PSY 3051: Final

The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.

frontal

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?

???? Apparent motion is due to sensation

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

binding

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors.

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

inattentional blindness

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

prototype

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

rate of nerve firing

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

the embodied approach

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons.

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

sparse

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.

anticipatory

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect.

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between the meaning of a word and something you've previously learned

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

One sends information and the other receives information.

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Systems

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

The same as

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of events

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

late selection

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory.

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

transportation

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis.

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be

continuous

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

According to Treisman's Attenuation Model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our episodic memories are extracted and recombined to simulate our ________.

future

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

Based on Rosch's experiment where participants listed features that would be common to all or most of the objects in the specified categories (e.g., furniture, table, kitchen table), jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.