PSY 3011: Chapter 6

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Nevin's analogy to the momentum of a moving object

Behavioral Momentum

The subject must complete the requirement for two or more simple schedules in a fixed sequence, and each schedule is signaled by a different stimulus

Chained Schedules

The subject is presented with two or more response alternatives, each associated with its own reinforcement schedule

Concurrent Schedule

A written agreement that lists the duties (behaviors) required of each party and the privileges (reinforcers) that will result if the duties are performed

Contingency Contract

Each reinforcement schedule tends to produce its own characteristic pattern of behavior

Contingency-Shaped Behaviors

CRF

Continuous Reinforcement

In which a certain number of responses must occur within a fixed amount of time

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates Schedule

A response is reinforced if and only if a certain amount of time has elapsed since the previous response

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates Schedule

Subject is able to discriminate the change in reinforcement contingencies

Discrimination Hypothesis

a prompt is used, it is usually withdrawn gradually

Fading

According to Capaldi, there is a small generalization decrement when the schedule switches from CRF to extinction, because the subject has never experienced a situation in which its responses were not reinforced

False

Antecedent-based interventions focus on events that occur after the work is done, and they focus on such matters as providing appropriate worker training, clarifying tasks, and setting goals

False

As on FR schedules, there is a post-reinforcement pause on FI schedules, but after this pause, the subject usually starts by responding quite quickly

False

Behavior therapy as a method of treating autism has been shown to be ineffective

False

Behavioral momentum is independent of how frequently the behavior has been reinforced in the presence of a certain discriminative stimulus

False

Contingency-shaped behaviors are those in which the animal's behavior is gradually shaped into its final form as it gains more and more experience with different reinforcement schedules

False

DRL schedules produce very high rates of responding

False

Eventually, the post-reinforcement pause gives way to an abrupt decrease in responding

False

Extinction is slower after CRF than after a schedule of intermittent reinforcement

False

Games of chance all exhibit the two important characteristics of FR schedules: winning is disproportional to number of plays, and the number of responses required is uncertain

False

IR results clearly favor the molar approach, for they indicate that the animals were sensitive to the short-term consequences of their behavior, but not to the long-term consequences

False

If a VR schedule and a VI schedule deliver the same number of reinforcers per hour, subjects usually respond faster on the VI schedule

False

If the subject makes no response, a vertical line on the cumulative record is the result

False

In an FI 60-second schedule, immediately after one reinforcer has been delivered, any responses that are made during those 60 seconds will also be reinforced

False

It is unlikely that the differences between human and nonhuman behavior patterns that are sometimes found with the same reinforcement schedules are a product of different reinforcement histories

False

Mawhinney's experiment on the study habits of college students demonstrates that an instructor's selection f a schedule of quizzes or exams has virtually no effect on the study behavior of the students in the course

False

Molar theories discuss relationships measured over less than 1 minute

False

Prior experience with one reinforcement schedule can alter how animal, but not human, subjects later perform on another schedule

False

Ratio strain is sometimes used to describe the general weakening of responding that is found when small ratios are used

False

Segments of the cumulative record that have a fairly linear appearance correspond to periods in which the subject was responding at an accelerating rate

False

Skinner proposed that because people have language, contingency-shaped behavior can take precedence over rule-governed behavior

False

The characteristics of a VR schedule are not strong enough to offset the fact that in most forms of gambling, the odds are against the player, so that the more one plays, the more one can be expected to lose

False

The concept of behavioral momentum cannot explain why some undesirable behaviors may relapse when the individual returns to an environment where the behavior occurred in the past

False

The cumulative record pattern from the FR schedule is sometimes called a fixed-ratio scallop

False

The definition of a VR schedule is that the occasion of the next reinforcer is predictable, and in the long run, the more often the behavior occurs, the more rapidly will reinforcers be received

False

The finding that post-reinforcement pauses become larger as the size of the FR increases is consistent with the satiation hypothesis

False

The important feature of an reinforcer is its quality instead of its rate of presentation or its delay

False

There is no relationship between IRT size and the probability of reinforcement on a VR schedule because time is most relevant on a VR schedule

False

Typical psychiatric and institutional care is the only thing that produces improvement in autistic children

False

Under a DRL 10-second schedule, every response that occurs within 10 seconds is reinforced

False

Unlike VI schedules, there is significant selective strengthening of long pauses on VR schedules, and this in itself could explain the difference between VI and VR response rates

False

We cannot predict the size of the post-reinforcement pause by knowing how many responses the subject has produced in the preceding ratio thus forcing us to accept the fatigue hypothesis

False

With FR schedules, the average size of the post-reinforcement pause increases as the size of the ratio decreases

False

The first response after a fixed amount of time has elapsed is reinforced

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A reinforcer is delivered after every n responses

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

The decreased responding one observes in a generalization test when the test stimuli become less and less similar to the training stimulus

Generalization Decrement Hypothesis

Why should a response that is only intermittently followed by a reinforcer be more resistant to extinction than a response that has been followed by a reinforcer every time?

Humphreys' Paradox

Theory about the time between two consecutive responses

Interresponse Time Reinforcement Theory

Focuses on small scale events; the moment-by-moment relationships between response and reinforcers

Molecular Theory

Devoted to using the principles of behavioral psychology to improve human performance in the workplace

Organizational Behavior Management

Deals with large-scale measures of behavior and reinforcement

Molar Theory

The subject is presented with two or more different schedules, one at a time, and each schedule is signaled by a different discriminative stimulus

Multiple Schedule

Extinction is more rapid after CRF than after a schedule of intermittent reinforcement

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Eventually gives way to an abrupt continuation of responding

Postreinforcement

Any stimulus that makes a desired response more likely

Prompt

If the subject makes no response, a horizontal line on the cumulative record is the result

True

Sometimes used to describe the general weakening of responding that is found when large ratios are used

Ratio Strain

A rule that states under what conditions a reinforcer will be delivered

Reinforcement Schedules

This theory emphasizes a relationship between responses and reinforcement of a much more global nature

Response-Reinforcer Correlation Theory

In an FR 20 schedule, every 20 responses will be followed by a reinforcer

True

Skinner proposed this occurs because people have language

Rule-Governed Behavior

It seems unlikely that token systems will be used extensively in psychiatric institutions in the near future

True

If a VR schedule and a VI schedule deliver the same number of reinforcers per hour subjects usually respond faster on the VR schedule

True

An object or symbol that is exchanged for goods or services

Token

According to Capaldi, there is a large generalization decrement when the schedule switches from CRF to extinction, because the subject has never experienced a situation in which its responses were not reinforced

True

According to the generalization decrement hypothesis, responding during extinction will be weak if the stimuli during extinction are different from those that were present during reinforcement, but strong if these stimuli are similar to those encountered during reincforcement

True

According to the satiation hypothesis, pauses should be longer on shorter FR schedules, not on larger FR schedules

True

Antecedent-based interventions focus on events that occur before the work is done, and they focus on such matters as providing appropriate worker training, clarifying tasks, and setting goals

True

As on FR schedules, there is a post-reinforcement pause on FI schedules, but after this pause, the subject usually starts by responding quite slowly

True

Behavior therapy is the only method of treating autism that has been shown to reduce or eliminate some of its main symptoms

True

Behavioral momentum depends on how frequently the behavior has been reinforced in the presence of a certain discriminative stimulus

True

DRH can be used to produce higher rates of responding than those obtained with any other reinforcement schedule

True

Despite considerable research, the causes of autism remain a mystery

True

Eventually, the post-reinforcement pause gives way to an abrupt continuation of responding

True

From the subject's perspective, DRL schedules do not produce optimal rates of responding

True

Mawhinney's experiment on the study habits of college students demonstrates that an instructor's selection of a schedule of quizzes or exams can have a large effect on the study behavior of the students in the course

True

Molar theories discuss relationships measured over at least several minutes

True

Quite a few studies hav found that reinforcement programs can both reduce workplace accidents and save companies substantial amounts of money

True

Quite a few studies have found that reinforcement programs can both reduce workplace accidents and save companies substantial amounts of money

True

Ratio strain is sometimes used to describe the general weakening of responding that is found when large ratios are used

True

Skinner suggested that the tendency to respond in bursts could lead to a selective strengthening of short IRTs on a VR schedule

True

Small downward deflections in a cumulative record generally indicate those times at which a reinforcer was delivered

True

The FI schedule does not have any close parallels outside the laboratory, because few real world reinforcers occur on such a regular temporal cycle

True

The FI schedule does not have many close parallels outside the laboratory, because few real world reinforcers occur on such a regular temporal cycle

True

The concept of behavioral momentum can help to explain why some undesirable behaviors may relapse when the individual returns to an environment where the behavior occurred in the past

True

The cumulative record pattern from the FI schedule is sometimes called a fixed-interval scallop

True

The definition of a VR schedule is that the occasion of the next reinforcer is unpredictable, but in the long run, the more often the behavior occurs, the more rapidly will reinforcers be received

True

The delivery of mail approximates a VI schedule because it is unpredictable, only one response is required to collect it, and if the reinforcer has not yet been stored, no amount of responding will bring it forth

True

The pigeon's behavior during each link of the chain is usually characteristic of the schedule currently in effect in that link

True

Three important features of any reinforcer are its quality, its rate of presentation, and its delay

True

Token systems are difficult to implement

True

Token systems are now very commonly found in classrooms

True

Token systems require a long time to produce lasting changes in behavior

True

Under a DRL 10-second schedule, every response that occurs after a pause of at least 10 seconds is reinforced

True

Unlike VI schedules, there is no selective strengthening of long pauses on VR schedules, and this in itself could explain the difference between VI and VR response rates

True

We cannot predict the size of the post-reinforcement pause by knowing how many responses the subject has produced in the preceding ratio thus forcing us to reject the fatigue hypothesis

True

What all token systems have in common is that each individual can earn tokens by performing any of a number of different desired behaviors and can later exchange these tokens for a variety of "backup" or primary reinforcers

True

With FR schedules, the average size of the post-reinforcement pause increases as the size of the ratio increases

True

The amount of time that must pass before a reinforcer is stored varies unpredictably from reinforcer to reinforcer

Variable-Interval Schedule

The number of required responses is not constant from reinforcer to reinforcer

Variable-Ratio Schedule


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