PSY 270 Quiz 4 Chapter 4

According to a study by Miller and Bersoff (1992), the American participants, both children and adults, considered not helping someone a moral transgression more than the Indian participants, regardless of the life-threatening nature of the situation or whether the person in need was related.

False

An underlying assumption of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience represents the lowest and most basic level of moral reasoning.

False

Cultures around the world universally share the conviction that abstract, hypothetical thought processes are the ultimate end point in the cognitive development process.

False

Which of the following refers to how well a child's temperament matches the expectations and values of the parents, environment, and culture?

Goodness of fit

According to Piaget (1952), the most important achievement of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is the capability to use mental symbols to represent objects and events.

True

According to Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, centration is the tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem.

True

As with virtually all aspects of development, there are both similarities and differences across cultures concerning what is considered moral.

True

Cross-cultural studies on the temperament of newborns show that very early on in life, temperamental differences are evident across cultures.

True

Cross-cultural studies suggest that Kohlberg's theory of moral development, as well as the methods for scoring moral stages according to verbal reasoning, may not recognize higher levels of morality as defined in some cultures.

True

Culture provides the meaning and consequences related to particular temperamental traits of children.

True

DeVries's research in Kenya (1984, 1989) on the goodness of fit between a Masai infant's temperament and his or her environment concluded that a particular type of temperament may be adaptive in one culture and maladaptive in another.

True

During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development, children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.

True

Which of the following statements is true of Bowlby's (1969) evolutionary theory of attachment?

a. Infants have preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers.

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

a. There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget's stages.

_____________ is an intense, irregular, withdrawing style, generally marked by negative moods.

a. Difficult temperament

Which of the following are the three attachment styles described by Ainsworth's (1967, 1977) in her classification system of attachment relationships?

a. Secure, ambivalent, and avoidant

________________ refers to the special bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregivers and provides the infant with emotional security.

a. attachment

_____ is an aspect of temperament where a child shows signs of wariness, discomfort, or distress when confronted with novel, challenging, or unfamiliar situations.

a. behavioral inhibition

Identify the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget (1952).

c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations

______________ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.

c. Temperament

Cross-cultural researchers have criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for:

c. harboring cultural biases

In the context of cross-cultural studies on temperament, which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Freedman (1974)?

b. The Chinese American babies were calmer than the European American babies.

__________ is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time.

b. Cognitive development

According to to Thomas and Chess (1977), what are the three major categories of temperament?

b. Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976, 1984)?

b. Preconventional, coventional and postconventional

According to Jensen's three ethics approach to morality (2011), which of the following emphasizes individual rights and justice, in line with the type of moral reasoning highlighted in Kohlberg's theory?

b. The ethic of autonomy

The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

b. preconventional; conventional

Which of the following is a criticism of the Strange Situation method developed by Ainsworth to measure attachment?

d. It cuts out key cultural features that are necessary for interpreting attachment behaviors.

Which of the following is true of the study conducted by Rothbaum and colleagues that contrasted U.S. caregivers' with Japanese caregivers' sensitive responsiveness?

d. Sensitive parenting in the United States allows a child to express his or her individual needs to the parent.

According to Jensen (2008, 2011), which of the following is true of the three ethics of morality?

d. The three ethics differ from one another in their understanding of why something is wrong or right.

According to the study conducted by Turiel and his colleagues on whether children distinguish between moral and nonmoral issues, _____ rules apply to certain groups, are changeable, and are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.

d. conventional