PSY 301 Exam #3
The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is 1:5 1:2 3:1 5:1 1:4
1:2
Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that approximately what percent of Olympic athletes use imagery? 50% 75% 95% 85% 60%
95%
Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners? 110% 100% 75% 95%
95%
The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that the type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation the expected reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) the expected reward condition had the highest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) a and b a and c
A and b
Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in 10 to 12 minutes 5 to 7 minutes 2 to 4 minutes 20 to 30 seconds 1 minute
Correct 20 to 30 seconds
Confidence can be improved by judgmental thinking acting confidently using imagery b and c a and b
Correct b and c
In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in real time slow motion fast motion a combination of slow and fast motion none of these
Correct real time
Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals? It is time consuming. There are previous negative experiences in setting goals. Goals are too unstructured. a and c b and c
Goals are too unstructured.
Progressive relaxation was developed by Herbert Benson Ken Ravizza Edmund Jacobson Rainer Martens Daniel Gould
Edmund Jacobson
Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is for mere participation tied to the quality of one's performance informational in nature a and b a and c
For mere participation
What was the main problem that the basketball player (Jim) faced shooting free throws in the case study presented at the beginning of the chapter? He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation. He did not have good free-throw shooting form. He received negative feedback from his coach. He had not developed a routine before shooting free throws. He lost his concentration because his girlfriend was in the audience.
He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation.
Which of the following statements is true? Imagery can't help performance; only hard physical practice can. Imagery can make an average athlete great. Imagery can improve performance if the imagery is done systematically. a and c b and c
Imagery can improve performance if the imagery is done systematically.
English football players rated their coaches more highly if the coaches used verbal as opposed to physical punishment. However, players from which country did NOT distinguish between verbal or physical punishment? Germany Brazil United States Japan Australia
Japan
Which of the following is FALSE concerning psychological skills training? PST is only for problem athletes. PST is for athletes of various abilities. PST will not provide quick solutions to problems. PST has developed a knowledge base using elite athletes. a and b
PST is only for problem athletes.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Imagery is more effective when individuals are higher in imagery ability. Imagery ability is defined in terms of image vividness and controllability. There are no differences in imagery ability between successful and less successful performers. a and c a and b
There are no differences in imagery ability between successful and less successful performers.
Which of the following is true regarding a judge knowing a skater beforehand? Judges' knowledge of the skater did not affect their scoring. Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than skaters not known to judges. Skaters known to judges received higher artistic marks than skaters not known to judges. a and c b and c
Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than skaters not known to judges.
The first systematic mental skills training program occurred in which country? United States Soviet Union Canada England China
Soviet Union
Which of the following is a principle for the effective use of external rewards? Rewards should not be contingent on behavior. The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple. External rewards should be used regularly. a and b a and c
The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple.
Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athlete's sense of competence is an example of the controlling aspect of reward the informational aspect of reward the behavioral aspect of reward the intuitive aspect of reward the strategic aspect of the reward
The informational aspect of reward
The latest research on the timing of imagery would suggest that imagery timing might be different based on the task the person individual differences imagery ability stimulus versus response propositions
The task
According to the study by Nelson and Furst on arm wrestling and expectations, objectively weaker subjects who expected to win actually did win more often than stronger subjects who expected to lose objectively stronger subjects won regardless of expectations objectively weaker subjects won regardless of expectations expectations were a better predictor of success than actual strength was a and d
a and d
Which of the following goal types (according to research by Filby and colleagues) would produce the best performance? performance goals process goals outcome goals a combination of goals subjective goals
a combination of goals
It is recommended that appropriate goals be short-term only long-term only a combination of short- and long-term short-term early in the season, then long-term midway through the season either short-term or long-term depending on the way you phrase your generalized goals
a combination of short- and long-term
A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is part of the instructor's or leader's preparation stage of implementing a goal-setting program great for identifying areas you think the athlete needs to improve part of the education and acquisition stage of implementing a goal-setting program a and b a and c
a and b
According to recent research on mental toughness, which of the following is a way to increase mental toughness? Create intense competitive practices that simulate game situations. Have high expectations of athletes. Create a negative mental environment because athletes react positively to threats of punishment. a and c a and b
a and b
In the study of a team of swimmers by McKenzie and Rushall, an attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention the swimmers won more races after the intervention a and b a and c
a and b
Recent research has identified nine sources of sport self-confidence. These fit into which of the following categories? climate (environment) self-regulation arousal a and b b and c
a and b
Results of a behavior modification program involving junior high school basketball players indicated that free-throw shooting in practice increased significantly criticism among players decreased dramatically there was no difference in field-goal percentage during practice a and b a and c
a and b
Social factors affecting intrinsic motivations include success and failure focus of competition anxiety level a and b a and c
a and b
Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following? confidence building imagery group cohesion a and b a and c
a and b
The PST knowledge base has come from what source? research on elite athletes athlete-coach experiences research on youth sport a and b a and c
a and b
To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered using which of the following methods? anecdotal reports case studies archival research a and b b and c
a and b
Which of the following demonstrates psychological skills training? A fitness instructor suggests using positive self-statements to enhance self-esteem with an overweight client. A physical education teacher uses relaxation training to help students calm down before going on to their next class. A therapist uses behavior modification techniques to help a person quit smoking. a and c a and b
a and b
Which of the following is a guideline for giving a pep talk? Give players a plan. Use humor. Stress effort. a and b a and c
a and b
Which of the following is basic to a successful imagery training program? realistic expectations relaxed concentration image in slow motion a and b a and c
a and b
According to research on coaching efficacy, coaches higher in self-efficacy (compared to those lower in self-efficacy) were better able to control their emotions were lower in emotional intelligence had higher winning percentages a and c b and c
a and c
Burton contends that athletes who set outcome goals will experience more anxiety and lower self-confidence in competition; this is because their goals are not within their complete control one of the mechanistic explanations for the effectiveness of goal setting one of the indirect thought-process explanations for the effectiveness of goal setting a and c a and b
a and c
The PETTLEP model emphasizes which of the following critical factors in imagery practice? learning evaluation perspective a and c a and b
a and c
Which of the following is true? Low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and less playing time. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of effort. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability. a and c a and b
a and c
Which of the following points about self-efficacy theory is true? Self-efficacy affects effort expenditure and persistence. Self-efficacy plus ability are enough for success. Self-efficacy is task specific. a and c
a and c
Which of the following statements is true regarding research findings on coping in sport? Athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies. Athletes usually stick with one coping strategy. Athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had better performances. a and b a and c
a and c
"Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of a goal that is much too general to be effective a performance goal that is both specific and realistic a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes" an inflexible strategy for attaining a goal because it leaves no room for possible interruptions in your schedule a and d
a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes"
For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is active problem-focused coping avoidance coping emotion-focused coping cognitive appraisal coping active avoidance coping
active problem-focused coping
Although there are many definitions of resiliency, they seem to have in common the two core concepts of adaptation and consistency adversity and consistency self-efficacy and adversity concentration and adversity adversity and adaptation
adversity and adaptation
According to the research on biofeedback by Landers and his colleagues, biofeedback provides a mechanism for coping with precompetitive anxiety biofeedback can improve the performance of rifle shooters biofeedback provides shooters with a greater awareness of their heart and respiration rates all of these a and c
all of these
Coaches' strategies to disrupt the psychological momentum of an opposing team include which of the following? time-outs successful substitutions appropriate tactical changes all of these a and b
all of these
Excess anxiety can produce inappropriate muscle tension inappropriate thoughts somatic (physiological) reactions all of these a and c
all of these
It is important to _____ throughout the entire goal-setting process. provide feedback provide support provide encouragement reevaluate goals all of these
all of these
The new Motor Imagery Integrative Model targets which specific areas where imagery can be effective? strategies and problem solving injury rehabilitation motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety all of these a and c
all of these
Which of the following is a component of an Imagery Training Program as outlined by Morris and his colleagues? content enhancements rehearsal routines all of these a and c
all of these
After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills? as long as they continue to participate in their sports 3 months 6 months 1 year 1 month
as long as they continue to participate in their sports
In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that males in team sports exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation in general than females in team sports athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than athletes not on scholarship male athletes exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes a and b b and c
athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than athletes not on scholarship
Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process? induction phase hypnotic phase autogenic phase waking phase posthypnotic phase
autogenic phase
Feedback can provide instructional information about: the player's important psychological traits and states the levels of proficiency to be achieved the performer's current level of proficiency in the desired skills b and c a and c
b and c
Potential negative side effects of punishment include arousing a fear of success acting as a reinforcer hindering the learning of skills b and c a and c
b and c
Psychological explanations for the effectiveness of imagery include a focus on perfectionism enhancing motivation achieving optimal arousal and focus on task-relevant cues b and c a and c
b and c
The studies investigating the effectiveness of PST in enhancing performance have generally found that PST enhances the performance of elite but not recreational athletes that PST enhances the performance of collegiate athletes that PST enhances performance in older and younger athletes b and c a and b
b and c
Which of the following is useful for setting team goals? Establish short-term goals first. Monitor progress toward team goals. Foster team confidence concerning team goals. b and c a and c
b and c
According to Snyder, hope involves having a realistic goal and having a very difficult goal being able to reach the goal having a high level of concentration having a low level of anxiety having the self-talk to support it
being able to reach the goal
Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as systematic desensitization classical conditioning biological mapping biofeedback biological conditioning
biofeedback
Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they breathe out during execution of the skill breathe in during execution of the skill hold their breath during execution of the skill breathe shallowly during execution of the skill take short breaths to conserve oxygen
breathe out during execution of the skill
Type II "yips" is characterized by choking lack of confidence involuntary tremors resulting in jerking of the hands muscle tension in the frontalis muscle muscle tension in the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
choking
According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of imagery? cognitive and somatic cognitive and emotional social and cognitive cognitive and motivational motivational and somatic
cognitive and motivational
According to Vealey, which of the following is NOT part of a psychological skills training program? foundation skills personal development skills performance skills team skills communication skills
communication skills
The key psychological variable regarding psychological momentum is anxiety motivation confidence attentional focus perfectionism
confidence
Paralympic athletes felt the two most important mental skills were confidence, anxiety management concentration, anxiety management confidence, concentration confidence, anxiety management goal setting, confidence
confidence, concentration
Basic imagery training involves controllability and awareness controllability and vividness vividness and relaxation relaxation and awareness relaxation and controllability
controllability and vividness
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the model of sport confidence? sources of sport confidence constructs of sport confidence factors influencing sport confidence controllability of sport confidence factors affecting sport confidence
controllability of sport confidence
Effective breathing begins in the diaphragm central chest upper chest throat nose
diaphragm
According to the text, goals should be extremely difficult so that only 10% of your players can reach them easy enough to achieve so that self-esteem is enhanced difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve set to the same value (for instance, the same score, the same time) for everyone on the same team so that no one is singled out as a favorite c and d
difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve
The importance of the mental side of sports is greatest for elite athletes is greatest for varsity athletes is greatest for recreational athletes does not differ based on skill level is greatest for young athletes
does not differ based on skill level
Research by Gould and his colleagues using the construction of detailed plans as a way to increase confidence showed that elite athletes had the most detailed plans female athletes had the most detailed plans male athletes had the most detailed plans college athletes had the most detailed plans detailed plans were not important for success
elite athletes had the most detailed plans
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of robust self-confidence? multidimensional durable genetic protective malleable
genetic
Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that general goals were just as effective as specific goals goal setting was effective for all tasks short-term goals were more effective than long-term goals goal setting enhanced performance more for low-complexity tasks when compared to high-complexity tasks goal setting improved performance more for the subjects who were told to "do their best" than for those who were told to "improve 15%"
goal setting enhanced performance more for low-complexity tasks when compared to high-complexity tasks
Which of the following is NOT a finding regarding passion and sport? obsessive passion is related to negative emotions harmonious passion is related to high quality coach-athlete relationships harmonious passion predicts rigid persistence in ill-advised activities (such as gambling) a and c b and c
harmonious passion predicts rigid persistence in ill-advised activities (such as gambling)
Burton (1989) found that after a five-month goal-setting program, swimmers have learned to set performance goals exhibit less anxiety, regardless of their ability to set performance goals exhibit less anxiety if they set outcome goals rather than performance goals exhibit higher confidence and improved performance if they set outcome goals rather than performance goals c and d
have learned to set performance goals
When formulating a goal-setting program with a novice goal setter, it is best to help the person set multiple goals, such as skill goals, concentration goals, and technique goals help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue let the person choose the top two goals from a list of possible goals that you create for her let the person decide on the type and number of goals to pursue none of these
help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue
The most effective type of feedback for retention of a skill is continuous intermittent positive negative none of these
intermittent
Which of the following is NOT a phase in PST? education phase practice phase intervention phase acquisition phase a and c
intervention phase
The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that internal motivation and external motivation are unrelated intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation leads to more motivation extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation a and b a and c
intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation leads to more motivation
Burke and colleagues (2010) found that group goal setting is effective for exercise groups is effective only if there is a strong leader works best for athletes who are perfectionists has the same principles as individual goal setting is effective only for groups under 10 people
is effective for exercise groups
Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses? kinesthetic auditory visual olfactory a and c
kinesthetic
Recently, what domain has transferred sport psychology skills in a systematic way creating a Center for Enhanced Performance? business medicine theater military anthropology
military
The method of amplification error is based on the assumption that participants can learn to correct their movements through their thoughts physiological feedback mistakes neurological connects a and c
mistakes
The only study directly testing the relationship between imagery and personality used which personality trait? narcissism perfectionism extraversion introversion openness
narcissism
Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent of equal ability of better ability than yours of worse ability than yours of the same gender who tries to cheat
of equal ability
Backward chaining (as used by O'Brien & Simek in their golf study) refers to pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step reversing the order in which positive feedback is provided reversing the order in which negative feedback is provided a and c
pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step
Which of the following is NOT a major source of self-efficacy? parental expectations performance accomplishments emotional arousal vicarious experiences a and d
parental expectations
Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on performance information and media reports performance information and person cues person cues and media reports scouting and media reports person cues and scouting reports
performance information and person cues
According to the research of Burton and colleagues (2013) that investigated personality and goal setting, what type of athlete was best at using goal setting? outcome-oriented performance-oriented narcissistic perfectionist-oriented scoring high on each of the Big 5 personality traits
performance-oriented
The most frequently cited stressor in recent studies by Nicholls and colleagues was parents or significant others physical or mental errors ability level of opponent autocratic coaching style importance of the competition
physical or mental errors
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of PETTLEP imagery? emotions environment learning planning timing
planning
Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training? pretreatment assessment treatment rationale skill acquisition skill rehearsal posttreatment assessment
posttreatment assessment
Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for symbolic learning theory psychoneuromuscular theory psychoinnervation theory muscular contraction theory innervation theory
psychoneuromuscular theory
Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery? building confidence improving concentration reducing the amount of physical practice time controlling emotional responses coping with pain and injury
reducing the amount of physical practice time
Coaches developing more confidence in their athletes' capabilities is an example of what type of efficacy? coaching efficacy collective efficacy relational self-efficacy task climate self-efficacy instructional self-efficacy
relational self-efficacy
Which of the following is NOT a specific type of self-efficacy suggested by Beauchamp and colleagues (2012)? relaxation efficacy learning efficacy coping efficacy self-presentational efficacy decision-making efficacy
relaxation efficacy
Which of the following is NOT a stage in stress inoculation training? preparing for the stressor coping with the stressor controlling the stressor evaluating coping efforts removing the stressor
removing the stressor
Shaping occurs when rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response rewards are given only after success rewards are given intermittently rewards are withdrawn after failure
rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response
Self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with self-esteem self-confidence self-motivation self-concept self-fulfilling prophecy
self-confidence
From a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is self-efficacy self-regulation self-esteem mental preparation self-concept
self-regulation
According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called self-regulatory efficacy self-improvement self-esteem self-worth self-monitoring
self-regulatory efficacy
A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills of self-talk and imagery self-talk and anxiety management imagery and anxiety management routines and imagery routines and self-talk
self-talk and imagery
From the perspective of athletes, what is the benefit of Performance Profiling? setting goals for themselves increasing their concentration becoming more relaxed a and b a and c
setting goals for themselves
Mental toughness can be seen as being "caught" or "taught." Which of the following is an example of mental toughness being "caught"? teaching relaxation skills setting up practices to simulate game situations teaching imagery skills a and b b and c
setting up practices to simulate game situations
A smile or pat on the back is known as what type of reinforcer? material social activity tangible esoteric
social
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation? commitment execution specialization generalization problem identification
specialization
Sport self-confidence is currently viewed as a trait variable a state variable state-like or trait-like depending on the situation an affective variable a cognitive variable
state-like or trait-like depending on the situation
According to McAuley's and Tammen's studies on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes, winning or losing is the most important determinant of intrinsic motivation subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation objective outcome is the best predictor of intrinsic motivation a and b b and c
subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes? social support (from friends, coaches, family) time management thought control superstition rational thinking via self-talk
superstition
What theory, supported by the research literature, showed that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature? psychoneuromuscular theory symbolic interaction theory symbolic learning theory psychodynamic theory psychoinnervation theory
symbolic learning theory
The gradual counterconditioning of anxiety using relaxation as the incompatible or competing response is known as systematic desensitization stress-inoculation cognitive-affective stress management cognitive deconditioning classical conditioning
systematic desensitization
According to Gano-Overway (2008), what type of athlete performed the best under negative feedback? ego-oriented task-oriented relationship-oriented competitive-oriented autocratic-oriented
task-oriented
An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when the controlling aspect is more salient than the informational aspect the informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect the controlling aspect is more salient than the external aspect a and b a and c
the informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect
Which of the following is NOT a common problem in implementing PST programs? lack of time lack of follow-up by the consultant the consultant's lack of sport-specific knowledge generating support from administrators, coaches, and athletes the sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises
the sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises
According to the results of Komaki and Barnett's study of a Pop Warner football team, the team won more games after the intervention period the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention there was no significant difference in performance after the intervention the team exhibited higher levels of enjoyment after the intervention
the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention
Which of the following was NOT found as a key characteristic of imagery in a review of literature by Williams (2012)? angle deliberation perspective modality timing
timing
The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during imagery peak performance transcendental meditation deep sleep progressive relaxation
transcendental meditation
Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of verbal persuasion vicarious experiences performance accomplishments emotional arousal parental expectations
vicarious experiences
A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to visualize your best and worst performances visualize only your best performance develop relaxation skills learn transcendental meditation learn autogenic training
visualize your best and worst performances
Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery? controllability coordination vividness motivation simplicity
vividness
Researchers investigating the concept of psychological momentum in sport found that teams of athletes having momentum will continue to perform well for the next few minutes of play will continue to perform well for the rest of the game were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well are important in individual sports but not in team sports are important in team sports but not in individual sports
were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well
The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen write your goals down and put them secretly away, only to be reread at the end of the season use visualization when you set your performance goals sign a behavioral contract with your coach or parents, which should be placed in a drawer (or some safe place) and reevaluated once a year constantly use self-talk while competing to refresh your memory of your goal
write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen