psy-2500 final exam
Which of the following is NOT required to establish causality? Select one: a)Random assignment to different levels of the IV b)Convergent validity c)Temporal precedence d)Manipulation of the IV
b
Which statistic is used to represent the internal reliability of multiple-item self-report scales? Select one: a)Cronbach's alpha b)Kappa c)s, the standard deviation d)r, the correlation coefficient
a
A _______ design is one in which there are two or more independent variables. Select one: a)concurrent measures b)factorial c)pretest-posttest d)repeated measures
b
A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following: Select one: a)Their mean score and their standard deviation b)Measurement error and their true score c)Systematic variance and error variance d)Manipulation effect and observer bias
b
When using a bar graph to display the correlation between to categorical variables, the data used is Select one: a)the sum of the data for each variable divided by the mean. b)the sum of data for each category. c)the mean of the data for each category. d)the sum of all variables.
C
Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? Select one: a)Posttest-only design b)Repeated-measures design c)Longitudinal design d)Concurrent-measures design
D
When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you NOT expect to see? Select one: a)interaction effect b)main effect c)significant d)correlation
D
A college administrator knows that 70% of the students at his college are from out of state, so he decides to make sure that he includes 70 out-of-state students and 30 in-state students in his survey about admission practices at the college. He has a list of all of the out-of-state and all of the in-state students currently enrolled at the college. He randomly selects 70 students from the out-of-state list and 30 students from the in-state list. What sampling method is he using? Select one: a)stratified random sampling b)quota sampling c)cluster sampling d)multi-stage sampling
a
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? Select one: a)The rule of temporal precedence b)The rule of parsimony c)The rule of covariance d)The third-variable rule
a
A researcher wants to run a 2 x 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor is within-subjects. The second factor is between-subjects. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total? Select one: a)60 b)120 c)20 d)40
a
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a)Observer effects b)A masked study design c)Observer bias d)Self-report operationalization
a
Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using? Select one: a)pretest/posttest b)posttest only c)repeated measures d)concurrent measures
a
Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life. Select one: a)moderator b)mediator c)criterion variable d)confounding third variable
a
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 3 x 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change? Select one: The number of researchers needed The number of participants needed The number of interactions that need to be examined The number of main effects that need to be examined
a
Dr. Kim is researching treatments for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based upon preliminary lab testing, the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the IRB evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal to test his new treatment, what would make you more likely to approve the proposal? Select one: a)You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. b)There are few other treatments for this type of cancer. c)You decide that the potential risks of the study outweigh the potential benefits. d)Dr. Kim is a very smart and well-respected scientist.
a
Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? Select one: a)A weak manipulation b)Ceiling effect c)An insensitive measure d)A reverse confound
a
During lecture, we talked about Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, Luminosity, antidepressants and even vaccinations to demonstrate Select one: a)you need to pay attention to research design even when it appears to be backed by good science. b)numerous examples of good empirical design. c)there are no perfect research designs. d)good research design has changed significantly over time.
a
If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? Select one: a)The findings should be replicated in another population. b)The association should be rejected as inconclusive. c)The study must be done again using the same participants. d)The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not.
a
In an experiment, researchers: Select one: a)manipulate one variable and measure another. b)manipulate two variables. c)measure two variables. d)measure more than two variables.
a
In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff? Select one: I. Increased internal validity results and decreased external validity. II. Increased external validity results and decreased statistical validity. III. Increased statistical validity results and decreased internal validity. IV. Increased construct validity results and decreased statistical validity.
a
In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? Select one: a)justice b)beneficence c)special protection d)respect for persons
a
Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using? Select one: I. matched-groups II. independent groups III. concurrent measures IV. within-groups
a
Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in? Select one: a)6 b)3 c)2 d)1
a
Marvin reads a journalistic report of a research study and asks, "How strong was the effect? Which validity is Marvin asking about? Select one: a)statistical validity b)construct validity c)internal validity d)external validity
a
Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude? Select one: a)There is a spreading interaction. b)There is no interaction. c)There is a main-effect interaction. d)There is a crossover interaction.
a
Of the studies presented in Chapter 1, which was used to demonstrate how journalists can misrepresent research? Select one: a)Information presented on Scared Straight b)The studies on mindful meditation c)Harry Harlos study on the Comfort vs. Cupboard Theory d)Elliot's study on the color red
a
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mitchell points out that in her classes, students always do better on the second exam because they are more used to her tests. What threat to validity is she suggesting? Select one: a)maturation b)testing c)regression to the mean d)attrition
a
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. What is the formal name for this type of design? Select one: a)one-group, pretest/posttest b)two-group, posttest only c)two-group, pretest/posttest d)one-group, posttest only
a
Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. What is the criterion variable? Select one: a)foreign language achievement b)perceived self-worth c)foreign language anxiety d)academic achievement
a
The reason that the Nuremburg Code developed ethical guidelines for research was based on Select one: a)medical mistreatment of the Jews and others by the Nazis In World War II which included breaking individuals' bones to study how the body repairs. b)the unethical treatment of Blacks in the Tuskegee study. c)animals were being mistreated in the name of science. d)Milgram's study where individuals became stressed about giving shocks to an innocent participant with a heart condition.
a
Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment? Select one: a)All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m. b)The same list is used for each condition and is randomized for each participant. c)Three different experimenters are in charge of administering the task, and they rotate which condition they are administering. d)The three groups are run simultaneously in three different rooms, and the room for each condition is randomly chosen before each group arrives.
a
Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Why can't Dr. Horvat conclude that home life satisfaction causes job satisfaction? Select one: a)There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship. b)Home satisfaction did not occur before life satisfaction. c)Home satisfaction is not related to life satisfaction. d)Home satisfaction and life satisfaction are too highly correlated with each other.
a
Professor Joseph wants to find out what customers at his restaurant think about the food and the service. He creates a survey for diners to fill out at the end of their meal with three questions: 1) Please rate the food from 1-10, where 1 is yucky and 10 is delicious; 2) Please rate the service from 1-10 were 1 is unacceptable and 10 is outstanding. What kind of question format is Joseph using? Select one: a)semantic differential b)Likert scale c)forced choice d)open-ended
a
Professor Meyer gives the students in his class a mid-semester feedback survey asking them how stressed out they are by the assignments in his class. The majority of his class report that they feel "extremely stressed." What might explain this? Select one: a)faking bad b)reactivity c)faking good d)socially desirable responding
a
Professor Morgan questions whether the ratings he receives from his students on teaching effectiveness indicate how much the students learn in his class or whether they are just a reflection of how much his students like him. What aspect of the ratings is he questioning? Select one: a)the measurement validity of the ratings b)the statistical significance of the ratings c)the use of an interval scale d)the reliability of the ratings
a
Professor Silva strives to be truthful and accurate in all his research demonstrating which of the following APA Principles? Select one: a)Integrity b)Justice c)Respect for People's Rights and Dignity d)Fidelity and Responsibility
a
Regression to the mean is especially problematic in which of the following situations? Select one: a)When one group has an extremely high score at pretest b)When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest c)When one group has an extremely low score at posttest d)When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest
a
Research using animals must be approved by Select one: a)an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). b)the American Psychological Association (APA). c)People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). d)an Institutional Review Board (IRB).
a
Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Select one: a)The theory may need to be amended. b)Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. c)The theory needs to be completely revised. d)Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly.
a
The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. When the observations began, the observers noticed that bicyclists slowed down when they neared the observers. How could this reactivity be avoided? Select one: a)The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding. b)The observers could use a blind study design. c)The observers could use random assignment. d)The observers could use a masked design.
a
The directors of an annual community concert want to find the musical preferences of the audience. The ushers place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat (2 and 6 were chosen from a random number table). All of the cards are returned as the audience leaves. Which type of sampling is being used? Select one: a)systematic sampling b)cluster sampling c)multistage sampling d)stratified random sampling
a
The student government at a college is interested in determining how important intercollegiate sports are to the students there. Since all students have e-mail accounts, they are able to send a survey to all the students. About 50 percent of the students respond. Which is the most likely bias in this sample? Select one: a)self-selection bias b)a bias from contacting only those the student government could easily contact c)convenience sampling bias d)random sampling bias
a
Using the above information from Oswald's study, which of the following statements is true? Select one: a)The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in Tennessee. b)The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes. c)The association found in her study could probably generalize to teenagers. d)The association found in her study could probably generalize to people in New York City.
a
What information can you learn from a scatterplot that you cannot learn from the correlation coefficient? Select one: a)The values for each variable for each participant b)The direction of the relationship c)Whether the relationship is statistically significant d)The strength of the relationship
a
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? Select one: a)Convenience sampling b)Cluster sampling c)Simple random sampling d)Purposive sampling
a
What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? Select one: a)Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. b)Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. c)Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. d)Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.
a
What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? Select one: a)plagiarism b)data falsification c)data fabrication d)deception
a
When people are asked why they made a certain choice, they Select one: a)will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice. b)are always able to tell you why they made that choice. c)will refuse to tell you why they made a certain choice because they don't know. d)will lie to you about why they made that choice.
a
When using multiple regression, what is the term for the variable that the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting? Select one: I. criterion II. response III. predictor IV. independent variable
a
Which of the following is NOT an operational definition of stress? Select one: a)you look in your psychology textbook for the meaning of anxiety b)a measurement of the amount of a fight or flight hormone in saliva c)length of time a participant submerges one hand in ice water (which stresses a person) d)responses to a standardized stress questionnaire
a
Which of the following is an example of a physiological measure? Select one: a)skin conductance b)responses to a questionnaire on exercise c)speed in solving a puzzle d)ratings by an observer on distance between during conversations between two individuals
a
Which of the following is not a place where psychological scientists publish their research? Select one: a)Popular magazines b)Chapters in books. c)Full-length books d)Scientific journals
a
Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals are peer reviewed? Select one: a)It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality. b)It encourages collaboration among researchers. c)It is cost effective. d)It is more efficient/faster.
a
Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? Select one: a)They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded. b)They are the most common format for psychologists to ask questions. c)They are more efficient than asking forced-choice questions. d)They completely lack construct validity.
a
Which of the following statements is falsifiable? Select one: a)Children in the north are significantly less happy than those in the south. b)Loch Ness contains a giant, monster-like reptile. c)There is intelligent life on other stars. d)The US government placed bombs in the World Trade Center.
a
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an edited book? Select one: a)The peer-review process for edited books is more rigorous than for that of a journal. b)It is a collection of chapters on a common topic. c)Each chapter is written by a different contributor. d)Chapters typically are summaries of sets of research.
a
Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? Select one: a)"Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation." b)"Cuddling is an important factor in marital satisfaction for men." c)"Drinking coffee is associated with greater work productivity." d)"Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home."
a
the scientific articles that use quantitative techniques combining findings of many research studies is called a(n) __________ and uses the __________ to determine the effect of all studies combined. Select one: a)meta-analysis; effect size b)meta-analysis; correlation c)empirical study; statistical difference d)literature review; effect size
a
Professor Lee is curious if there is any pattern to who earns extra credit in her course. She examines this question by graphing a scatterplot of her students' exam grades and the number of extra credit points earned. She finds that the students with the lowest exam grades tend to have the most extra credit points. What type of association is this? Select one: a)negative b)positive c)curvilinear d)causal
a, negative
Which of the following is the term used in psychology to describe a person who is an actor playing a specific role as part of an experiment? Select one: a)research assistant b)confederate c)imposter d)control subject
b
Another term for observer effects is: Select one: a)Expectancy effects b)Interrater reliability c)Unobtrusive observation d)Observer bias
a; Expectancy effects
According to the theory-data cycle, which of the following would be a good first step once you've determined your theory regarding, for example, why children exhibit aggressive behaviors? Select one: a)Collect data on your theory b)Determine questions that you would like to investigate related to your theory c)Determine if you are going to perform a frequency, association, or causal study (study design) d)Refine your theory
b
All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT: Select one: a)Observational measures tend to provide richer information than survey data. b)Observational measures tend to have good construct validity. c)Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims. d)Observational measures can be used in frequency claims.
b
All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: Select one: a)They can affect the strength of an association. b)They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. c)They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. d)They can affect the direction of an association.
b
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? Select one: a)The study's external validity b)The study's construct validity c)The study's internal validity d)The study's statistical validity
b
As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood, Stone Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to read about the study's contributions and significance, he should look at which section of the article? Select one: a)Introduction b)Discussion c)Method d)Results
b
Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. What is the second group called? Select one: a)treatment group b)placebo group c)experimental group d)control group
b
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p= .01) Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p =.04) Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a/an: Select one: a)Outlier b)Moderator c)Cause d)Spurious variable
b
Dr. Rhodes is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. What kind of sampling method is Dr. Rhodes using? Select one: a)cluster sampling b)convenience sampling c)systematic sampling d)snowball sampling
b
Dr. Sanders conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people listening to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Prior to testing participants, he told them of his hypothesis that most people were happier if they listened to rock music and mentioned that must be why he's happy (wink-wink). Dr. Sanders has committed what kind of ethical violation? Select one: a)deception b)data falsification c)plagiarism d)data fabrication
b
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Select one: a)discriminant validity b)convergent validity c)content validity d)predictive validity
b
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? Select one: a)Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem b)The time spent solving a math problem c)The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) d)The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver
b
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: Select one: a)Biased the study b)Conducted a census c)Increased internal validity d)Collected a sample
b
In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test? Select one: a)three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction b)three main effects, three two-way interactions, and three three-way interactions c)three main effects and three-way interaction d)two main effects and a two-way interaction
b
In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Select one: a)eye/eyes used b)distance out of alignment of the rods c)how long the participant takes to complete the alignment d)improvement in performance by the participant
b
In the mindfulness study by Mrazek et al. (2013), one condition being studied was that individuals were assigned to 2 weeks of mindfulness training. To what other condition were participants assigned that was compared to those who had mindfulness training? Select one: a)Participants were assigned to an exercise course. b)Participants were assigned to a 2-week nutrition course c)Participants were assigned to tutor younger children in reading. d)Participants were assigned to an academic intervention.
b
Is it ethical for psychological researchers to observe people in a public place? Select one: a)Yes, because as long as it is for the sake of science, it is ethical to observe people in public or private places. b)Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private. c)No, because the researchers will have to individually identify the people they observe. d)No, because informed consent cannot be obtained from those being observed.
b
Jared is conducting an experiment with ESP (extrasensory perception) training. He begins with a pretest of his 40 participants and divides them into two groups based on their scores. The participants with the 10 lowest scores are given extensive training on how to detect the signals. The participants with the 30 highest scores are given no training. Both groups are retested and the average score of the participants with the training improved, while the average score of the participants without the training actually fell. What threat to internal validity should Jared consider? Select one: a)history b)regression c)maturation d)attrition
b
Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a factor in this study? Select one: a)the movie shown b)type of commercial shown c)amount of alcohol consumed during the movie d)young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week
b
Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? Select one: a)deception b)data fabrication c)plagiarism d)data falsification
b
Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests, instead basing their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A large reason that they have done this is that they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman year GPA. In other words, they were concerned that college entrance exams lacked which type of validity? Select one: a)face validity b)criterion validity c)content validity d)discriminant validity
b
Students in one room were taking the ACT, however, they were often distracted because it was field day for students in another class and they were outside the window playing games and running relay races. Therefore, this class' scores may be different from other groups based on Select one: a)ceiling effects. b)situation noise. c)floor effects. d)individual differences.
b
The Department of Motor Vehicles receives a complaint that some of their employees who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of test-takers than other employees. In this example, what aspect of the road test is being questioned? Select one: a)the test-retest reliability of the road test b)the inter-rater reliability of the road test c)the internal reliability of the road test d)the measurement validity of the road test
b
The Yerkes-Dodson law (1908), shows that performance increases with arousal up to a point, but beyond that, performance decreases with increasing arousal. What type of correlation is this? Select one: a)positive b)curvilinear c)negative d)zero
b
The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. Initially, the observers can't agree about what is dangerous behavior. Professor Ibrahim refines his codebooks to clearly define the rating scales and retrains the observers. What is he addressing by doing this? Select one: a)the validity of the measure b)the reliability of the measure c)socially desirable responding d)reactivity
b
The mathematical way to describe an interaction is: Select one: a)A caveat b)A difference in differences c)A qualified main effect d)A patterned pattern
b
The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research? Select one: a)Journal-journalism cycle b)Theory-data cycle c)Peer-review cycle d)Basic-applied cycle
b
The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made a lot of policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all of the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. What sampling method did the researcher use? Select one: a)simple random sampling b)cluster sampling c)purposive sampling d)systematic sampling
b
Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? Select one: a)When you do not have a control group b)When you have a small number of people in your study c)When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable d)When you have a complex dependent variable
b
What is the main disadvantage of using Google Scholar if you're citing only primary sources in a paper? Select one: a)Google Scholar does not include scholarly books. b)Google Scholar does not indicate if an article is peer reviewed. c)Google Scholar can be expensive to use. d)Google Scholar does not provide empirical research.
b
What type of research design involves measuring the same variables for the same people across different points in time? Select one: a)cross-sectional b)longitudinal c)multiple regression d)pattern and parsimony
b
When is it a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities? Select one: a)When authorities have several years of experience in their specialty area. b)When authorities have conducted the research on which their advice is based, by systematically and objectively comparing different conditions. c)It is never a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities because they typically have a hidden agenda. d)When authorities have an advanced degree, such as a Ph.D. or a master's degree.
b
Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? Select one: a)the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners b)the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers c)targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants d)the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers
b
Which of the following criteria is NOT necessary for a causal claim? Select one: a)There are no other explanations for the relationship. b)The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is strong. c)The independent variable came first and the dependent variable came later. d)The independent variables and dependent variable are correlated.
b
Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? Select one: a)The participants were harmed. b)The investigators fabricated data. c)The participants were not treated respectfully. d)A disadvantaged group was targeted.
b
Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? Select one: a)Measuring different age groups at two different times b)Measuring the same variables at two points in time c)Manipulating a variable at two points in time d)Measuring at least four variables at one time
b
Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity? Select one: a)a large sample size b)random sampling c)using measures that are valid and reliable d)random assignment
b
Which of the following outcomes of Milgram's studies is untrue? Select one: a)Most believed only 1% of participants would administer shocks to the maximum possible level. b)Studies were not conducted to examine other conditions, such as whether or not having the research conducted at Yale University vs. in a community college made a difference in outcomes. c)Milgram's first study looked at men only. d)Approximately 2/3 of both men and women chose to administer shocks at the maximum possible level.
b
Which of these is NOT an advantage of within-groups designs? Select one: a)requirement of fewer participants b)elimination of practice effects c)assurance of equivalence of the groups d)more statistical power
b
Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life. Select one: a)cross-lag b)cross-sectional c)autocorrelation d)non-linear
c
A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation? Select one: a)The beta values are not shown, so there isn't enough information to conclude causation. b)There may be some other third variable. c)Temporal precedence isn't established. d)No cross-lag correlation was done.
b; There may be some other third variable.
A ________ is the entire set of people in which the researchers are interested. Select one: a)biased sample b)quota sample c)population d)representative sample
c
A professor tells his students that, in part, their grade is based on whether or not they participate in his research studies. This undue influence is called Select one: a)special protection. b)debriefing. c)coercion. d)informed consent.
c
A school district decides to compare a new math textbook to the textbook that has been in use for the past few years. Each of the fourth graders in one school is assigned to be in one of two classes, one in which a teacher continues using the old book and another in which a new teacher uses the new book. The school administrators compare the average scores of the two classes on a mathematics standardized test at the end of the year to determine which book is better. Which of the following is a potential confound in this study? Select one: a)The study also uses a confederate. b)Both classes have children who report that they do not like math. c)The teachers have two different teaching styles. d)There are different children in fourth grade this year than there were last year.
c
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? Select one: a)The correlation is not statistically significant. b)The correlation is negative. c)The correlation is unlikely to be due to chance. d)The effect size is medium.
c
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________ with the independent variable. Select one: a)spontaneously b)unsystematically c)systematically d)temporally
c
All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: Select one: a)Nay-saying response sets b)Fence-sitting c)Reverse-worded questions d)Acquiescence
c
Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: Select one: a)Allow participants to skip questions b)Ensure validity c)Make sure participants are not lying dCancel out measurement error
c
Basing our conclusions on personal experience is faulty because experience has confounds. In this context, a confound means Select one: a)We will have trouble thinking of counterexamples. b)The conclusion we draw from the experience has left us puzzled, or confused. c)In real-world experiences, there are other possible explanations for the outcome. d)There is no comparison group.
c
Deci and Ryan made a general statement that individuals have three needs that are related to growth and fulfillment. This is an example of Select one: a)research. b)data. c)a theory. d)a hypothesis.
c
What design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once? Select one: a)within-groups b)repeated measures c)posttest only d)pretest/posttest
c
Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Select one: a)Using a Likert-type response scale b)Using reverse-worded questions c)Using scales with an even number of response options d)Providing a "no opinion" option
c
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine? Select one: a)6 b)3 c)2 d)4
c
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? Select one: a)The study was conducted by a professor. b)Dr. Kang used a distractor task. c)Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. d)The study was conducted at a university.
c
Dr. Russell did a study that found that praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity. Select one: a)criterion variable b)mediator c)confounding third variable d)moderator
c
Hilda is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. She finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Hilda conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms? Select one: a)Because she hasn't done enough background research b)Because she is relying on intuition c)Because she doesn't have a comparison group d)Because she doesn't have a theory
c
In the study by Bushman (2002) on venting, the common fallacy that the research was disproving was Select one: a)sitting quietly relieves stress. b)research does not always require a comparison group. c)bloodletting did not cure people of blood diseases. d)venting anger relieves feelings of aggression. people are willing to give shocks when angered.
c
Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include any tests of other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. Which type of validity is she questioning? Select one: a)face validity b)discriminant validity Incorrect c)content validity d)criterion validity
c
Judy writes a survey to assess how much people worry. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven-point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the "strongly agree" option. What is this kind of responding called? Select one: a)faking bad b)faking good c)acquiescence d)fence sitting
c
Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What is the dependent variable? Select one: a)personality of the person in the picture b)race of the participant c)the number of pictures accurately identified d)race of the personality in the picture
c
Lucia is interested in studying discrimination in hiring. She designs an experiment in which the participant takes the role of an employer looking at job candidates for a specific position. Each participant is given two very similar resumés—one of a candidate with a female name and one of a candidate with a male name—and is then asked to rate the suitability of each candidate for a job. Lucia finds no difference in participants' ratings of male and female candidates. What threat to internal validity should she be concerned about? Select one: a)selection b)observer bias c)demand characteristics d)placebo
c
Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred? a)No, because covariance was not established. b)No, because temporal precedence was not established. c)No, because internal validity was not established. d)Yes, because temporal precedence was established.
c
Mr. Stratford is the president of a national organization of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender people in the United States. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that transgender people make up only 5 percent of his organization, but he wants to make sure that their views are accurately represented. He decides that he will randomly sample 100 transgender members and then adjust the final results so that transgender people are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. What type of sampling is Mr. Stratford using? Select one: a)quota sampling b)cluster sampling c)oversampling d)snowball sampling
c
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mutola looks back over the second exam and begins to wonder if it was just an easier exam. What threat to internal validity is she considering? Select one: a)testing b)history c)instrumentation d)maturation
c
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. When Professor Mutola rechecks her data, she finds that the five students with the lowest scores on the first exam have dropped the class. What threat to internal validity is this? Select one: a)regression to the mean b)maturation c)attrition d)history
c
Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What kind of study design is this? Select one: a)independent-groups factorial design b)concurrent measures design c)mixed factorial design d)within-groups factorial design
c
The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an IV when one truly exists is known as: Select one: Effect size Power Covariance Statistical validity
c
The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is: Select one: a)Cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not b)Cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages c)Multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters d)There is no difference between them
c
Using the above information from Oswald's study, Matt, Dr. Oswald's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? Select one: a)Internal validity b)External validity c)Covariance d)Temporal precedence
c
What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic? Select one: a)Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct. b)Research predicts all possible results. c)Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all possible cases. d)If there are exceptions to a research result, it means that the theory is probably incorrect
c
What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes, "we don't live in a main effect world"? Select one: a)She means that psychologists do not like to examine main effects. b)She means that studies that produce interactions are the only studies worth conducting. c)She means that interactions are common in everyday life. d)She means that main effects are not important.
c
What sample size is often cited as the optimal balance between accurate findings and effort expended in collecting data? Select one: a)500 b)100 c)2,000 d)1,000
c
When you're thinking about a person and you suddenly get a text from the person you were thinking about, you conclude you must be psychic. This is an example of the Select one: a)confirmation bias. b)bias blind spot. c)present/present bias. d)availability heuristic.
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? Select one: a)An industrial-organizational psychologist who implements and exercise program to see if it increases job satisfaction at her company b)A sports psychologist who uses quotes from speeches made by famous coaches to see if he can increase team wins c)A cognitive psychologist who examines peoples ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure d)A educational psychologist who examines the effectiveness of a character building program in decreasing bullying at his school
c
Which of the following is an example of you being a producer of research? Select one: a)You write an opinion article about a psychological study. b)You sign up to have a researcher perform a brain scan on you. c)You administer an anxiety questionnaire to college participants in your study. d)You apply a new therapy technique.
c
Which of the following is considered a representative sampling method? Select one: a)self-selected sampling b)snowball sampling c)systematic sampling d)convenience sampling
c
Which of the following is the essential feature of studies that support association claims? Select one: a)They involve a correlation between 0 and 1. b)They involve a correlation between one measured variable and one manipulated variable. c)They involve two measured variables. d) They involve a correlation between one quantitative variable and one categorical variable.
c
Why is there a publication bias against null effects? Select one: a)There is no publication bias against null effects b)Because null effects are not real c)Because people tend to prefer reading about significant differences more than similarities d)Because null effects are the result of badly designed studies
c
in a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? Select one: a)Respect for persons b)Informed consent c)Beneficence d)Justice
c
How do multiple-regression designs help address internal validity? Select one: a)by establishing temporal precedence b)by eliminating selection threats c)by ruling out third variables d)by introducing a control condition
c ruling out a 3rd variable
Which of the following is a correlation that could be examined in both longitudinal designs and simple bivariate designs? Select one: a)Cross-sectional correlation b)Autocorrelation c)Cross-lag correlation d)Sequential correlation
c; Cross-sectional correlation
Which of the following is NOT one of the three R's provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? Select one: a)replacement b)refinement c)restoration d)reduction
c; restoration
A city in California has asked Professor Rodriguez to conduct an experiment on earthquake preparedness. Professor Rodriguez will assess the preparedness of a random sample of residents in the city and the city will mail out their annual brochure on earthquake safety. Then, two weeks later, he will again assess the preparedness of those residents. Right after the brochures are mailed, a large earthquake is reported in Japan. What threat to internal validity does this pose? Select one: a)testing b)maturation c)selection d)history
d
According to the TED Talks video by Ben Goldacre on Battling Bad Science, how is it that the pharmaceutical industry is demonstrating the effectiveness of their own pharmaceuticals as better than competing drugs on the market? Select one: a)Industry uses extreme doses of the competing drug to show either higher side effects or lower effectiveness. b)Industry tests the new drug against a placebo rather than other, competing pharmaceuticals, which demonstrates it works, but is not necessarily better. c)Industry fails to report negative or insignificant findings on their own pharmaceutical. d)All of these are how industry markets new drugs.
d
After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. In fact, suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. What was the problem with Marcelino's conclusion? Select one: a)Marcelino was probably a victim of the bias blind spot; he believes others are fooled by false information, but he is not. b)Marcelino did not consider possible confounds. c)Marcelino thought about too many examples of teens who died from other causes besides suicide. d)Marcelino was probably influenced by the availability heuristic; he was too influenced by cases that came easily to mind.
d
An instructor hypothesizes that doing jumping jacks will improve his students' quiz performance. On Monday, he has his class sit in their chairs for five minutes before completing a multiple-choice quiz on their reading assignment. On Wednesday, he has his class do two minutes of jumping jacks before completing the same quiz that they took on Monday. The students performed better on the quiz on Wednesday. What is a possible threat to internal validity in this study? Select one: a. attrition threat b. maturation threat c. observer bias d. testing threat
d
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? Select one: a)Three b)Four c)Five d)Two
d
Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean? Select one: a)The researcher failed to consider a third variable. b)he research did not make a Type II error. c)The researcher concluded there was no relationship when there really was a relationship. d)The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.
d
Dr. Friedman suspects that women who work outside of the home might be frustrated with the balance of responsibilities in their household. She devises a survey to give to married women employed outside the home that includes the question Does your spouse bother to help you around the house? What is the problem with Dr. Friedman's approach? Select one: a)It is cherry-picking the evidence. b)It reflects the present/present bias. c)It is an example of faulty thinking. d)It is an example of confirmatory hypothesis testing.
d
Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. What technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale? Select one: a)interrater reliability test b)test-retest technique c)physiological measurements d)known-groups paradigm
d
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? Select one: a)The number of words on the list b)The length of the distractor task c)The emotional or neutral word list d)The number of words remembered
d
Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? Select one: a)Using clear coding manuals b)Establishing the reliability and validity of his coders at pretest c)Establishing the reliability and validity of his coders at posttest d)Using only one research assistant to code all the videos
d
Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? Select one: a)He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. b)He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. c)He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling. s)He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.
d
Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following would most likely increase the honest feedback? Select one: a)Use reviewers from fields other than psychology b)Increase the number of peer reviewers c)Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers d)Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown
d
Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-olds, read to them three times a week for three months, then measure their vocabulary size again. How could Emma change the design of the study to remove a major threat to internal validity? Select one: a)She could add a manipulation check. b)She could counterbalance her conditions. c)She could make it a double-blind placebo control study. d)She could add a comparison group.
d
Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of students. He is planning to have all of the students who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem? Select one: a)matched groups b)random assignment c)random sampling d)counterbalancing
d
For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? Select one: a)The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. b)The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. c)The third variable must be a categorical variable. d)The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.
d
For an association claim, you should interrogate all of the following validities EXCEPT Select one: a)external validity. b)statistical validity. c)construct validity. d)internal validity.
d
For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? Select one: a)He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general. b)He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners. c)His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. d)He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.
d
How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? Select one: a)Both result in nonrepresentative samples. b)Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied. c)Both result in representative samples. d)Both identify subgroups that need to studied.
d
In Harry Harlow's studies on monkeys and attachment, he concluded that Select one: a)attachment is a combination of nature and nurture. b)monkeys attach to objects that provide rewards, particularly through food. c)monkeys that grow up without mothers have the greatest deficits. d)monkeys preferred touch to food until feeding was necessary.
d
In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects? Select one: a)by using a pretest/posttest design b)by using a control group c)by using matched-groups design d)by using random assignment of participants
d
In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using? Select one: a)physiological measures b)self-report measures c)neuropsychological measures d)observational measures
d
In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? Select one: a)When the sample is very large b)When external validity is high c)When the finding is also statistically significant d)When the study has life-or-death implications
d
Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study? Select one: a)type of commercial shown b)the movie shown c)amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week d)amount of alcohol consumed during the movie
d
Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28. What does this correlation tell him about which students take advantage of the extra credit option? Select one: a)All students are equally likely to do extra credit work. b)Students with lower grades are more likely than students with higher grades to do extra credit work. c)The correlation is supported but very weak. d)Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work.
d
Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study? Select one: a)the length of the list studied b)the time spent studying the list c)the number of words correctly recalled d)the type of word list
d
Random selection enhances ________ and random assignment enhances ________. Select one: a)External validity; external validity b)Internal validity; external validity c)Internal validity; internal validity d)External validity; internal validity
d
Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What is the factorial notation for this design? Select one: a)2 x 4 b)2 x 2 x 2 c)1 x 2 d)2 x 2
d
The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. After completing the observational study, Professor Ibrahim sends a survey out to the entire campus about bicycle safety. He finds a large difference between cyclists' reports of how safely they ride and what his observers found with observers determining cyclists were much less safe than the cyclists reported on the survey. What is the most likely cause of the self-report ratings being inconsistent with the observational data? Select one: a)The question order on the self-report survey probably affected the responses on the self-report survey. b)The bicyclists were probably faking bad on the self-report survey. c)The bicyclists were probably fence-sitting on the self-report survey. d)The bicyclists were probably responding in a socially desirable way on the self-report survey.
d
What is it called when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction? Select one: a)multiple-regression design b)longitudinal study c)cross-lag design d)pattern and parsimony
d
What is the name for the measured variable in an experiment? Select one: a)the independent variable b)the constant c)the testing variable d)the dependent variable
d
Which of the following is NOT true of scatterplots? Select one: a)They can be used to examine inter-rater reliability. b)They are the preferred method for examining all types of reliability. c)They can be used to examine internal reliability. d)They should not be used for examining stability.
d
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? Select one: a)IQ score b)current age c)blood pressure reading d)declared major in college
d
Which of the following is the second step necessary when determining a mediation variable? Select one: a)Determining a correlation between the mediator and the variable considered the outcome of interest (criterion variable) b)Run a regression c)Determining a correlation between the original variables of interest d)Determining a correlation between the predictor variable and the mediator
d
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? Select one: a)Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. b)Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. c)None of these are true. d)Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate. e)All of these are true.
d
Which of the following pieces of information should be provided to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process? Select one: a)information about the researcher's history and background b)information about the other participants in the study )information about where the researcher plans to publish the results of the study )information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study
d
Which of the following questions addresses construct validity? Select one: a)To what populations, settings, and times can we generalize this claim? b)Does the study control for alternative explanations? What is the effect size? c)How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study? d)How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?
d