgments.

d. Both involve subjective judgments.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a) Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. b) Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?" c) Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. d) Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

d. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? a) Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? b) How many people have you met and befriended? c) Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? d) What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

d. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

Which of the following is an example of basic research? a) an educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance b) an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment c) a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused d) an experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

d. an experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

A statement, or set of statements, that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a ________________. a. prediction b. hypothesis c. empirical observation d. theory

d. theory

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? a)find and read the original scientific article b)check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results c)research the credentials of the author of the popular media article d)determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes

a)find and read the original scientific article

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT a) he wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style. b) he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies. c) he wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important. d) he wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs.

b. he wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies.

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be an effective producer of research? a) It is important to communicate new scientific findings that can advance the field of psychology. b) It is important to know how to read an APA style research report. c) It is important to be able to synthesize previous research findings. d) It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

a. It is important to communicate new scientific findings that can advance the field of psychology.

Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific norms? a) organized skepticism b) communality c) universality d) disinterestedness

a. organized skepticism

Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can feel threatened by racism, men of color feel threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in ________ than ________. a) generalizing to all underrepresented groups; statistical validity b) construct validity; generalizing to all underrepresented groups c) the effect size of their findings; internal validity d) external validity; validating their causal claims

b. construct validity; generalizing to all underrepresented groups

Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals? a) to gain attention by journalists b) to have their results reviewed by other psychologists c) to get money from the journals where their work appears d) to share their findings with the general public

b. to have their results reviewed by other psychologists

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? a) to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk b) to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically c) to assess scientific fraud d) to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected

b. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically

When is it a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities? a. when authorities have advanced degrees, such as a Ph.D. or a master's degree b. when authorities base their advice on research that systematically and objectively compares different conditions c. when the authority's website has an official-looking logo or domain name d. when the authorities state they have many years of experience in their area

b. when authorities base their advice on research that systematically and objectively compares different conditions

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a) positive association b) zero association c) causal association d) negative association

b. zero association

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? a) It is important to know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants. b) It is important to understand how to design an effective study. c) It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. d) It is important to know how to write in APA style.

c. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

which of the following variables are manipulated, rather than measured (could be more than one)? a. number of shoes owned, in pairs b. a person's height, in cm c. amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325mg or 500mg d. degree of happiness, rated on a scale from 1 to 10 e. type of praise a researcher uses in groups of dogs: verbal praise or a clicking sound paired with treats

c. amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325mg or 500mg e. type of praise a researcher uses in groups of dogs: verbal praise or a clicking sound paired with treats

A scientist is most likely to accept a theory when a) the theory is not falsifiable. b) the findings of replicated studies are consistent with the theory. c) an evidence-based treatment confirms the theory. d) one study has data that are consistent with the theory.

c. an evidence-based treatment confirms the theory.

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a) an interval scale of measurement b) a categorical measurement c) an ordinal scale of measurement d) a self-report measurement

c. an ordinal scale of measurement

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity? a) give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients b) give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings c) correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year d) ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

c. correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? a) Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. b) More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study. c) Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. d) According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

d. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? a) Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. b) Nonsignificant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. c) The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. d) Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.a) Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. b) Nonsignificant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. c) The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. d) Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

d. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? a) use reviewers from fields other than psychology b) give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers c) increase the number of peer reviewers d) make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

d. make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? a) one that is measured b) one that is kept constant c) one that has one level d) one that is manipulated

d. one that is manipulated

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as a) compound research. b) practical research. c) empirical research. d) translational research.

d. translational research.

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? a) Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing. b) Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. c) Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing. d) Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

a. Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions? a) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? b) Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study? c) Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study? d) Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent?

a. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? a) if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) b) it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied c) if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women) d) if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)

c. if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? a) the study's statistical validity b) the study's external validity c) the study's construct validity d) the study's internal validity

c. the study's construct validity

Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White's findings. This new researcher is a) conduct a similar study with improved research design. b) conduct the same study in a different sample of depressed patients. c) thoughtfully consider reasons why these findings might not support the new theory. d) design a new study to ask a slightly different research question.

c. thoughtfully consider reasons why these findings might not support the new theory.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception? a) whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception b) whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception c) whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception d) whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe

c. whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? a) applying a new therapy technique b) undergoing a brain scan c) writing an opinion article about a psychological study d) administering an anxiety questionnaire

d. administering an anxiety questionnaire

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a) the length of the distractor task b) the number of words remembered c) the number of words on the list d) the content of the words

d. the content of the words

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of a) empirical research. b) applied research. c) basic research. d) translational research.

d. translational research.