psy 315 chapter 1-14

toddlers and friends

Toddler friends smile and laugh more with each other than they do with non-friends. Here, three boys in South Africa share a laugh.

secure attachment

Toddlers in high-quality child-care centers are as likely as children in home care to have secure attachments. Attachment is determined by parenting style. Most toddlers fit the secure type and most parents express a preference for it. Having said that, there are cultural differences in the percentages.

General risk factors in pregnancy include a woman's -----, ----, and ----.

nutrition, chronic stress, mothers age

Panic disorder

person experiences panic attacks - episodes of intense fears, chest pains and difficulty breathing

major depressive disorder

prolonging state of hopeless depression

Id- one of three components of personality

a reservoir of primitive instincts and drives

Left hemispherectomy

does not completely abolish language suggesting some language areas are available in right hemisphere.

read page 70-71 about twin studies and family studies

done

genotype

e complete set of genes makes up a person's heredity and is known as the person's

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

techniques to help conceive a child

in vitro fertilization

gender and aggression

no difference, depends on type - Women: more relationally aggressive - Men: are more physically aggressive

Types of Amnesia

retrograde amnesia- loss of memory from the past but can still form new memories anterograde amnesia- inability to form new memories but forgets past ones

nutrtional needs- food deficiency

solid food generally gets introduced at 4 to 5 months because the infant is awake for longer periods of time - they can sit up with help and begin fine motor control in the hands - food shortage is a norm in under developed countries to they breast- feed for a longer time till the child is 5 years old

response bias

some responses may be more socially acceptable than others, and children are more likely to select those than socially unacceptable answers

Von Restorff effect

substantially different words are recalled better ex: apple, water, juice, sex, crackers sex is different

accommodation

the process through which the lens temporarily changes shape to help focus light on the retina

critical period for language

the younger you are the easier to learn a language, the older you are the more effort you have to put in to learn it

Scientific Method

theories that lead to a hypotheses, that than lead to research and observations that can be... - confirmed, rejected, or revised (never ending cycle)

(Dysfunction)

this is the term for abnormal that means "preventing people from pursuing adaptive strategies"

true or false Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States compared to other industrialized countries.

true

variable-ratio schedule

unpredictable amount of response ex: lottery

This is the last name of the psychologist who performed the study in which he and some fellow mentally healthy psychologists checked themselves into a mental institution

(Rosenhan)

group differences- race

* Average group differences tell us little about the individuals within any of these groups * The cause of this difference is debated ---* Many assume a genetic basis (WRONG!) ----* To explain average differences, we need to look at factors that also vary on average across these groups. * Group differences reduced when comparing groups of similar economic status

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences implications for education

* Fostering all intelligences in school * Capitalization on strongest intelligence of individual children

Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

*Are there group differences in IQ for race, sex, age, class *Asian Americans have highest scores followed by White Americans, Latinx Americans, and African Americans --- * Ex: Israeli Jews outperform Israeli Arabs in Israel ---* Ex: Japanese outperform Burakumin in Japan

Tests for Infants

*Bayley-III- Measures mental and motor development and test behavior of infants from one to 42 months of age ---*Cognitive Scale --- *Language Scale ---*Motor Scale --- *Social-Emotional Scale --- *Adaptive Behavior Scale *Labeled Developmental Quotients (DQs) *Fagan test is based on habituation

Defining Intelligence

*Difficult to find consensus *"Intelligent" behaviors change with age *Whatever the test is measuring *Commonality across contexts: intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. *Culturally defined *Most people suggest *Verbal ability *Practical problem-solving *Social competence

Hereditary and Environmental Factors

*Effects of heredity shown in family, twin, and adoption studies *Effects of environment shown in home environment studies (children with high test scores come from well-organized homes), historical change in IQ scores, and intervention programs

Gifted and Creative Children

*Gifted: someone with scores on intelligence tests of at least 130 *Intelligence associated with convergent thinking *Creativity is associated with divergent thinking

WISC-IV (and V)

*Gives scores on verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed *Also provides an overall IQ score * Used as intelligence test and as a clinical tool *WISC -V now available; five index scale scores: verbal comprehension, visual spatial, working memory, fluid reasoning and processing speed

stereotype threat

*Heightened anxiety about performance in particular area because of negative stereotypes. *Not about individual's ability *Worry because alleged inferior abilities will be seen as confirmed if the person performs poorly. *Causes anxiety which leads to self-fulfilling prophecy

Children with Intellectual Disability

*Intellectual Disability: substantially below average intelligence and problems adapting to environment; onset before age 18 *Organic intellectual disability- intellectual disability that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage *Familial intellectual disability-

Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence

*Involves using one's abilities skillfully to achieve personal goals *Proposes three different kinds of abilities: --* analytic ability- academic problem solving ---* creative ability- changing/adapting to new situations ---* practical ability- required for everyday tasks and abilities

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

*Linguistic *Logico-mathematical *Musical *Spatial *Bodily-kinesthetic *Naturalist *Interpersonal *Intrapersonal

Stability of Infant IQ Scores

*Reliable in short term; less in longer term *Habituation tests are better predictors of later IQ *IQ tests are valid as predictors of success in school and the workplaces *Validity is increased with dynamic testing-a relatively new way of testing which measures learning potential

Hereitability

*The heritability of IQ is higher under advantaged than disadvantaged rearing conditions *Richard Lewontin's example: different seeds in different soil

Sources of Self-Esteem: High

- Abilities - Nurturing and involved parents who establish rules concerning discipline - Self-esteem is high when others view positively and low when others view negatively - Comparisons with others (particularly peers - Competence in child-valued domains

Why Do African Americans Inherit Sickle-Cell Disease?

- Africans with the sickle-cell allele are less likely to die from malaria, which means that the sickle-cell allele is passed along to the next generation. - sickle-cell disease should be found in any group of people living where malaria is common - sickle-cell disease affects Hispanic Americans who trace their roots to malaria-prone regions of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. - malaria is rare in the United States, which means that the sickle-cell allele has no survival value to African Americans -

Depression

- Depressed mood - Major depressive disorder: clinical diagnosis - Causes of depressed mood include conflicts, disappointments, and poor performance in school - Increase risk of suicide - Triggers- negative life events - Risks- not all teens who experience these events will experience depression - Temperament - Emotion regulation issues - Negative Belief system - Heredity - Family characteristics

The Search for Identity: Marcia's Stages

- Diffusion- confused and overwhelmed by the task, doing little to achieve identity - Foreclosure- determine identity prematurely without exploring alternatives - Moratorium- still examining alternatives without yet achieving identity - Achievement- have explored alternatives and chosen a specific identity - Takes longer to reach identity achievement than expected - Most teens are in diffusion and foreclosure - Emerging adulthood Stage

physical growth

- Features of Human Growth - Mechanisms of Physical Growth 0 The Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty

Changes in Self Esteem

- Highest in preschool - Social comparisons become more accurate - Drops when enter new schools (middle/high)

Identity Development

- Identity formation historically in adolescence -Today, emerging adulthood also recognized as period of exploration

How teratogens influence prenatal development

- Impact of teratogen depends on organism genotype - Impact of teratogens changes over course of prenatal development and depends on dose - Each teratogen affects a specific aspect (or aspects) of prenatal development - Damage is not always evident at birth

Aristotle

- Innate knowledge does not exist - Knowledge rooted in sensory experiences

Self-Esteem

- Judgments we make about our own worth - Feelings about those judgments - Includes: - Global appraisal: separate aspects weigh differently on global esteem - Judgments of different aspects of self - Elementary school: scholastic, athletic, social competence - More domains of adolescent self-concept

Low Self-Esteem: Consequence

- More likely to have problems with peers - More prone to psychological disorders - More likely to be involved in bullying and aggressive behavior - More likely to have poor school performance

Adolescents Characteristics

- More likely to talk about the "future" self - Characterized by - Self-absorption- adolescent egocentrism - Imaginary audience- false belief that one's actions are always being watched by their peers - Personal fable- Strong belief in uniqueness of self and experiences - Illusion of invulnerability- believe misfortune only happens to others

The timing of Neurological processes in the Brain MORE INFORMATION IN BOOK PAGE 126

- Neural production: peak developement happens in the prenatal (early weeks of birth) from week 10 to week 30; active development throughout life - Axon and dendrite sprouting: peak development happens in prenatal and postnatal (into old age) from week 30 to 18 months - Synapse formation: peak development happens in prenatal and postnatal week 30 to 24 months - Myelination: these cells are activated the first year of life; week 40 to 12 months - Synaptic pruning: their is active development throughout the humans life from year 10 and on

Rousseau

- Newborn endowed with sense of morality and justice - Adults help children develop in their natural capacities

Measuring Self-Esteem

- One common measure: Self-Perception Profile for Children - Measures overall self-esteem and self-esteem in 5 specific areas > scholastic competence > athletic competence > social acceptance > behavioral conduct > physical appearance

Influences on Identity Development

- Personality ----- Flexible, open-minded - Family ----- Attached, positive problem-solving - Peers, friends - School and Community - Larger society ---- Culture ---- Historical time period

Understanding What Others Think

- Perspective taking increases with age and cognitive development - Good perspective-taking skills enhance peer interaction - Recursive thinking: "he thinks, she thinks" reasoning occurs about 5-6 years of age and improves throughout childhood

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

- Piaget's term for the process of applying scientific thinking to cognitive tasks - Use hypothetical reasoning to experiment with different selves - Ability to deal with abstractions, with the hypothetical (logic of propositions) - Adolescents are no longer restricted to concrete experiences - Increased ability to think about thinking

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell

- Prefer sweet tastes at birth - Quickly learn to like new tastes - Have odor preferences from birth -----affected by mother's diet during pregnancy -Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

Understanding What Others Think preschools

- Preschoolers are egocentric - Don't take the other person's point of view - Three mountains experiment - Robert Selman theory of how understanding others' thinking—or perspective taking—develops

Self and Social Understanding

- Social cognition - Thinking about the characteristics of the self and other people - Self-concept - the attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual

period of the zygote

- This begins when the egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube ➢ After about 4 days, the zygote consists of about 100 cells, resembles a hollow ball, and is called a Blastocyst ➢ It is a period of rapid cell division; lasts two weeks, ends with implantation

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark

- Work cited in 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation - Brown v. Board of Education - Shows the harmful effects of prejudice - 1944 studied self esteem in African American children - Drawings of 2 people & Crayons - 1 the color you are - Other, the color you want to be - Findings - Light-skinned Afr. Am. children colored 1st drawing with matching color; 2 nd drawing the same - Most dark-skinned Afr. Am. children colored 1st drawing with matching color; 2 nd drawing yellow or white

fast mapping

- connecting word meanings so rapidly that the child can't be considering all possible meanings

Gender and Intimate Partner Violence

- equal; Men more physical, but women not reported

influences on prenatal development

- general risk factors - teratogens: diseases, drugs, environmental hazards - how teratogens influence prenatal development - prenatal diagnosis and treatment

growth chart from birth through age 5

- growth slows from infancy to toddlerhood but remains rapid infancy: sizes increases 5x Toddlerhood: size increase less than 2x Toddlers from developed parts of the world are already outgrowing those from underdeveloped parts.

word meanings

- results from joint attention, constraints on word names or simple rules such as names refer to whole objects, unfamiliar words refer to objects for which they don't have names,... use of sentence cues and increased cognitive skills

infant mortality rates and how they compare with neonatal mortality rates? and potential causes of high infant mortality rates in developing countries?

- the first year of life is the riskiest - high correlation between infant and prenatal/neonatal morality rates with central Africa and Southern Asia having the highest rates causes: - not enough good drinking water and infectious diseases

above average effect

- we value differ things - most people think they are above avg - like to think we are good at things, positivity

Test of Mental Rotation

- with shapes

Milestones of infant language development

-2 months: cooing (preverbal and gurgling sounds) - 4-10 months: Babbling (repetitive consonant-vowel combinations) - 8-10 months: first gestures (such as bye-bye) - 10-12 months: Comprehension of words and simple sentences - 12 months: first spoken word

Consequences of Parental Divorce

-Immediate Instability, conflict, drop in income Parental stress, disorganization Consequences affected by age, temperament, sex -Long Term Improved adjustment after 2 years Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems Father's involvement affects adjustment.

Newborn Sense of Vision

-Least developed of senses at birth -Unable to see long distances, focus clearly -Scan environment and try to track interesting objects -Color vision improves in first two months

Encouraging Word Learning

-Speak frequently, but with not at children - Name objects that are the focus of child's attention - Use speech that uses different words and is grammatically sophisticated - Respond promptly to child - Read books and ask children questions

Motor milestones 0-12 months

0 months: fetal posture 1 month: chin up 2 months: chest up 3 months: reach and miss 4 months: sit with support 5 months: sit on lap, grasp object 6-7 months: sit alone 7-8 months: stand with help 7-8 months: crawl 8 months: pull to stand by furniture 11 months: stand alone 12 months: walk alone

subfields of psychology?????? page 11

1) Biological 2) Clinical 3) Cognitive 4) Developmental 5) Personality 6) Social

what are 3 key growth patterns:

1. Cephalocaudal (head to feet) principle 2. Proximodistal (center to perimeter, core area) principle 3. gross to fine

Erickson's stages of development (8)

1. Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 years) - are there people that will meet my survival means 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 years) - developing sense of control 3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years) - developing sense of drive and initiative 4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years) - developing a sense of personal ability and competence 5. Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence) - sense of personal identity 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) - questions relationships with others 7. Generativity vs. stagnation (adulthood) - contribution to future generations 8. integrity vs. despair (later adulthood) - acceptance of success

parenting styles (3) describe them

1. authoritarian- impose rules and expect obedience 2. permissive- few demands, less punishment 3. authoritative- demanding, set rules and encourage discussion and allow exceptions

Piaget stages of intellectual development

1. sensorimotor:(birth-2yrs.) - object permanence - stranger anxiety 2. Preoperational: (2-7yrs) - pretend play -Egocentrism- believes everyone thinks the same way - fails to understand conservation (different cups same amount of liquid) 3. Concrete Operational: (7-11yrs) - develops conservation - begins logical thought - lack of abstract thinking 4. Formal Operational: (11+) - masters abstract thinking and everything else

Structure of a neuron(6) explain them

1.dendrites: receive messages from other cells 2. cell body: the cells life support center 3.axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands 4. Myelin sheath: covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses 5. terminal branches of Axon: form junctions with other cells 6. Neutral impulses: action potential; electrical signals traveling down axon

First Steps to Speech

2 mon: cooing 6 mon: babbling 8 to 12 mon: babbling includes intonation -rising or falling pitch 1 year: first words appear

family economic stress model

A model of family stress suggesting that economic hardship leads to economic pressure, which leads to parent distress, which leads to disrupted family relationships, which leads to child and adolescent adjustment problems. Economic Hardship Pathway - Parent finds income not adequate to meet needs - Economic pressure affects parental mental health, often causing depression - Depressio n causes marital/ relationship declines - Results in less effective parenting and behavioral problems

four gene pairs

Aa, Bb, Cc, and Dd. - produce 81 different genotypes and 9 distinct phenotypes ex: a person with the genotype AABBCCDD has 8 alleles for extroversion (a party animal). ex: A person with the genotype aabbccdd has no alleles for extroversion (a wallflower)

cognitive inhibition

Ability to control distracting stimuli Internal - thoughts External - distractions improves from infancy on - Gains on complex tasks from middle childhood to adolescence

Part-Time Employment

About 50% high school seniors have a part time job Consequences of Early Exposure to Workplace Poor school performance (with 20+ hours worked per week) Mental health and behavior problems- increased depression and anxiety with 20 hours of work per week; increased substance abuse and behavior problems (e.g., theft, cheating at school) Misleading "affluence"- most often income is discretionary which is not the way it will be in the future

learning according to Vygotsky and his idea two key concepts

According to Vygotsky, learning is always social and cultural. (Anytime you see reference to Vygotsky, think sociocultural (learned through experience with other people) rather than maturational readiness (Piaget) Two key concepts are "zone of proximal development" and "scaffolding" he believed cognitive changes in toddlerhood were not innate. They were dependent on the people and the culture you grow up in.

Cultural variations in the Strange Situation

Across cultures, most toddlers exhibit secure attachment in response to the Strange Situation. In this study toddlers in Japan were more likely to be classified as insecure-resistant and less likely to be classified as insecure avoidant than toddlers in other countries.

love and sexuality

Adolescent Pregnancy and Contraceptive Use • Varies by type of country • Influenced by availability and attitudes about safe sex and contraception --- • Permissive adolescent sex attitudes ----• Restrictive adolescent sex attitudes • United States' high rate impacted by mixed messages

The Role of Grandparents: Cultural Influences

African American grandmothers o Have indirect and direct influence on grandchildren and their parents o Often live with grandchild and grandchild's mother (1 in 10 African American children lives with a grandparent) o Children benefit from involvement of grandmothers

Long-Term Effects of Hypoxia/Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)

After initial brain injury, another phase of cell death can occur several hours later ---- To prevent secondary damage, researchers are using head cooling devices and pre-cooled water blankets The greater the oxygen deprivation, the poorer children's cognitive and language skills in middle childhood

Period of the Embryo- 3 rd-8th week

After the blastocyst is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called an embryo ➢ Differentiation of organs and organ systems ➢ Three layers: Ectoderm- outer layer skin ,hair, nails and forms nervous system Mesoderm- middle layer, bones and muscle and circulatory system develop Endoderm- inner layer, organs lungs digestive system Amnion and amniotic fluid Umbilical cord Placenta Villi

Common Disorders Associated with Recessive Alleles

Albinism Cystic Fibrosis Phenylketonuria tay-Sachs disease

Aphasia/language and the brain

Aphasia- impairment of language; caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area -motor cortex (speaking) or to Wernicke's area - auditory cortex (understanding)

Nutrition in children

Appetite becomes unpredictable Like familiar foods Need high-quality diet Social environment influences food choices Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods Emotional climate, parental pressure Poverty

How do child-development scientists use research findings to improve children's lives?

Applied developmental science uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families

New Approaches

Approaches to toilet training have changed in recent decades, with experts now recommending a "child-centered" approach. -1957: 92% of toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months. - 2000, that percentage dropped to 4% at 24 months and 60% at 36 months. In many parts of the world, toilet training is completed during INFANCY.

Integrating Sensory Information

Are infants capable of integrating sensory information? • Integrating Sensory Information ---- - Infant experiences as "multimedia events" ------ Information spans the senses ------ Cross-modal perception is easier for infants

information processing model

Assumption is that all the tools for cognition (attention, learning, memory, forgetting, etc.) are present in infancy and we just get better at all these processes as we get older. There are no milestones. More analogous to empiricism (and nurture) rather than nativism (and nature). - the components of the model operate simultaneously

attention

Attention: process by which information is selected for further processing • Improvement - • Orienting response- • Habituation-

men and mate selection

Attractiveness, young, healthy, and fit to bear his children - smell shirt study- women ovulating stage more attractive

During the __________ stage, thinking is rule-oriented and logical but limited to the tangible and real. a. preoperational stage b. concrete operational stage c. formal operational stage

B. concrete operational stage

Information-processing theorists believe that developmental change occurs __________. a. as a result of equilibrium b. in several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism c. when mental structures are massively reorganized

B. in several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism

Many 4-year-olds believe that __________. a. inanimate objects move by themselves b. only living things have offspring c. inanimate objects can grow

B. only living things have offspring

A defining feature of children in the __________ stage of development is that they are often egocentric-they are unable to take the perspective of other people. a. sensory-motor stage b. preoperational stage c. concrete operational stage

B. preoperational stage

The zone of proximal development refers to __________. a. the highest level of achievement a child can reach by himself b. the difference between what a child can do with and without help c. a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's need

B. the difference between what a child can do with and without help

The Growth of Attachment DEVELOPMENTAL PROFILE

BY ABOUT 7 MONTHS: • INFANTS HAVE IDENTIFIED A SINGLE ATTACHMENT FIGURE • USUALLY FIRST ATTACH TO MOTHERS, THEN TO FATHERS • PREFER TO PLAY WITH FATHERS, BUT PREFER MOTHERS FOR COMFORT

(Psychodynamic Perspective) Erikson- Psychosocial development • Stages with psychosocial crises

Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth-1 year Identity vs. identity confusion- Adolescence Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1-3 years Intimacy vs. isolation Emerging Adulthood Initiative vs. guilt 3-6 years Generativity vs. stagnation Adulthood Industry vs. inferiority 6-11 years Integrity vs. despair Old Age

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory emphasizes connections

Because children strive to have an integrated theory to explain the world, cognitive and social growth are linked closely.

taking turns

Before children speak: parent models turn taking by 2 years: spontaneous turn-taking occurs by 3 years: children will try to elicit a response if listener fails to respond

How Do Children Acquire Grammar? Behaviorist theory

Behaviorist theory: Development of grammar is learned through imitation and reinforcement -- This doesn't explain learning of "wh" words and negatives -- Others argue that grammatical rules are too complex to learn solely based on what is heard

Measuring Intelligence

Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing What Do IQ Scores Predict? Hereditary and Environmental Factors Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

roots of aggressive behavior biological and environmental

Biological Risks for aggressive violent behavior inherited Temperament, testosterone, and neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of aggression Environmental Influence of community and culture Television, media games, peers, failure in school, poverty, culture of violence

Perspectives on Moral Development

Biological • Evolutionary, genetic heritage • Brain areas Psychoanalytic • Freud: superego and guilt • Today: induction, empathy-based guilt Social Learning • Modeling moral behavior Behaviorist • Rewards and Punishment Cognitive Developmental • Children as active thinkers about social rules

Late weaning

Breastfeeding often continues into toddlerhood in traditional cultures. Here, a mother in Uganda nurses her toddler Remember that benefits of breast-feeding are greatest for kids that are at-risk, so optimal timing of weaning may vary from one child to another. U.S. and Canadian authorities recommend breast-feeding for first 6 months, then weaning.

The Family as a System Bronfenbrenner

Bronfenbrenner o Families form a system of interacting elements that mutually influence each other o Developing child embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems oExtended family, Schools, Communities oFive components: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

Which of the following statements concerning the development of folk psychology is incorrect? a. One-year-olds understand that people's behavior is often intentional, designed to achieve a goal. b. In one of the earliest phases of the development of a theory of mind, preschool children understand that people can have different desires. c. A fundamental shift occurs when children understand that behavior is based on a person's beliefs about events ad situations, as long as those beliefs are correct.

C. A fundamental shift occurs when children understand that behavior is based on a person's beliefs about events ad situations, as long as those beliefs are correct.

__________ propose(s) distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired early in life a. Information processing theory b. Sociocultural theory c. Core-knowledge theories

C. Core-knowledge theories

Information-processing theorists refer to sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory as mental __________. a. software b. strategies c. hardware

C. hardware

Attachment and Later Development

CONSEQUENCES OF ATTACHMENT QUALITY --• ATTACHMENT IS FIRST SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AND BASIS FOR ALL FOLLOWING SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS • SECURE ATTACHMENT RELATED TO POSITIVE OUTCOMES IN: --- • PRESCHOOL ---- • MIDDLE CHILDHOOD • CONTINUITY OF CAREGIVING MAY LINK INFANT ATTACHMENT AND LATER DEVELOPMENT • HOW DOES CHILD CARE INFLUENCE ATTACHMENT?

Beyond Kohlberg's Theory: Ethics of Care

Carol Gilligan For women caring and responsibility to others is more important than justice in moral reasoning --- Ethics of care Justice and care serve as basis for moral reasoning depending on the nature of the moral problem Research does not support gender differences, but moral reasoning is broader than Kohlberg described

Physical Fitness: Low Levels of Physical Activity

Causes • Modified physical education classes • Television and other media • Sedentary leisure-time activities

Divisions of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Endocrine system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

Trends in Motor Skills Development Cephalocaudal Proximodistal

Cephalocaudal • "Head to tail" • Head before arms and trunk, which are before legs Proximodistal • From the center of the body outward • Control of head and trunk before arms and legs

brain structure areas in brain

Cerebellum ----Fine movement Brain Stem ----Reticular formation: alert/asleep ----Pons: PGO waves for REM sleep Ventricles ---- Cerebral spinal fluid Broca's Area Speech production Wernicke's Area Speech comprehension

parts of the brain related to memory

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, Amygdala, hippocampus

Organization of the Mature Brain

Cerebral cortex- functions that are distinctly human Corpus callosum- thick bundle of neurons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres Cerebral hemispheres- functions are specialized on right and left half of brain Frontal cortex- brain region that regulates personality and decision making

Individual Differences in Word Learning Wide range in vocabulary development is largely accounted for by:

Child's language environment Phonological memory Different styles of learning language:

Situational Influences

Children help when: they feel responsible for the person in need they feel competent to help they are in a good mood the cost of helping is modest

imitation or observational learning

Children learn much simply by watching those around them

Beyond Words: Other Symbols

Children learn other symbol systems as they grow, such as pictures and scale models 18 months: understand photos are representations of objects 3 years: understand relation between scale models and represented objects After 3 years: other symbolic forms learned including maps, graphs, and musical notations

Improving Children's Self-Control

Children who have concrete strategies for handling tempting situations (e.g., private speech, singing...) are better at resisting Remind children that longterm goals are more important than short-term goals Reduction of attraction of tempting events or circumstances

Children's Response to Remarriage

Children's Responses to Remarriage • Most stepfamilies involve entrance of stepfather • Mothers' lives improve, but children's outcomes worsen • Causes for negative outcomes include: ---• Disruption of family systems ---• Perception of stepfathers interfering ---• Children may resent stepfathers

How Do Children Acquire Grammar? Social-Interaction theory

Combines behavioral, cognitive and linguistic approaches but focuses on the context of the social interaction in which language learning takes place Language mastered generally and grammar mastered specifically in social interaction contexts

Children with learning disabilities common types

Common types * Dyslexia * Impaired reading comprehension * Inadequate understanding of language and sound * Mathematical disability

Other Media

Computers are now in almost every classroom ---- Computers in school are used for tutoring, experiential learning, and traditional academic goals (e.g., graphics, word processing) Children use the internet for homework, communicating with friends and entertainment About 75% of children have access to a tablet in the home Exposure to violent video games may lead to aggressive behavior

reliability

Consistency, repeatability of a measure • Inter-rater • Test-retest

posture and balance

Crawling Definition: ability to maintain upright position Developmental Profile • Birth: upright posture hindered by shape of body • Few months after birth: visual cues and inner ear used for balance

THINKING ABOUT FRIENDSHIP Damon's Sequence of Friendship

Damon's Sequence of Friendship Handy playmate 4 - 7 years Mutual Trust & Assistance 8 - 10 years Intimacy, Mutual Understanding & Loyalty 11 - 15 years & up

Deferred Imitation Albert Bandurua's stages (ARRM)

Deferred imitation: •Ability to repeat actions observed at another time •Begins even earlier than age 18 months - Toddlers' play is often based on deferred imitation. - it is another term for observational learning Albert Bandura stages A- attention, stage 1 R- Retention, stage 2 R- reproduction, stage 3 M- Motivation, stage 4

connections

Development in different domains is connected.

Nature and nurture

Development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Development is determined by how child resolves conflicts at different ages - freud • The importance of early experiences • The unconscious • Psychosexual development • Components of personality

Contextual Perspective- Lev Vygotsky

Development is determined by immediate and more distant environments, which typically influence each other Lev Vygotsky • Importance of cultural context Culture: the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with a group of people • adults convey to children the beliefs, customs, and skills of their culture

How Do Children Acquire Grammar? Cognitive theory

Development of grammar is learned through powerful cognitive skills that help detect regularities in the environment including patterns in speech Learn language by detecting regularities and storing them in memory

Developmental Intergroup Theory - Bias and prejudice

Developmental Intergroup Theory - Bias and prejudice emerge from attempt to understand social world - Salient peer features in own environment used - Bias and prejudice are ways for children to determine environmental features that distinguish different groups - Can reduce prejudice by encouraging friendly, constructive contact between groups and by role playing

newborn states: sleep

Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle ---- Sleep needs decline from 18 hours a day to 12 hours a day by age 2 Types of sleep (REM/non-REM) Co-sleeping

Parent's Influences on Play direct and indirect

Direct Arrange informal peer activities Guidance on how to act toward others Monitoring activities Indirect Secure attachment Authoritative parenting Parent-child play Parents' own social networks

Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards

Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth AIDS, CMV, Herpes, Rubella, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis Potentially dangerous drugs Accutane, Alcohol, Aspirin, Caffeine, Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, Nicotine Environmental hazards Air Pollutants, Lead, Mercury, PCBs, Xrays...

Moral Reasoning: Cultural Influences

Domains of Social Justice Domains seen worldwide: e.g., decisions in the personal domain should be left to the individual; it is morally wrong to hurt others Actions of different domains vary by culturally specific values: should you help others when there is only moderate need ---- Prosocial lying-in China it is acceptable when it helps the group but hurts an individual Moral reasoning part of much larger developmental accomplishment

features of human growth

During the first year, growth is very rapid, then it levels off during the preschool and elementary-school years, and is rapid again in early adolescence Muscles: become longer and thicker as individual fibers fuse together during childhood Fat: layer of fat develops near end of fetal period, Cartilage: becomes bone during the embryonic period

Ways to measure brain

EEG: Electroencephalograph- monitors electrical activity of the brain PET: Position emission Tomography scan- harmless radioactive substance is ingested and absorbed into active brain regions FMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging- uses magnetic fields and blood flow to detect which areas of the brain are in use MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging- uses magnetic fields to construct detailed 3D brain maps

Parenting and Gender Typing

Early Childhood • Parents encourage gender-specific play & behavior • Reinforce dependence in girls, independence in boys • Language indirectly teaches roles Middle Childhood/ Adolescence • Achievement more important • Gender affects perceived competence • Parents continue to demand independence from boys • Mastery-oriented help • Autonomy-granting

Development of Gender Stereotyping

Early Childhood • Stereotypes begin around 18 months • Children begin to identify as male or female during toddlerhood • Strengthen & become rigid through early childhood • Demonstrate cognitive limitations Middle Childhood/ Adolescence • Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects • More flexible

Themes in Child Development Research

Early Development is Related to Later Development but Not Perfectly Development is Always Jointly Influenced by Heredity and Environment Children Influence Their Own Development Development in Different Domains is Connected

Continuity

Early development is related to later development but not perfectly.

Perceiving Objects Using Color, Texture, and Aligned Edges

Early on, infants master size and shape constancy

This is the category of disorders most strongly caused by social/environmental factors

Eating Disorders

The Road to Speech

Elements of Language Perceiving Speech First Steps to Speech

Development of Attention Strategies

Emerge and are refined during 4 phases: 1. production deficiency 2. control deficiency 3. utilization deficiency 4. effective strategy use

primary emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life ex: Distress- anger, fear, sadness interest- suprise pleasure- happiness - darwin argues that basic/primary emotions are evolutionary conserved across mammals - new research is showing that distress in infants may stem from misreading ambiguous facial expressions and computer programs are being used to train them to reduce this distress

Emotions and Morality- empathy

Empathy - Emotional responses to events provide children with information to understand moral events - Empathic children require less power assertion

Attachment

Erikson and Bowlby both identified TRUST as they milestone in early social/emotional development and they both believed that the quality of early relationships impacted personality (i.e., infants that don't have a trusting relationship become distrustful people and have more difficulty making friendships, being married, etc.)

Psychodynamic Perspective- erikson

Erikson • Psychosocial development • Stages with psychosocial crises

Roots of Aggressive Behavior family

Family Learned patterns of aggression from parents' disciplinary approach and other parenting characteristics ---e.g., physical punishment, unresponsive, depressed, emotionally uninvested, poor parental monitoring Cycle of violence in family- coercive family patterns

Children's Response To Divorce Con.

Family processes affected by divorce: • Mother's parenting becomes more punitive • Mother and son's relationships turn into a coercive cycle • Fathers who remain involved have children with fewer post-divorce problems Divorce mediation can minimize damage to children

Modern Fatherhood what is the only activity where dads do as much as the moms?

Fathers in modern developed countries do more child care than they did in the past, but still not as much as mothers do. - Detailed studies of time spent in parental activities (arranging Dr. Visits, feeding, changing, playing, etc.) show that the only activity where dads do as much as moms is PLAY. This is true even in countries that value equality and that actively work against gender role stereotypes.

Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity

Feeling unattractive Stereotyping Teasing, social isolation Depression Problem behaviors Less schooling, lower income, marriage problems

prenatal treatment

Fetal medicine Fetal surgery Genetic engineering

Period of the Fetus-9 weeks after conception until birth

Fetus gains size and systems begin to function Brain growth: Cerebral cortex Skin thickens: Vernix Age of viability

Ethan, a 10-year-old, was at school when a researcher asked if he wanted to earn $10 doing an experiment. The money sounded good to Ethan, so he participated. Despite the pay, Ethan left the experiment upset because he overheard the experimenter telling his teacher how poorly Ethan had done. What are three ethical problems with this research?

First, the experimenter apparently did not describe the study in detail to Ethan, only mentioning the pay. Second, children can participate only with the written consent of a parent or legal guardian. Third, results are anonymous and not to be shared with others

Describing Others

Follows similar course as descriptions of self - Between 4 and 5 years, think of physical traits of others - Between 8 and 14 years, inclusion of personality traits increase - By 5 years, predict others' behavior

Aggression: Change and Stability

Forms of Aggression: Hostile aggression- unprovoked aggression with the goal of intimidation or harassment Instrumental aggression- used to achieve a specific goal Reactive aggression- in response to another's behavior Relational aggression- attempts to hurt others by undermining social relationships Forms of aggression change with age, but individuals' aggression is moderately stable

Newborn States: Primary

Four primary states: Alert inactivity Waking activity Crying Sleeping

The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective- Jean Piaget

Four-stage sequence • Child as scientist and theorist • Cognition more sophisticated with age

brain structure lobes

Frontal Lobes: --- Personality Thinking and planning strategies Motor cortex Parietal Lobes --- Somatosensory cortex Association cortex Occipital Lobes --Visual processing Temporal Lobes ---Auditory processing ---Memory processing ---Emotional processing ---Hippocampus -------- Memory Amygdala --------- Emotions Association cortex

explored how mental and behavioral processes function, how they allow the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish - promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin

Functionlism- early school of thought promoted by who influenced by who

Gay and Lesbian Parents

Gay and lesbian parents o As effective as heterosexual parents o Have children who develop well o May have to deal with issues from stigma or prejudice o Multiple adults are involved in child-rearing, but research suggests that who adults are matters less than what they do

Gender Development

Gender Schemas and Self-Socialization • Gender socialization leads to gender schemas • Categorize behaviors as male or female • Tendency to confirm schemas and ignore inconsistency • Self-socialization is maintaining consistency between behavior and schemas

Differences in Personality and Social Behavior: Emotional Sensitivity

Gender differences reflect nature and nurture • Brain structure differences: temporal lobe plays a role in processing emotional expression, develops more rapidly in girls • Parenting practices- parents talk more about emotions to girls • Gender differences in stressors- girls have more stressors associated with peer relationships and dissatisfaction with their appearance after puberty

cultural constructs sex gender cisgender

Gender socialization begins early in all cultures Sex" means genetic/anatomical/biological "Gender" means sociocultural norms, roles, etc. Sex and gender can align "cis" or not "trans" Cisgender male and female parents most strongly stereotype their children of the opposite sex (e.g., mom treats son more like the male stereotype and dad treats daughter more like the female stereotype) showing how gender roles get transmitted over time.

Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity

Gender-schema theory An information processing approach; combines social learning and cognitive developmental theories • Once children learn gender, they pay more attention to objects and activities that are gender appropriate • By 4 years, children understand gender constancy and know gender-typical and gender-atypical activities

sickle cell disease

Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape. can be inherited common in African americans

what type of attachment style do Germans like more than the US? what type of attachment style do Japanese like for than the US?

Germans: Avoidant style Japanese: Resistant style

Special Needs, Special Children

Gifted and Creative Children Children with Intellectual Disability Children with Learning Disabilities

limited language development - film for language in nonhuman primates - man that created LAD

Great film on language in nonhuman primates is Project Nim (2011). Nim Chimpsky was named for linguist Noam Chomsky who created the hypothetical construct of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). Primary difference in nonhumans is that sign language is not used very flexibly and not for purposes other than what it was modeled for (i.e., no "infinite generativity" as in humans)

place theory

HIGH PITCH sound waves trigger activity in different places along the basilar membrane (part of the ear)

Using habituation to study infant memory and knowledge

Habituation phase immediate test phase - novelty preference - recovery to new stimulus assess recent memory delayed test phase - familiarity preference assesses remote memory - the tests babies visual abilities

Contact Comfort (Harlow)

Harlow's studies demonstrated that attachments were not based on nourishment. As shown here, the monkeys preferred the cloth "mother" even though the wire "mother" provided nourishment Early theories proposed that attachment (like imprinting) was largely biological. Helpless organisms were expected to attach themselves to whatever source provided basic biological needs (food, protection). Data suggests that attachment is mediated at least as much or possibly more by socioemotional factors (e.g., "contact comfort")

charles darwin's argument

He argued that individuals within a species differ: some individuals are better adapted to a particular environment, making them more likely to survive and to pass along their characteristics to future generations.

Why Should We Learn About Research Strategies?

Helps us separate dependable information from misleading results. • Individuals who work with children may be in a unique position to build bridges between research and practice

Question 2.2 Erik, 19, and Jason, 16, are brothers. Erik excels in school: he gets straight A's, is president of the math club, and enjoys tutoring younger children. Jason hates school and his grades show it. How can nonshared environmental influences explain these differences?

Here are three examples of nonshared environmental influences. First, Erik's parents may have had higher academic standards for him, as the older child, and insisted that he do well in school; perhaps they relaxed their standards for Jason. Second, perhaps Erik found a circle of friends who enjoyed school and encouraged one another to do well in school; Jason may have found a group of friends who enjoyed hanging out at the mall instead of studying. Third, by the luck of the draw, Erik may have had a string of outstanding teachers who made school exciting; Jason may have had an equal number of not-so-talented teachers who made school boring.

Which Psychological Characteristics Are Affected by Heredity?

Heredity has a sizable influence on such different aspects of development as intelligence and personality. In understanding children and their development, we must always think about how heredity may contribute. On the other hand, heredity is never the sole determinant of behavioral development. If genes alone were responsible, then identical twins should have identical behavioral and psychological phenotypes. - scientists agree that virtually all psychological and behavioral phenotypes involve nature and nurture working together to shape development

Piaget's Theory of Moral Development

Heteronomous Morality (moral realism) View rules as handed down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions Autonomous Morality (moral relativism) Rules as socially-agreed on, changeable Standard of ideal reciprocity Judge on outcomes and intentions

child care and after school activities

High-quality childcare Characteristics- good caregiver/child ratio, warm and responsive caregiving, well educated and well trained caregivers Child outcomes- good cognitive and social development, improved school readiness Low-quality childcare Characteristics- opposite of above Child outcomes- can lead to less secure attachment, behavior problems, cognitive issues and less school readiness

tendency to believe after learning an outcome- foreseen it coming

Hindsight bias

Question 1.1 Morgan is an 18-month-old and her father believes that she should have a very structured day, one that includes some physical activity, time spent reading and doing puzzles, and, finally, lots of reassuring hugs and kisses. Is Morgan's dad a believer in the Rousseau or Locke view of childhood?

His emphasis on structure suggests that he believes in the importance of children's experiences, which is a basic concept in Locke's view of childhood..

From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

Holophrases Telegraphic speech ---- 2-word combinations Simple sentences ----- Grammatical morphemes ---- 3 words ---- Follow adult rules piecemeal, gradually refine and generalize ---- Overregularizationn

Validity

How accurately the measure captures the characteristics the researcher is trying to study • Internal validity: study conditions • External validity: generalizability

birth complications

Hypoxia: lack of oxygen C-section: surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the mother's abdomen to remove the baby from the uterus. Cephalopelvic disproportion: infant head is larger than the pelvis Irregular position: should or breech position Preeclampsia: pregnant women has high blood pressure Prolapsed umbilical cord: Prematurity or preterm: baby born before the 38th week after conception. Small for date: newborns who are substantially smaller than would be expected based on the length of time since conception Both can result in low birth weight

KAGAN'S TEMPERAMENT TYPES

INHIBITED, SHY: • REACT NEGATIVELY, WITHDRAW FROM NEW STIMULI • HIGH HEART RATES, STRESS HORMONES & STRESS SYMPTOMS • HIGHER RIGHT HEMISPHERE FRONTAL CORTEX ACTIVITY UNINHIBITED, SOCIABLE • REACT POSITIVELY, APPROACH NEW STIMULI • LOW HEART RATES, STRESS HORMONES, AND STRESS SYMPTOMS • HIGHER LEFT HEMISPHERE FRONTAL CORTEX ACTIVITY

adopted children and heredity

If an adopted child's behavior resembles that of his or her biological parents, this shows the impact of heredity; if the adopted child's behavior resembles his or her adoptive parents, this shows the influence of the environment.

implicit vs explicit memory

Implicit - without conscious recall Explicit - with conscious recall

Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias prejudice

Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias - Explicit and implicit measures of bias show different profiles - Implicit racial attitudes acquired early and remain stable - Explicit racial attitudes become more egalitarian

As a child, Heather was painfully shy and withdrawn, but as an adult she was outgoing, the life of many a party. What does Heather's life tell us about the continuity or discontinuity of shyness?

In Heather's life, shyness was definitely discontinuous. Even though Heather was shy early in life, she was not shy later.

individualism- values uniqueness ex: America collectiveism- dont stand out from the group ex: China and Japan

Individualism and Collectivism

Thomas and Chess classifications

Infants were rated on 9 personality dimensions: • Activity level • Rhythmicity • Approach/withdrawal • Adaptability • Emotional reactivity • Responsiveness to stimuli • Mood (positive or negative) • Distractibility • Attention span

How Do Children Acquire Grammar? -Linguistic Theory

Innate Grammar Mechanism theory --Specific brain region involved in language processing -- Only humans learn grammar -- Critical period for language learning identified -- Grammar development tied to vocabulary development I

(Becoming a communicator) Joint attention, give-and-take, lang rules

Joint Attention Engage in give-and-take ----Protodeclarative - pointing ---Protoimperative Language rules ----Word-gesture combinations

Darwin's Theory of Evolution set the stage

Key Principles: Darwin-Natural Selection, or Survival of the Fittest ▪ Species have characteristics that are adapted—or fit— to their environments. ▪ Individuals best adapted to their environments survive to reproduce. ▪ Their genes are passed to later generations Darwin also did: • Detailed, systematic observations (baby biographies)

Happy birthday!

Labor and Delivery Approaches to Childbirth Adjusting to Parenthood Birth Complications

Children with learning disabilities

Learning disabilities * Normal intelligence * Difficulty mastering academic material in absence of other conditions that explain poor performance

Selman's Stages of Perspective Taking

Level 0:Undifferentiated: recognize self and others can have different perspectives but confuse the two 3 - 6 years Level 1: Social-informational: understand different perspectives because have different information 4 - 9 years Level 2 Self-reflective: can view others and own perspective, knows others can view theirs 7 - 12 years Level 3 Third-person: can imagine how self and others are viewed from third party 10 - 15 years Level 4 Societal: understand third party can be influenced by societal values 14 years to adult

malnutrition

Malnutrition is especially damaging in infancy because growth is rapid Malnourished children are listless and inactive Malnutrition needs to be treated with adequate diet and parent training Breakfast should provide about one-fourth of a child's daily calories

Differences in Intellectual Abilities: PISA Results

Math Score Findings • Boys favored in many countries, small score differences in some, higher score in others • Girls score higher in Iceland Conclusion • Girls perform at same level as males when encouraged to succeed, given necessary educational tools, and provided viable role models

models of psychological disorders

Medical Model

Gender and Social Connectedness

Men: activities side-by-side, teams groups, competitive Women: relate one-on-one with friends

Gender and Social Power

Men: more social power, dominant, forceful Women: nurturing, not related to leadership

romantic relationships

More common as children develop Friendship serves as prototype and support for romantic relationship Function changes with age- younger adolescents are focused on companionship and sexual exploration; older adolescents are more focused on trust, intimacy, and support Vary across and within cultures ----- Traditional cultures tend to have later dating age Sexual Activity: Predictive Factors --- For many this is an important feature in their adolescent relationship --- Influence of peers and parents- sexual activity is more likely with permissive parenting, lack of supervision, earlier sexual maturity, sexually active peers and use of alcohol Contraception --- Few teens use contraception --- Barriers to use- include ignorance, illusions of invulnerability, embarrassment, appeal of pregnancy to some Sexual Orientation ❑ Statistics- 15% of teens experience a period of questioning regarding their sexual orientation ❑ 5% of teens in U.S. describe their sexual orientation as gay ❑ Heredity and hormones influence sexual orientation ❑ Sexual minorities experience challenges such as peer and family responses, verbal and physical attacks by others

How Do Children Acquire Grammar? Nativist or Linguistic theory and Semantic bootstrapping

Nativist or Linguistic theory: born prewired to learn language Semantic bootstrapping At birth, children know nouns usually refer to people or objects and that verbs are actions With age, they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules

Tay-Sachs disease

Nervous system degenerates in infancy causing deafness, blindness, mental retardation, and during the preschool years death

organization of the brain

Neuron- The basic unit of the brain and nervous system Cell body- Center of the neuron Dendrite- End of the neuron, receives information Axon- Transmits information Myelin- Fatty sheath that surrounds neurons Terminal buttons- Release neurotransmitters

Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

No evidence that group differences in IQ test scores are due to heredity. They tend to result from test bias, stereotype threat, and test taking skills. Strategies to decrease these differences: * Culture-fair intelligence tests * Remove stereotype threat * Increase familiarity with test-taking

emotion and growth

Nonorganic failure to thrive Stems from lack of parental love Infants have symptoms similar to marasmus Psychosocial dwarfism Emotional deprivation reduces growth hormone production

Is early attachment the basis of all future love relationships

Not really. Longitudinal research has produced only modest correlations between attachment in toddlerhood and the quality of relationships in adolescence and adulthood.

X and Y chromosomes

Notice that no disorders consist solely of Y chromosomes. The presence of an X chromosome appears to be necessary for life.

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

O.C.E.A.N.--->Big 5 traits of personality

10. Aidan is a 26-year-old parking attendant who " engages in repetitive behaviors that I am driven to perform" and "I sometimes experience intrusive thoughts and images that I find disturbing"

OCD

obesity

Obesity: BMI 30 or higher Causes: combination of several factors Heredity- runs in families Family eating habits Environment- sedentary lifestyle, SES, less sleep Effective weight-loss programs

biological sex

Objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes • Female = vagina, ovaries, XX • Male = penis, XY • Intersex = combination

Measurement in Child Development Research

Observation- systematic, naturalistic, structured • Sampling behavior with tasks • Self report-clinical interview, questionnaires • Physiological response measurement

Children Influence Their Own Development The active-passive child issue:

Older view: children viewed as passive recipients of their environments Current view: children interpret their experiences and often influence the experiences that they have

Development is Jointly Influenced by Heredity and Environment Nature- nurture

Older view: development influenced primarily by nature or nurture Current view: nature and nurture interact with each other to influence development

How did the modern science of child development emerge?

One was the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in the mid-1700s, England was transformed from a largely rural nation relying on agriculture to an urban-oriented society organized around factories, including textile mills that produced cotton cloth. Children moved with their families to cities and worked long hours in factories, under horrendous conditions, for little pay

(Self-concept discrepancy)

One way to produce cognitive dissonance is to believe in two conflicting thoughts. The other is this

Optimism vs. Pessimism

Optimists (think glass is half full) expect POS things to happen - you think you are better -think that bad things are more likely to happen to other people Pessimists (think glass is half Empty) - expect NEG things to happen - thinks they are worse than others

Development of the Nervous System

Organization of the Mature Brain The Developing Brain

Who Am I? Self-Concept

Origins of Self-Recognition The Evolving Self-Concept The Search for Identity

12. Aaron is a 24-year-old army veteran who (I have nightmares about a traumatic incident) and 25 (I can't stop thinking about a terrible experience that happened to me).

PTSD

Influences on Self-Control: Parental

Parents can model self-control Less child self-control when parents are strict More child self-control when parents' use authoritative discipline ---- Discuss disciplinary issues with children Giving children more opportunities to regulate own behavior fosters self-control

socializing prosocial behavior

Parents foster prosocial behavior ---- Modeling prosocial behavior Using inductive discipline promotes perspective taking, empathy and understanding of how one's actions effect others Providing opportunities to behave prosocially ----- Household chores or volunteering

Beyond Traditional Gender Roles

Parents' influence can make a difference! • By not being gender bound themselves • Basing decisions about toys, activities, and chores on individual child, not child's sex • By encouraging critical thinking about gender-based choices of others • Children can't be sheltered from forces outside the home that shape gender roles, but parents can encourage critical thinking about gender-based choices of others

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty- Paternal Investment Theory of Girls' Pubertal Timing

Paternal Investment Theory of Girls' Pubertal Timing ---• Fathers play role in determining timing of puberty by the quality and quantity of father-daughter relationships --- Infrequent, negative relationships are related to early puberty

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Peaks between 2 and 4 months of age Leading cause of death of infant mortality in industrialized nations Quitting smoking, changing an infant's sleeping position and removing a few bedclothes can reduce the incidence of SIDS

Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes

Perceiving Objects Attention Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Seeing: Perceiving Color

Perception of Wavelengths -Source of color perception - detected with specialized neurons (Cones) in retina - Differential cone sensitivity to short, medium, and long lengths - Linked in complex eye neuron circuitry - Completed at 3-4 months-color perception is like adults

Question 1.2 Keunho and Young-shin are sisters who moved to Toronto from Korea when they were 15 and 10 years old, respectively. Although both of them have spoken English almost exclusively since their arrival in Canada, Keunho still speaks with a bit of an accent and occasionally makes grammatical errors; Young-shin's English is flawless—she speaks like a native. How could you explain Young-shin's greater skill in terms of a critical period?

Perhaps there is a critical period for language learning that ends at the beginning of adolescence. That is, children learn to speak a language like a native if exposed to that language extensively in childhood but not if most of their exposure takes place later, in adolescence and young adulthood. (We'll learn more about such a critical period in Chapter 9.)

Skills Underlying Prosocial Behavior

Perspective-taking: children help when they can imagine another's situation Empathy: children help when they can feel as another person is feeling Moral reasoning: prosocial behavior in young children is usually determined by the chance of reward or punishment

1. Molly is a 42-year-old homemaker who is seeking psychological treatment for the first time. On the symptom checklist, she endorsed items 24 (there are some situations or objects of which I am so fearful, that I go out of my way to avoid them) and 17 (I sometimes feel very fearful when I am in the presence of a specific object.

Phobia

perceiving speech

Phonemes are sounds that are the building blocks of language Young babies can hear phonemes, even those not in their language Infants can identify individual words ---- Slower speech and more language clues Cochlear implants improve language development in deaf children Adults use infant-directed speech which may help children learn language

Philosophers have long speculated on the nature of childhood

Plato (428-347 BC) • Aristotle (384-322 BC) • Locke (1632-1704) • Rousseau (1712-1778)

regulating emotions

Plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others stages: - Regulation of emotions begins - More effective strategies gradually develop - Reliance on mental strategies increases - Self-regulation reduces reliance on others - Better matching of emotional regulation with particular settings ensues

popularity and rejection

Popular children- tend to be attractive, smart and have good social skills Rejected children- tend to have poor social skills are often lonely and disliked; tend to have parents with poor social skills who use inconsistent discipline

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Preconventional Level- emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Stage 2: Instrumental Purp Conventional Level - emphasis on social rules Stage 3: "Good boy-good girl" (Morality of interpersonal cooperation) Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining Postconventional or Principled Level - emphasis on moral principles Stage 5: Social Contract Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle

Listening Well Preschooler Listening Skill Development

Preschoolers often don't detect ambiguity in messages, or they assume they understood the speaker's intent Speaker's intention often unclear Confusing parent statements better believed than classmate statements Understanding of non-literal meaning (e.g., sarcasm, metaphor) develops slowly

Development of Prosocial Behavior

Prosocial behavior: actions that benefit others Altruism: prosocial behavior that helps others with no direct benefit to the individual --- By 18 months simple acts of altruism can be seen --- During the preschool years, children gradually understand others' needs and learn appropriate altruistic behavior --- Early altruism is limited Prosocial intentions and strategies for helping increase with age

approaches to childbirth- childbirth classes

Provide information about pregnancy and childbirth Teach pain control through deep breathing, imagery, and supportive coaching Mothers who attend classes use less medication during labor and feel more positive about labor and delivery

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty- Psychological Impact of Puberty

Psychological Impact of Puberty Concern about overall appearance Peer relations Early maturation influence by gender Late maturation influence by gender

What is intelligence?

Psychometric Theories Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty

Puberty- collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, such as the growth spurt and the growth of sex organs Weight- growth spurts last a few years ----- Growth spurt different for boys and girls ----- Bone growth more prominent in boys ------ Muscle growth ----- Increased fat for girls, heart/lung capacity boys Pituitary gland signals other glands to release hormones Effects of early maturation vary by gender-

Structure Theory of Temperament in Infancy

ROTHBART (3 DIMENSIONS) • SURGENCY/EXTROVERSION- EXTENT THE CHILD IS HAPPY, ACTIVE, VOCAL, SEEKS INTERESTING STIMULATION • NEGATIVE AFFECT- EXTENT THE CHILD IS ANGRY, FEARFUL, FRUSTRATED, SHY, NOT EASILY SOOTHED • EFFORTFUL CONTROL- EXTENT THE CHILD CAN FOCUS ATTENTION, NOT READILY DISTRACTED, CAN INHIBIT RESPONSES

Random sampling vs. Random assignment

Random Sampling: represents a population, each member has equal role Random Assignment: assigns participants to experimental or control groups by chance, equalizes two groups

Individual Differences in Word Learning Referential style expressive style

Referential style: vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, persons, or actions ----- Referential children use language as an intellectual tool Expressive style: vocabularies include many social phrases that are used as single words ---- Expressive children use language as a social tool

Reducing Prejudice what cases is involved? (2)

Robber's cave- creating and reducing prejudice - one group vs the other- this created prejudice - they than erased prejudice by making all of them work together Jigsaw classroom- reducing - diverse groups, but project is connected to all thier grades so they work together

types of attachment

SECURE (65%): USE THE PARENT AS A SECURE BASE TO EXPLORE • SEPARATION - MAY CRY, PREFER PARENT TO STRANGER • REUNION - SEEK CONTACT AND REDUCED CRYING AVOIDANT (20%): UNRESPONSIVE WHEN CAREGIVER IS PRESENT • SEPARATION - NOT DISTRESSED, RESPOND TO PARENT AND STRANGER SIMILARLY • REUNION - AVOID OR SLOW TO GREET PARENT, LOOKS AWAY/PUSHES AWAy RESISTANT (10%): SEEK CLOSENESS, BUT FAIL TO EXPLORE • SEPARATION - DISTRESS • REUNION - COMBINE CLINGINESS WITH ANGRY, RESISTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORGANIZED/DISORIENTED (5%): GREAT INSECURITY; CONFUSED, CONTRADICTORY BEHAVIORS UPON REUNION

Developmental Change in Self Esteem

SELF ESTEEM Like intelligence Highest in preschoolers Drops during elementary school years due to social comparisons May drop during move to middle school or junior high Varies for different domains More differentiated with age Ethnic groups vary in self-esteem

the impact of Prevention on SIDS rates?

SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - this is when a child goes to sleep and does not wake up, it is rare Causes: sleeping on stomach Rates: - SIDS rates have declined more than 50% between 1990-2015, means a drop from 2 per 1000, to 1 per 1000 avg.

Television

School age children watch 20-25 hours per week, ---- Boys watch more than girls, lower SES watch more Medium (e.g. type of media) has limited impact ---- Constant TV can reduce meaningful interactions within the family TV content does influence children Influence on Attitudes and Social Behavior Children influenced by television content Gender stereotypes Aggressive content Sexual activity Prosocial behavior

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Birth-2 years Preoperational 2-7 years Concrete Operational 7-11 years Formal Operational 11 years and older

worldwide variations in body size

Shortest children South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of Africa Tallest children North & Central Europe, Australia, Canada, U.S. Also ethnic variations in growth rate

Mechanisms of Physical Growth

Sleep is essential for growth since 80% of growth hormone is secreted during sleep Connected to behavioral and psychological well being Proper nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid Developmental changes in eating patterns include slow growth and becoming "picky eaters" at the age of two

Roots of Aggressive Behavior Social Information-Processing Theory (Crick and Dodge)

Social Information-Processing Theory (Crick and Dodge) Aggressive children process social information with a bias: they read aggressive intent into others' actions and thus respond in a hostile manner World seen through "suspicious eyes"

learning perspective- Bandura

Social cognitive theory • Imitation or observational learning • Self efficacy

Influences on Self-Control: Temperament

Some children temperamentally better suited to maintain and regulate self-control Emotional toddlers and preschoolers have less self-control Children who have more fear are more responsive to parents' requests to comply with rules Effortful control Temperament influences the child responses to parent self-control modeling Children who are not naturally fearful respond to parents' requests to cooperate based on the attachment relationship

Evolutionary Perspective

Some evidence that moral reasoning develops earlier that previous theories suggested Sense of morality evolved to allow early humans to live together in groups Innate moral sense: ---- Moral goodness—feeling concern for other people and helping them in time of need ---- Moral evaluation—identifying and disliking group members who do not cooperate ----- Moral retribution—punishing group members whose behavior undermines the group

Piaget's Theory of Moral Reasoning

Stage 1: 2 to 4 years; no well-developed ideas about morality Stage 2: 5-7 years; children are in a stage of moral realism (rules must be followed and cannot be changed) ---Immanent justice (belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment) is characteristic of moral realism Stage 3: 8 years; children enter moral relativism where they understand that rules are created by people and can be changed through mutual agreement

Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment

Sternberg's theory of love predicts three components:

Sensitive Periods in Brain Development

Stimulation vital when brain is growing rapidly Experience-Expectant Growth ---- Ordinary experiences "expected" by brain to grow normally Experience-Dependent Growth ---- Additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences

school

Successful schools Effective teachers Competent children

Smell, Taste, and Touch

Survival value- Even newborns can smell, taste, and feel • Smell: recognition of familiar odors; favor pleasant smells • Taste: highly developed • Touch: reflexive response when touched

changes in synaptic density from birth to age 2

Synaptic connections increase throughout the first 2 years, with the greatest density occurring at the end of toddlerhood. - Dendritic and axon sprout and synaptogenesis are peaking during toddlerhood.

Temperament and other aspects of development

TEMPERAMENT DEPENDS ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES • GOODNESS OF FIT VARIOUS ASPECTS OF TEMPERAMENT RELATED TO: • SCHOOL SUCCESS • PEER INTERACTIONS • COMPLIANCE WITH PARENTS • DEPRESSION • HELPING OTHERS

Television: Influence on Consumer Behavior

TV advertising is BIG business A typical US youth views 40,000 commercials per year Many ads directed toward children and adolescents Children ask for items they see advertised on TV and parents often buy them Young children do not understand the persuasive intent and lack of truthfulness in ads (not until about 8- 9 years)

Using Language to Communicate Pragmatics

Taking Turns Speaking Effectively Listening Well

what affects attachment style?

Temperament: a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Principles of Teratology

Teratogen: agent that causes abnormal prenatal development •Interfere with differentiation, migration, and other basic functions of cells 1. Individuals and species differ in susceptibility to different teratogens 2. Teratogen effects depend on the stage of development during which exposure occurs 3. Specific aspects are affected 4. Amount of exposure to teratogen influences its effects 5. Some teratogens delay development temporarily, others may have "sleeper effects"

attachment

The Growth of Attachment The Quality of Attachment

Self- fulfilling Prophecy-

The What is Beautiful is Good stereotype is explained by this psychological principle

Influences of the Marital System: Effects of Parental Conflict

The extent of marital conflict and how it is resolved effects children both directly and indirectly o Jeopardizes child's sense of stability and security o Threatens parent-child relationship o Reduces energy for high quality parenting o Lack of teamwork, competition for children's attention and gate-keeping often cause problems o Constructive approach to conflict is positive for children

period of the fetus

The fetus at 11 weeks. It can kick, bend its arms, open and close its hands and mouth and suck its thumb.

pupil

The hole in the center of the eye which allows light to enter

resisting temptation

The important part of resisting temptation is the ability to control the direction of attention, to strategically self-distract, and to move the focus of attention flexibility across a situation

gate-control theory of pain

The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" when a tissue is injured, the small fibers activate and open the gate and you feel pain larger fiber activate and closes the gate, blocking pain signals and preventing them from reaching the brain

Support for Kohlberg's Theory

There is research evidence that people progress through the stages in sequence Some question about whether people make it to postconventional There is some evidence that moral reasoning is linked to moral behavior Cross-cultural evidence is inconsistent

The "Growth and Finishing Stage" third month second trimester third trimester

Third Month Lungs begin to expand and contract Sex is evident on ultrasound The Second Trimester Mother can feel its movements Vernix, lanugo, glial cells develop Brain weight increases tenfold from twentieth week until birth The Third Trimester Age of viability: between 22 and 26 weeks Cerebral cortex enlarges Fetus spends more time awake

sibling rivalry

Toddlers often react negatively to the birth of a younger sibling Good for parents to know about sibling rivalry and to work against it by prepping the toddler for the arrival of the sibling. Lots of guides for how to prepare toddler's for this.

Speaking Effectively with toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children

Toddlers: first conversations about themselves Preschoolers: adjust speech based on age and needs of listener and context; they understand that when a listener misunderstands, the speaker needs to do something School-age children: speak differently to adults and peers

Groups

Types of groups- include cliques and crowds Cliques: 4-6 good friends, similar interests and social status Crowd: larger, mixed sex group, similar values and attitudes ---- Status and self-esteem- related to which crowd you are in Parental influence on group membership- ---- Authoritative parenting is associated with joining crowds that endorse adult standards ---- Neglectful and permissive parenting which is associated with druggie and burnout crowds Group dominance hierarchies- most groups have a leader who everyone follows ---- Young boys, based on physical power, ---- Older boys and girls it is based on possession of valued traits (e.g., athletic or academic ability) Group norms and peer pressure- viewed as negative but isn't necessarily Peer pressure- is stronger when children are younger and more socially anxious, when peers have high status, are friends, and the standards are not clear cut

malnutrition types and consequences

Types: • Marasmus: • Kwashiorkor • Iron-deficiency anemia Consequences: •Physical symptoms • Growth and weight problems • Poor motor development • Learning, attention problems • Passivity, irritability, anxiety

Prenatal Diagnosis

Ultrasound: involves bouncing sound waves off the fetus to generate an image of the fetus Amniocentesis: involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdomen using a syringe Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion (part of placenta)

Victims of Aggression

Victims Often lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school, and have low self-esteem Are often aggressive themselves or are withdrawn and submissive Children can avoid being victims by learning new ways of responding to aggression, by raising their self-esteem, and by fostering friendships

Cultural Differences in Emotional Expression

WORLDWIDE • EXPRESSION OF MANY SAME BASIC AND COMPLEX EMOTIONS • DIFFERENCE IN WAYS EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS ENCOURAGED AND IN EMOTIONAL TRIGGERS • CULTURE INFLUENCES WHEN AND HOW MUCH CHILDREN EXPRESS EMOTIONS.

temperament

What is Temperament? Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament Stability of Temperament Temperament and Other Aspects of Development

false memory effect

What we remember is not always what actually happened Memory is biased Due to implicit associations you make between related words ex:Affects eyewitness testimony ex: reading a list of words of similar category leads to recall of related words that were not actually read

Peer Relations After Preschool

When children attend elementary school, the context of peer relations changes dramatically May involve very little to a lot of structure Tend to get along better Common activities with peers include hanging out and talking May include rough and tumble play especially for boys

Stanford-Binet

Widely used American revision of Binet's original test Revised by Terman at Stanford University Terman promoted widespread use of tests ----Eugenics movement

Parental Behavior: Punishment

Works best when: 1. Administered directly after the undesired behavior occurs 2. Consistently applied 3. Accompanied by an explanation of what they did wrong and ways to prevent future punishment 4. It is in the context of a warm, affectionate adult-child relationship oPunishments has some drawbacks: oImpact often temporary oUndesirable side-effects such as increased aggression, poor parent-child relationships, cognitive developmental delays, mental health and behavioral issues -----Time out is a good option

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY 1 in 500 to 1000 male births characteristics: Tall, small testicles, sterile, below-normal intelligence, passive

XYY complement

XYY - tall, some cases apparently have below-normal intelligence - 1 in 1000 male births

The psychometric approach __________________________________. a. equates intelligence with the existence of exceptional talent b. measures intelligence using standardized intelligence tests c. says that intelligent behavior always involves skillful adaptation to an environment

a

When intelligence is assessed with culture-fair intelligence tests, ethic group differences ________. a. are reduced, but not eliminated b. remain the same c. are eliminated

a

Which of the following is not an explanation for ethnic group differences in performance of intelligence tests? a. heredity b. stereotype threat c. test-taking styles

a

Which of these statements about heredity and intelligence is correct? a. IQ scores are usually more alike for identical twins than for fraternal twins. b. Adopted children's IQ scores resemble their adoptive parents' IQ scores more than their biological parents' IQ scores c. Because heredity has such a strong influence on intelligence, the environment has little impact.

a

Huntington's disease

a fatal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system

the visual cliff to study depth perception

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

conditioned response CR

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

heritability coefficient

a measure of the extent to which heredity contributes to individual differences in a trait for a group of people

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

a person is troubled by unwanted and reptetitive thoughts and actions

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - occurs more in boys than girls

experiment

a systematic way of maipulating factors that a researcher thinks cause a particular behavior

emerging adulthood

age 18 to the mid-twenties, are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

Which of the following is not a common state for newborns?

alert activity

neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine (adrenaline)

alertness and arousal fight or flight response

infant-directed speech (IDS) also called...

also called "Motherese" or "baby-talk" - adults in many cultures use infant-directed speech, with high-pitch and exaggerated intonation. -common in Western cultures - more variability in traditional cultures - no consistent neg effects in cultures with no infant- directed speech

bulimia nervosa

alternate between binge eating and purging (vomiting or laxative use) crave sweets and high- fat foods, fearful of becoming overweight. - weight fluctuates within or above normal ranges - these patients families have a higher- than- usual incidence of childhood obesity and neg self- evaluation

bipolar disorder

alternates between depression and (manic) episodes;hyperactivity

Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes ______________.

always disrupts development

Amplitude and Wavelength in sound and color

amplitude- height of wave; brightness and loudness wavelength- one peak of the wave to the other; hue and pitch

recessive allele

an allele whose instructions are ignored when it is combined with a dominate allele

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

an amino acid, accumulates in the body and damages the nervous system, causing mental retardation 1 in 10000 births

origins of sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexuality), the other sex (heterosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality)

orienting response

an inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events

Phenotype

an individual's physical, behavioral, and psychological features.

nature-nurture issue

an issue concerning the manner in which genetic and environmental factors influence development biology- nature environment- nurture

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

analytical intelligence: -apply strategies - acquire task- relevant and metacognitive knowledge - engage in self- regulation creative intelligence: - solve novel problems - make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking practical intelligence: - adapt to... - shape... and/or - select... environments to meet both personal goals and the demands of one's everyday world

8. Lorena is a 19-year-old sophomore at college. On the symptom checklist, she endorsed items 7 (I believe that only thin women are beautiful), 14 (others have told me that they think I am too thin), 20 (I have a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat), and 28 (there has been a time in my life when I have missed at least three consecutive menstrual periods)

anorexia

11. Shannon is a 31-year-old investment banker who endorsed items 15 (sometimes I lie in order to further my own interests), 26 (occasionally, I engage in behaviors that are against the law), 33 (at times, I can be irritable and even aggressive), and 37 (other people tell me that I am irresponsible).

anti social personality disorder

Twin studies ______________.

are based on the assumption that heredity is implicated when identical twins resemble each other more than fraternal twins will resemble each other

Chunking

assembling words into separate groups

Accommodation vs. Assimilation

assimilation: using one's existing schema to interpret info accommodation: adapting one's schema to incorporate new info.

classical conditioning

associating one stimulus with another discovered by Ivan Pavlov - neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response

classical conditioning

associating one stimulus with another NOT DONE

the effects of teratogens across prenatal development

at different times in the pregnancy their are different defects that can happen from: - cns, heart, eyes, limbs, teeth. ears, external genitalia., death, brain

milestones of gross development in toddlerhood

at the varies ages 90% of toddlers achieve their milestones during that time

asexual

attracted to no one at all

heterosexual

attracted to opposite birth sex

homosexual

attracted to same birth sexes

what disorder is most often diagnosed in toddlerhood? 2 main criteria for diagnosis?

autism- Autism Spectrum Disorder 1. deficit in social communication/interaction 2. deficit in repetitive/self-stim behavior. Growing evidence from twin studies that Autism has a strong heritability and is more common in boys.

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes also called what...and are...

autosomes the chromosomes in each pair are about the same size

hypothetical gender difference

avg boy avg girl

Children diagnosed with a learning disability ___________. a. typically have sensory impairments b. have normal intelligence but difficulty in an academic subject c. have below average intelligence

b

Dynamic assessments of intelligence ________. a. have been used for many years and have produced well-established results b. measure a child's learning potential c. measure what a child already knows

b

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes several intelligences included in psychometric theories of intelligence. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. logical-mathematical b. musical c. linguistic

b

Hierarchical theories of intelligence _________. a. identify domains of intelligence using research in child development, studies of brain injury, and findings with talented people b. include both general and specific factors of intelligence c. emphasize the role of intelligence in achieving short- and long-term goals

b

The theory of multiple intelligences _________. a. suggests that one general factor of intelligence exists b. suggests that different intelligences are regulated by different regions of the brain c. is based on an extensive body of empirical work

b

Which of the following statements concerning learning disabilities is incorrect? a. Children with developmental dyslexia have problems with phonological awareness. b. Children with impaired reading comprehension have problems decoding words and making sense of what they've read. c. Scientists know less about math engages a broader set of skills than reading

b

Harlow Monkey Study

baby monkeys removed from mothers; given choice of cloth or wire mother, preferred cloth - the study showed that you can provide someone with food, water, and everything that they need for survival, but without nurturing there will be problems.

Ethical Principles threats to ethics

balance between realistic experiment and the welfare of participants threats: - privacy- nothing to revealing - stress and strain- responsible amount deception- you can lie but be aware

Alfred Binet

begun to devise the first mental tests,

______________ is the branch of genetics concerned with the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits.

behavioral genetics

TEMPERAMENT: CHESS AND THOMAS' CLASSIFICATION

behaviors - activity level - rhythmicity (regularity) - approach or withdrawal - adaptability - Sensory threshold - quality of mood - intensity of reactions - distractibility - persistence Easy classification: - activity level: varies - rhythmicity (regularity): very regular - approach or withdrawal: positive approach - adaptability: very adaptable - Sensory threshold: high or low - quality of mood: positive - intensity of reactions: low or mild - distractibility: varies - persistence: high or low slow-to-warm-up classification: - activity level: low to moderate - rhythmicity (regularity) : varies - approach or withdrawal : initial withdrawal - adaptability: adaptable - Sensory threshold: high or low - quality of mood : slightly negative - intensity of reactions: moderate - distractibility: varies - persistence: high or low Difficult classification: -activity level: varies - rhythmicity (regularity): irregular - approach or withdrawal: withdrawal - adaptability : slowly adaptable - Sensory threshold: tends to be low - quality of mood; negative - intensity of reactions: intense - distractibility: varies - persistence: high or low

Belief Persistence vs. Confirmation Bias

belief persistence- cling to initial beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence confirmation bias- seek out and use info that confirms a prior decision

Locke, like Aristotle 2,000 years before him

believed that children begin these journeys packed lightly, but pick up necessary knowledge along the way, through experience.

In an adoption study, an inherited trait will cause adopted children to resemble their ______________.

biological parents

implantation

blastocyst burrows into uterine wall

The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life

bold checkerboard vs complex cherboard

Compared with group intelligence tests, individual intelligence tests _________. a. are less expensive to administer b. are less likely to require a trained examiner c. optimize the motivation and attention of the person being tested

c

Compared with traditional definition of giftedness, modern definitions __________. a. are based solely on IQ scores b. rely largely on Piaget's theory of cognitive development c. include exceptional talent in areas such as art, music, creative writing, dance, and sports

c

Intellectual disability is defined by limited intellectual ability and _________, both emerging before 18 years of age a. divergent thinking b. emotional health c. problems adapting to the environment

c

Scores from infant intelligence tests predict intelligence in childhood and adulthood ________. a. accurately, because sensorimotor activities are the beginning of intelligence b. accurately, because individual differences can be determined easily in infants c. inaccurately, because infant intelligence tests measure different abilities than are measured in tests used with older children

c

motor neurons

carry messages from nervous system to the muscles and glands - (inward to outward)

opponent process theory of color vision

cells in the visual pathway increase activation levels to one color and decrease activation levels to another color ex: blue and yellow red and green black and white

Fovea

center of the retina where cones are located

Schizophrenia

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression - dopamine over active - abnormal brain activity and anatomy - the flu -genes

maturational theory

child development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

Niche-picking refers to the fact that ______________.

children and adolescents select environments based on their genes

naturalistic observation

children are observed as they behave spontaneously in real-life situations

plato's view point

children's experiences simply trigger knowledge they've had since birth. The first time a child sees a dog, her innate knowledge allows her to recognize it as such; no learning is necessary.

Freud's structure of the mind

conscious: contents of awareness preconscious: active, but potentially accessible unconscious: houses memories, urges and conflicts beyond awareness

monocular depth cues and the two types

cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone linear perspective- the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. Muller-Lyer- wo horizontal lines are the same length, despite the arrows on the end.

kinetic cues

cues to depth perception in which motion is used to estimate depth

Some Common Phenotypes Associated with Single Pairs of Genes- dominate phenotype

curly hair norml hair dark hair thick hair cheek dimples normal hearing normal vision farsightedness normal color vision type A blood type B blood Rh-positive blood

From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences

cycles in a circle telegraphic speech to grammatical morphemes to over regulation errors and back to tele.

23rd chromosome

determines the sex of the child

correlational method useful when: it does NOT do what? pros and cons

determines when 2 variables are related correlation= when 1 variable changes, so does the other useful when: - you can NOT manipulate variable(s) - you want to describe a relationship *CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION* Pros: easier, cheaper; can measure variables that are not difficult to observe Cons: can NOT prove causality; more likely to have confounds or 3rd variable

Verbal Influence Strategies

direct requests, bargaining, hinting, manipulation, withdrawal, deception, distributive communication, threats

sickle cell trait

disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele

Androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics -more adaptable, self-accepting

spacing effect

distributed practice compared to cramming produces much better long term - studying over a long period of time with breaks inbetween

Genetic counseling typically involves obtaining a detailed family history as well as ______________.

doing genetic testing

anorexia nervosa

drop significantly below normal weight, but feels fat, fear of being fat, remain obseessed with losing weight, and sometimes exercise excessively - these patients families tend to be competative, high achieving, and protective

Consequences of Timing of Puberty girls and boys

early maturing- girls: • Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence • More deviant behavior • Negative body image • More long-term problems Boys: •Findings are more mixed for boys; some evidence that there is increased depression and risky behavior Late Maturing- girls: • Popular • Sociable, lively, school leaders • Positive body image Boys: • May be some depression until matures •Once matures, fewer effects

parts of the brain related to memory: Amygdala

emotion-related memory formation

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

enables muscle action, learning, and memory related to Alzheimer's disease

Diseases, drugs, and ______________ are common categories of teratogens.

environmental hazards

______________ refers to the constant interaction across development between genes and multiple levels of the environment.

epigenesis

sociomoral (secondary) emotions

example: shame Primary emotions in infancy: fear, anger, sadness, happiness, and surprise Sociomoral (secondary) emotions: guilt, shame, embarrassment, jealousy, pride and empathy all require social norms for shaping. Studies of empathy in nonhuman animals have found behavior consistent with the notion

cystic fibrosis

excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts. lung infections are common 1 in 3000 among european americans

histrionic personality disorder

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

external vs. internal locus of control

external locus: believe that being successful is a matter of luck rather than hard work - things happen TO you internal locus: MAKES things happen

vairables

factors that can take different values to record

fallopian tubes

fertilized egg travels through to uterus

The developing organism becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work during the period of the ______________.

fetus

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

fight or flight

fluid vs crystallized intelligence

fluid- higher when younger, abstract, critical thinking crystallized intelligence- what you already know, will not forget, higher when older

The cognitive-developmental perspective

focuses on how children think and on how their thinking changes as they grow.

non shared environmental influences

forces within a family that make siblings/children different from one another

Structure of a neuron: TERMINAL BRANCHES OF AXON

form junctions with other cells

Lobes of the brain and functions

frontal- front, executive functioning for reasoning, problem solving and making decisions temporal- under neath, processes auditory information, including language. occipital- back, processes visual information parietal- middle, processes bodily sensations; sensory stimuli

Lobes of the brain and functions

frontal: front, reasoning and problem solving temporal: underneath, by your temples, memory/speech parietal: middle, body position occipital: back, vision

Genderbread Person

gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, sexual orientation

secular growth trends

generational changes in physical development

abnormal number of chromosomes- down syndrome

genetic disorder that is caused by an extra 21st chromosome and that results in intellectual disability

Albanism (Recessive)

genetic lack of melanin 1 in 15000 births

Encoding- factors affecting this

getting information into memory ATTENTION- limited pool of cognitive resources; withdrawal from some things to deal effectively with others -----example #1: basketball passing from white team and not notice black bear walking -----example #2: people swap; people don't notice different people when attention is on something else PRACTICE- spacing effect, testing effect, shallow vs deep processing STRATIGIES- chucking, Mnemonics, Hierarchies

Habituation

getting used to your surroundings - reducing the number of stimuli you pay attention to at a certain time

fixed-ratio schedule

given only after certain # of responses ex: get one cookie second on free

Identity Statuses

graph in pp

Cepalocaudal principle of body growth

growth begins with the head and then continues downward to rest of the body

Testing Newborns for Size Constancy

habituation phase test phase

Genie Willey

had no language development, never learned to talk or walk, no verbal skills - critical period starts when are young can never get that back

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

had startled the world by suggesting that the experiences of early childhood accounted for behavior in adulthood

receptor cells of the different senses?

hair cells for hearing; rods and cones of the eye ca

First Appearance of Basic Emotions

happiness: smile- from birth, social smile-6 to 10 weeks, laugh- 3 to 4 months anger: gen distress- from birth, anger- from 4 to 6 months sadness: less common than anger, often a response to disruption with a caregiver- infant communication fear: first fears- 6 to 12 months, stranger anxiety 6 to 12 months

Educational media products What effect goes with this

have not been demonstrated to enhance cognitive development the Mozart Effect has been unsubstantiated

pictorial

having to do with pictures; expressed in pictures

Heuristics vs. Algorithms

heuristics: faster thinking, simpler error- prone algorithms: logical approach, longer

Styles of Parenting: Baumrind

high parental involvement and high parental control- Authoritative high parental involvement and low parental control- Permissive low parental involvement and high parental control- Authoritarian high parental involvement and low parental control- uninvolved

gender differences in physical ability

how a girl throws vs how far a boy throws

anxiety disorders

hyperactive danger detection system in brain produces distressing, persistent anxiety when no threats exists what causes: conditioning--> environmental, cultural cognition--> maladaptive attributes, learned helplessness biology--> genes, brain, and natural selection; neurotransmitter imbalances, structural problems in the brain, genetic factors

Freud's three structures of personality

id, ego, superego

When a fertilized egg splits in two, ______________ result.

identical twins

monozygotic twins

identical twins- because they come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two.

demand /withdraw (Gottman) four horsemen of the relational apocalypse

identity verbal and non-verbal behaviors under each sequence stonewalling (most predicts divorce) complaints and criticism contempt/disgust defensiveness

lexical hypothesis

if something is important, there will be words for it - (Eskimos have 100 words for snow); the more important, the more words

Gestalt principles of organization 2 definitions and principles

implicit rules that people use that govern how they organize what they see also described as... The principles include proximity(rows), similarity(columns), good continuation (assumes things continue), closure(shapes that look like animals), and common rate(something that does not belong).

Disengaged outcomes

impulsive, delinquent, early sex, drugs

Genes Can Influence the Kind of Environment to Which a Child Is Exposed

in other words, "nature" can help determine the kind of "nurturing" that a child receives

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

inability to pay attention, impulsiveness (act before thinking) hyperactive (fidgety, and disruptive)

Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems

increasingly complex systems of action with each skill four factors in each new skill: 1. CNS development 2. body's movement capacity 3. child's goals 4. environment supports

experimental method Pros and Cons

independent variable: influences change in the dependent variable Pros: can manipulate values; can establish causality Cons: some variables can NOT be manipulated; artificial setting (unrealistic); more difficult and expensive

authoritative outcomes

independent, creative, self-assured, socially skilled

social smiling among german and nso infant-mother dyads

infant smiling may be an early example of imitation - parents who smile more have infants that smile more - cultures vary widely in how much time is spent intentionally interacting with the infant - german parents smile more, but give less nurture because they want independent children

The Visual Cliff

infants reluctance to cross the "visual Cliff" shows their ability for depth perception - visual sense is the least developed at birth - depth perception and mobility are highly correlated -

Infant Hearing

infants: -Hear well, not as accurately as adults (auditory threshold) - Prefer pitch sounds in range of human speech - Distinguish different musical sounds - Use sound to locate objects I

Chapter 15

influences beyond the family

neurotransmitter: Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion ex: Parkinson's lack of Dop. Schizophrenia- excess Dop.

IQ

intelligence quotient mental age/chronological age x 100

culture-fair tests

intelligence tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another

Results of twin and adoption studies indicate that heredity affects ______________.

intelligence, psychological disorders, and personality

Phobias

intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations most likely cuased by conditioning

Neutral networks

interconnected neural cells

correlational study

investigators look at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world.

parental investment theory

investment parents make in their offspring

parts of the brain related to memory: Basal ganglia

involved in motor movement; facilitate our procedural memories for skill

inductive discipline

involves explaining the consequences of a child's actions on other people, activating empathy for others' feelings Helps child notice others' feelings Point out effects of misbehavior in others Note other's distress Make clear the child caused the distress Empathy-based guilt

in vitro fertilization

involves mixing sperm and egg together in a laboratory dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in a woman's uterus - Only about one-third of the attempts at in vitro fertilization succeed

temperment

is a "psychological construct" - Babies w/ difficult temperaments need parents who are especially patient and loving

Conformity

is a change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others Asch conformity study- one real study participant, 3 others that are the study. the 3 people say B when the answer is A and the one actually in the study knows answer is A but says B, conformity to rest of the group

punishement

is a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows.

reinforcement

is a consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows.

toddle

is a verb meaning to "walk with short, unsteady steps while learning to walk". May have been a good descriptor of toddlers in the past, but most today surpass toddling early in the 2nd year.

continuity-discontinuity issue

is an issue concerned with whether a developmental phenomenon follows a smooth progression throughout the life span or series of abrupt shifts

Superego- one of three components of personality

is the "moral agent" in the child's personality.

ego- one of three components of personality

is the practical, rational component of personality.

Down syndrome ______________.

is typified by development that is slower than normal

plasticity of the brain

it is the greatest early in life and continues into old age. the later the age of adaptation, the lower their cognitive abilities. it is not absolute, there are limitations, can't fully recover socially and emotionally for testing they use GCI: General Cognitive Index

visual expansion

kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on the fact that an object fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer

elements of language

language, phonology, semantics, grammer, syntax, pragmatics

operant conditioning

learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

stimulus generalization

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Lateralization of Cerebral Cortex left and right hemisphere

left hemisphere: Sensory information and control of right side of body Verbal abilities Positive emotion Sequential, analytical processing Right Hemisphere: Sensory information and control of left side of body Spatial abilities Negative emotion Holistic, integrative processing

Legitimate vs. coercive power

legitimate: increase your credibility in your role Coercive: make negative consequences clear. be careful. referent: demonstrate qualities admired by those you wish to influence (role model) expert: cultivate your own expertise. connect appeals to this expertise Reward: make rewards contingent on compliance and follow-through information/persuasion: increase your communication competence

Transsexual

lives life as members of the other birth sex -seek medical treatment

parts of the brain related to memory: Hippocampus

location in the brain where EXPLICIT memories are temporarily held before going elsewhere for storage

motor development

locomotion fine motor skills physical fitness

Longitudinal versus Cross-sectional studies

longitudinal study- research in which the same people are studied over a long period of time(restudying the same people over time) cross- sectional study- study in which people of different ages are compared with one another (comparing people of different ages)

examples of classical conditioning

look up different quizlets

what makes a personality test good?

lots of background research BEFORE creating tests - good reliability- constant - good validity- measure what you are suppose to measure

CLASSIFICATIONS OF PEER STATUS

many neg peer nominations and many pos peer nominations- controversial few neg peer nominations and many pos peer nominations- popular many neg peer nominations and few pos peer nominations- rejection few neg peer nominations and many pos peer nominations- neglected

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices ex: ROY G BIV- color in order of wavelengths ex: HOMES- great lakes

gender and self esteem

men have a little more (higher) self esteem

availability heuristic

mental shortcut that realize on immediate examples that come to a given mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, and method

Surveys pros and cons

method of how people collect data pros: can get data; fast, cheap; easy cons: can NOT manipulate variables; can NOT prove causality; people can lie; if long people will get tired

unconditioned response UCR

natural response that is not associated with previous learning, you don't teach them to do it

what are the 3 correlational studies and what do they do

neg correlation: one variable goes up the other goes down zero: not at all related positive: one changes the other changes

7. Sahana is a 32-year-old grocery store owner who endorsed items 38 (I usually take the same route home when I go someplace) and 19 (I feel like I'm driven to succeed).

none

9. Madoka is a 48-year-old high school history teacher. She endorsed items 3 (sometimes I am not as reliable or dependable as I would like) and 21 (I spend a lot of time looking for things I've lost).

none

As a result of ______________, children within a family differ from each other.

nonshared environmental influences

Styles of Parenting: Cultural and Socioeconomic Variations

o "Proper" amount of parental warmth and control vary across and within cultures o For example, Chinese parents are more likely to emphasize control and American parents are more likely to emphasize affection o Latino culture respeto and familismo o Within cultures, warmth and control are dependent on parental socioeconomic status

Preventing Maltreatment

o Change societal attitudes o Eliminating poverty and other stressors o Providing parents with better parenting and coping skills, as well as social support o Provide intervention programs for at risk parents

Consequences of Maltreatment

o Child's social, emotional, and intellectual development are often affected o As adults, they are more prone to depression and anxiety, are more likely to think about or attempt suicide, and are more likely be abusers themselves o Consequences of abuse are dependent on a number of variables including the type of abuse, frequency, duration, severity, who the perpetrator was, responses to disclosure...

siblings

o Firstborns are more adult- and achievement-oriented, higher IQ, more likely to go to college o Laterborns are more sociable and more innovative o Onlies have more academic success, higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy, and maturity

role of grandparents

o Five styles of grandparenting: ---Influential- very close and involved, take on parental tasks ---- Supportive- close and involved ---Authority-oriented- discipline is the only influence ---Passive- available but not close or involved ---Detached- uninvolved Most American children see grandparents at least once a month or more

Family Relations: Divorce

o In U.S., 63 percent of children live with two biological or adoptive parents o 21 percent with single mom (increases likelihood of poverty) o Remainder in other family forms, often with a grandparent o Large percentage of gay and lesbian couples living with children

Bronfenbrenner's Theory

o Microsystem: people and objects in the individual's immediate environment o Family o Mesosystem: connections between microsystems o Parent's relationship with the school district o Exosystem: settings that are not in your immediate environment but still influence you o Parent's employer o Macrosystem: broader context and culture o Gender socialization, collectivist/individualist o Chronosystem: all systems above change overtime o Family moves, parent gets new job

Influences of the Marital System

o Parents' expressions of warmth and control change as children develop o Parental behavioral also varies depending on: ---oAge ----oTemperament ---- oBehavior ---- oAbility level ----oParent-child influence is reciprocal.

Consequences of Maltreatment: Resilience

o Some children are remarkably resilient to the impact of abuse o Ego-resilience: children's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations --- o flexible in responding to novel and challenging social situations o Protective factors: ----Being engaged in school

adopted children

oAdoption: process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents ---Development is similar to non-adopted children in terms of temperament, attachment, and cognitive development ----Sometimes at risk because of earlier life experience but generally do well ---Due to earlier maltreatment o Open adoption now recommended

Qualities of Sibling Relationships

oBasic pattern of sibling interaction established early in development and remains stable oOlder siblings may be a source of care and comfort and may be teachers Siblings get along best when: o They are same sex o Neither is emotional o Younger sibling enters adolescence o Parents don't show favoritism o Parents have warm relationship with each other

blended families

oBlended family: biological parent, step parent, children oPreadolescent boys- benefit from presence of a stepfather oPreadolescent girls- have more difficulty adjusting to mother's remarriage oThe best strategy for stepfathers is to be interested but to not interfere oNoncustodial mothers are more likely to maintain close, frequent contact oOverall if positive marriage children will benefit

Causes of Maltreatment

oCultural and social factors: cultural attitudes toward physical punishment, poverty, social isolation oParental factors: ineffective parenting skills, dysfunctional marriage, and parents may have been maltreated themselves oChild factors: very young and chronically ill and disabled children more often are targets, as are stepchildren

parental behavior

oDirect instruction- telling children what to do, when and why oObserving- children learn from watching others, both what to do and what to not do oFeedback- reinforcement is important but parents have to be careful to avoid unknowingly reinforcing behaviors they want to prevent -----Reinforcement ------Punishment

Impact of divorce on children

oDivorce results in many changes in the child's life. oSome of the influences on development include: -----o Parental absence ----- o Economic hardship -----o Continued parental conflict oParental divorce can impact: ---oConduct --- oSchool achievement ----oAdjustment ---- oSelf-concept ---oRelationships with parents

Styles of parenting

oParenting: two primary dimensions: -----Warmth and responsiveness: parents who are openly warm and affectionate with their children to parents who are relatively uninvolved with their children and sometimes even hostile toward them -----Control: involves setting age-appropriate standards, consistent enforcement of rules, and good communication --------Psychological --------Behavioral

Qualities of Sibling Relationships: Parenting Intervention

oParents have both direct and indirect effects on sibling relationships oParental intervention when siblings fight can lead to more positive interactions and better negotiating skills. Mediating Sibling Disputes o Identify points of agreement and disagreement o Discuss what is to be achieved o Think of ways to resolve disputes o Show children social skills needed to end conflict

Milgram Experiment what pertcentage of people went all the way to the highest level of shock?

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. - people learn things correctly when they make a mistake or given a pnishment -65%

Albert Bandura (1925-) based his social cognitive theory

on this more complex view of reward, punishment, and imitation

relational control messages

one-up messages: control one-down messages: messages showing acceptance, and/or submission one-across messages: messages that are neutral

Id

operates on the pleasure principle - governed by sex and aggression - resides entirely in your unconsciousness

Ego

operates on the reality principle - induces people to act with reason and fit in to the exernal world

Superego

operates to idealistic principle - motivating people to act in an ideal fashion (according to parents and culture)

gender schema

organize our experiences of male-female characteristics

Fine Motor Development

over the first year, infants become better at grasping an object while exploring it. - hand use is a good illustration of good G-F principle of Deve. - reaching and grasping occur during infancy - Handedness develops at 5-7 months (partly genetic and partly based on use

power and influence in parent-child relationships

parental orientations towards power: - authoritarian parents - permissive parents - authoritative parents -separation and individuation ----teenagers distance themselves from parents

narcissistic personality disorder

part of the dramatic or impulsive cluster - self-focused and self- inflating

schizoid personality disorder

part of the eccentric or odd behavior cluster - emotionless disengagement

structure of a neuron: AXON

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

power principles cont.

people are most happy in equalitarian relationships (peer relationships) people are least happy in relationships with an imbalance of power

peripheral vs central route to persuasion

peripheral- occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the messages content Central route- when a person is persuaded by the content of the message

projective tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind using a ink picture - Tests like the Rorschach and TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) make up these tests

stress response system

phase 1-alarm reaction, (mobilize resources) this is when the stressor occurs phase 2-resistance, (cope with stressor) the body's response to resisitance can only last for so long before exhaustion phase 3-exhaustion, (reserves depleted)

1. Molly is a 42-year-old homemaker who is seeking psychological treatment for the first time. On the symptom checklist, she endorsed items 24 (there are some situations or objects of which I am so fearful, that I go out of my way to avoid them) and 17 (I sometimes feel very fearful when I am in the presence of a specific object.

phobia

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

phonology: Rules about structure and sequence of speech sounds semantics: Vocabulary - the study of words and word meanings grammar: - Syntax - rules for sentences - Morphology - grammatical markers pragmatics: Appropriate and effective communication

components of emotions

physical reactions; changes in respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration expressions: feature, smile, cries, posture, facial expressions internal experiences: subjective feeling and cognitive judgments functional approach: energize behavior and prepare for action

English philosopher John Locke

portrayed the human infant as a tabula rasa or "blank slate" and claimed that experience molds the infant, child, and adolescent into a unique individual. According to Locke, parents should instruct, reward, and discipline young children, gradually relaxing their authority as children grow. In our opening vignette, Locke would advise Kendra that Joshua's experiences in child care will surely affect his development (though Locke would not specify how).

power principles

power as resource-based: the scarcity hypothesis: people have the most power when the resources they possess are hard to come by or in high demand power as having less to lose: dependence power: dependent on their relationships and have low-quality alternatives

power principles presentation

principles of least interest: the person who is more attracted and/or more in love is at a disadvantage when it comes to power Powers as enabling or disabling: people who communicate dominance in a socially skilled manner are more successful in achieving their goals

niche-picking

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup

Type A personality pros and cons

pros: multi-tasker, goal-drive, sesitive cons: easily overwhelmed, anxious, stressed - most likely to experience heart disease

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty- cultural rites of passage

quinceanera drivers licence- at 16 stay at home to the mall byself

emotions

rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations

Causes of prejudice

realistic group conflict theory-caused by limited resources social identity theory- what we naturally do can lead to prejudice - we categorize, identify, and compare- leads to ingroup bias: - tendency to favor owns group over another

types of retrieval and definitions

recall- person must retrieve info using effort ex: fill in the blank recognition-the person must identify an item amongst other choices. ex: multiple choice test relearning- the individual shows how much effort or time is saved when learning material for second time

Cones

receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color; less sensitive

Rods

receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light; very sensitive active in dim light

Inherited disorders are usually caused by ______________ alleles.

recessive

Neurotransmitters: Serotonin

related to sleep, arousal, mood, and hunger. - low levels tied to depression - some drugs block reuptake of Sero.

ovulation

release of egg

Measurement and Research Issues

reliability validity

negative punishment

removal of something pleasant ex: phone or car taken away

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

types of interference describe them

retroactive- the new info learned disrupts the old info learned proactive- the old info learned disrupts the new info

Two types of receptor cells

rods and cones

6. Margaret is a 24-year-old unemployed high school dropout who spends most of her days living on the streets. The items she endorsed were numbers 5 (people sometimes think that I have very odd and unusual beliefs) and 35 (I occasionally see and/or hear things that other people do not see and/or hear)

schizophrenia

The first stage of labor is usually the longest; the baby is born in the ______________ stage.

second

pituitary gland

secrets many different hormones, some of which effect other glands

Three stages of memory

sensory memory: ----- Iconic- eyes- 0.5 sec long- visual ----- Echoic-ears- 3-4 sec long- auditory -----Hepatic- touch- greater than one sec short-term memory: -----short duration -----15 secs or less if no rehearsal ----- limited capacity: 7 plus or minus 2 items -chunking ----- ruminating takes up space long-term memory: ----- storage of info over a long period of time

The national program to eliminate sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) encouraged parents to have their babies ______________.

sleep on their back

influence

social influence: changing someone's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. in what type of relationships is the difference in power accepted?

4. Tanya is a 26-year-old lawyer. The items she endorsed on the symptom checklist include numbers 13 (I sometimes come into situations without being prepared), 18 (I am very forgetful in daily activities), and 25 (I like to live a fast paced life).

some of adhd but not diagnios

fixed-interval schedule

specific amount of time that passes ex: birthday, pay check

stages of cognitive development in Piaget's theory 2 key importances

stage 1: sensorimotor - age 0-2 - characteristics- capable of coordinating the activities of the senses with motor activities 2 key importance: 1. integration of sensory input with motor output 2. object performance Piaget believed in "maturational readiness" rather than experience piaget thought of kids as data points and was not particularly fond of kids

labor and delivery- three stages

stage 1: starts when muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix is fully enlarged - dilation and effacement of the cervix - transition - contractions stage 2: baby is pushed through the birth canal - pushing and birth of the baby stage 3: placenta is expelled - delivery of the placenta

state-dependent learning vs context- dependent learning

state- dependent learning- the internal state or environment is similar. context-dependent learning- the external state better at retrieving a message

differences between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

stereotying: a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people (pos, neg, or neutral) ex: scotish people are thrifty (neg) Prejudice: a preconceived NEG judgment of a group and its individual members EMOTION ex: all scotish people are mean Discrimination: unjustified NEG behavior toward a grouo or its members BEHAVIOR ex: dont invite scottish boy to lunch becuase he always forgets his wallet

binocular depth cues and two types

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes Retinal disparity- depth cue based on location differences between the images in each eye Convergence- depth cue based on the extent to which both eyes move inward or converge when looking at an object

positive reinforcement

stimulus ADDED to the enviro that brings about an increase in a proceeding response ex: compliment, rewards

unconditioned stimulus UCS

stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned.

Some Common Phenotypes Associated with Single Pairs of Genes- recessive phenotype

straight hair pattern baldness (men) blonde hair thin lips no dimples some types of deafness nearsightedness normal vision red-green color blindness type O blood type O blood Rh-negative blood

used introspection (looking inward) to reveal the structure of the human mind promoted by Wundt and influenced by Titchener

structuralism-early school of thought promoted by who and influenced by who

case study - pros and cons

study of one case in great detail pros: study something that does NOT occur often cons: can't manipulate values; cant prove causality

Agreeableness Personality Trait

tendancy to be cooperative - compassionate, polite, funny - behavior: less likely to smoke, religious, healthy, recover faster, more successful dating life

Openness Personality Trait

tendeancy for an individual to be open for a variety of experiences emotions: open-minded, creative behavior: does drugs, plays instraments, liberal

Extraversion Personality Trait

tendency for an individual to be social (introvert-extrovert) - more active, dominanat, spunky behavior: popular, healthier, alochol

Conscientiousness Personality Trait

tendency to be self disiplined - dont procrasinate, aviods risks, plans ahead, organized - behavior:successful, more years in school

Neuroticism Personality Trait

tendency to experience NEG emotion: - unhappy, stressed, unable to handle critism Behavior: physically sick, bad parents, criminal behavior

social loafing

tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to working alone

Rousseau shared Plato's view

that children begin their developmental journeys well prepared with a stockpile of knowledge.

Bandura argues

that experience gives children a sense of self-efficacy, beliefs about their own abilities and talents

______________ uses five vital signs to provide a quick, rough evaluation of a newborn's status.

the Apgar score

recursive thought

the ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives

Heterozygous

the alleles for a trait differ from each other

dependent variable

the behavior that is being measured

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

divisions of the nervous system: Central Nervous System (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord; make decisions

basic structure of a neuron and the functions of each

the brain is made up of Billions of individual nerve cells called neutrons Dendrite: Extensions from the neuron cell body that takes information to the cell body. Dendrites usually branch close to the cell body. Cell body: also called "soma" it is the part of the cell that contains the nucleus Axon: the extensions from the neuron cell body that takes information away from the cell body. a single axon projects out of the cell body Axon terminal: end part of an axon that makes synaptic contact with another cell Synapse: Neuron-to-neuron connections are made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons. are the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron, the presynaptic neuron (sending cell), to the target neuron the postsynaptic neuron (receiving cell)

joint attention connect to children and animals

the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver. - this develops by the end of the first year - children learn this through trial and error. - animals that learn a lot through observation demonstrate this. - animals that learn through direct experience don't show this

power principles the chilling effect demand withdraw sequnces power as a preogative

the chilling effect: the less powerful person often hesitates to communicate grievances to her or his partner demand-withdraw sequences: the less powerful person is usually in the demanding position power as a prerogative: the partner with more power can make and break the rules

Epigenetics

the continuous interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment (from cells to culture)

retinal disparity

the differences between the images stimulating each eye

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

independent variable

the factor that is varied

cognitive dissonance

the feeling of discomfort we get: - holding two or more inconsistent cognitions - acting in a way discrepent from one's self-concept

lens

the flexible piece of tissue that helps focus light toward the back of the eye - responsible for far-sightedness and near

dominant allele

the form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

the founder of behaviorism, had begun to write and lecture on the importance of reward and punishment for child-rearing practices

emerging emotions

the function of emotions experiencing and expressing emotions recognizing and using other's emotions regulating emotions

the active-passive child issues

the issue of whether children are simply at the mercy of the environment (passive child) or actively influence their own development through their own unique individual characteristics (active child)

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Retina

the thin layer of tissue that covers the back of the eye and contains the light-sensitive receptor cells for vision

critical period

the time in development when a specific type of learning can take place; before or after the critical period, the same learning is difficult or even impossible

Cornea

the transparent, protective outer covering of the eye

Nutritional needs - Malnutrition in infancy what is Maramus?

this can be severe and enduring - can be causes by the inability of mother to breast-feed - Marasmus: is a risk for malnourished infants

Chromosomes

threadlike structures in the nucleus of the cell that contain genetic material (DNA)

Power in marriage

traditional marriages: based on a form of benevolent male dominance; clearly specialized roles Egalitarian marriages: (peer marriages) involve joint decisions making and shared responsibility; greater happiness and satisfaction

What causes down syndrome?

typically have an extra 21st chromosome that is usually provided by the egg

Which of the following is the least helpful when checking to see if a fetus has genetic disorders?

ultrasound

______________ is a procedure that generates an image of the fetus, which can be used to determine its sex and the existence of multiple pregnancies.

ultrasound

shallow vs deep processing

understanding and processing the material on a deeper more meaningful level will lead to better recall rather than understanding on a shallower level

negative reinforcement

unpleasant stimulus, removal from enviro leads to an increase in the probability that a preceeding response will occur in the future ex: chores, A on report card, so no chores

Spearman's model of intelligence

view of one main factor called general global factor- having different abilities

systematic observation

watching children and carefully recording what they do or say

naturalistic observation pros and cons

watching people in natural habitat participants do NOT know if they are in a study Pros: view people in natural enviro., peoples behavior not influenced by artificial setting Cons: what you want to study may not occur often; cant manipulate variables; can NOT prove causality

Hierarchies

ways to organize info when we learn

positive punishment

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus ex: getting sprayed in the face, jail time, kid in time out

polygentic inheritance

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

Homozygous

when the alleles for a trait are the same

French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau

who believed that newborns are endowed with a sense of justice and morality that unfolds naturally as children grow. During this unfolding, children move through the developmental stages that we recognize today—infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Instead of emphasizing parental discipline, Rousseau argued that parents should be responsive and receptive to their children's needs. Rousseau would emphasize the value of caregivers who are responsive to Joshua's needs.

G. Stanley Hall

who generated theories of child development based on evolutionary theory and conducted studies to determine age trends in children's beliefs about a range of topics. founded the first scientific journal in English that published findings from child-development research founded a child-study institute at Clark University and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

gender and sexualiy

women: - express emotion freely - smell fainter odors - more likely to receive help - more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and eating disorders Men: - more likely to commit suicide - alcohol abuse disorder - autism - color blindness - ADHD - anti-social personality disorder

Vaccinations

worldwide avg. 90% of all infants - increased prevalence of vacinations in infancy has greatly reduced infant mortality worldwide

Arisotle

worried that too much discipline would stifle children's initiative and individuality, making them unfit to be leaders.

Fertilization

zygote implants itself into wall of uterus

Types of Early Words

~objects and actions: • More objects than actions • Objects are easier concepts, parents rarely name verbs • Influenced by culture & language ~ state of mind/being: • Modifiers or labels for attributes - size, color, possession • Learn general distinctions before specific

DEVELOPMENTAL PATH

• 2-3 MONTHS: SOCIAL SMILE • 4-6 MONTHS: GENERALIZED DISTRESS, ANGER • AT 5 MONTHS - PERCEIVE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS • 6-9 MONTHS: STRANGER WARINESS; FEAR, REGRET

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND EMOTIONAL UNDERSTANDING

• AS CHILDREN AGE, THEY JUDGE CAUSES OF EMOTIONS BETTER - BALANCE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS - RECOGNIZE THINKING & FEELING ARE CONNECTED - CONSIDER CONFLICTING CUES - APPRECIATE MIXED EMOTIONS - EMOTION REGULATION ISSUES: TANTRUMS - LEARNING TO REGULATE EMOTIONS

The Growth of Attachment

• ATTACHMENT: ENDURING SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFANT AND PARENT ---• BOND WE HAVE WITH SPECIAL PEOPLE, LEADING TO FEELINGS OF PLEASURE AND COMFORT ---• INTERNAL WORKING MODELS • RELIES UPON INFANT'S GROWING PERCEPTUAL AND COGNITIVE SKILLS • BEHAVIORISM AND PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE EMPHASIZE FEEDING BEHAVIORS

Gender Identity and Gender Socialization

• Ages 3 to 4 - gender identity intensifies • Ages 6 to 7 - gender constancy is attained • Parents and peers play important role in gender socialization • Fathers more insistent about gender roles • Peers reinforce genderappropriate behaviors

Differences in Personality and Social Behavior

• Aggression- boys are more likely to engage in physical aggression, girls are more likely to engage in relational aggression • Emotional sensitivity- girls are better at expressing and interpreting others' emotions • Social influence- girls are more compliant and more likely to be influenced by group pressure and persuasive messages; may be related to value on group harmony • Effortful Control- girls are more skilled at effortful control; at regulating their behavior, inhibiting inappropriate responding and focusing attention • Depression- in adolescence, girls are more likely to be depressed, no differences in children

development of basic emotions

• BASIC EMOTIONS ARE UNIVERSAL -----• FEAR, SURPRISE, ANGER, DISGUST, HAPPINESS, SADNESS • PRIMARY EMOTIONS ARE BASIC EMOTIONS WE SHARE WITH OTHER ANIMALS, APPEARS IN FIRST YEAR OF LIFE -----• DISTRESS, INTEREST, AND PLEASURE • SECONDARY EMOTIONS DEVELOP LATER AND ARE CALLED SOCIOMORAL EMOTIONS -----• REQUIRE SOCIAL LEARNING, SUCH AS EMBARRASSMENT AND SHAME

Recognizing and Using Others' Emotions

• BY 4-6 MONTHS: , INFANTS CAN IDENTIFY FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT EMOTIO • SOCIAL REFERENCING: IN UNFAMILIAR OR AMBIGUOUS ENVIRONMENT, INFANTS LOOK TO PARENTS FOR CUES TO INTERPRET SITUATION -----• AROUND 8-10 MONTHS • AS CHILDREN DEVELOP, THEY ALSO BEGIN TO LEARN DISPLAY RULES • EMPATHY - ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND ANOTHER'S EMOTIONAL STATE AND FEEL WITH THAT PERSON OR RESPOND IN AN EMOTIONALLY SIMILAR WAY

Learning Gender Stereotypes

• By age 5: U.S. children judge 1/3 of traits as stereotypically as adults do; by age 11, 90% • During elementary-school years: children learn that traits and occupations associated with males have higher status • Older children: see stereotypes as general guidelines that are not necessarily binding

Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity

• Development of gender constancy • Gender labeling-preschool years, think can change gender by cutting hair... • Gender stability-begin to understand that male babies become boys, but still think can change if cut hair

biology

• Does not dictate gender • Biology influences: • Genetically different chromosomes (XX, XY) • Physiologically different concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger anatomical differences • Intersex: individuals born with intermediate or atypical combinations of male and female physical features • For example: Individual with typical male hormones and testes, but without a penis

biological influences

• Evolutionary adaptation to gender roles may influence gender differences • Girls who are affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are exposed to large amounts of androgen during prenatal development and prefer masculine activities and male playmates • We can conclude that biology, socializing influence of others and media, and child's own efforts to understand gender interact

Children's Response to Divorce

• Externalizing behaviors - impulsive and conflicts with family • Internalizing problems - depression, anxiety, phobias, and sleep disturbances • Low point occurs at about one year • Buffer for negative effects includes minimal parental conflict

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

• FOCUSED ON IMPORTANCE OF EARLY QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS • PRIMARY CAREGIVER MUST BE SENSITIVE AND RESPONSIVE • ALSO SEES FORMATION OF TRUST AS ESSENTIAL • 4 PHASES: • PREATTACHMENT, • ATTACHMENT IN THE MAKING, • CLEAR CUT ATTACHMENT • RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP • ATTACHMENT THEORY HAS EVOLUTIONARY BASIS AND IN RESEARCH ON MOTHER-OFFSPRING RELATIONSHIPS IN ANIMAL SPECIES

The Role of Biology David: A Boy Who Was Raised As a Girl

• First infant sex reassignment on record on a genetically and hormonally normal child • Named "Bruce" at birth, parents changed his name to "Brenda," after reassignment • Brenda resisted her parents' efforts to raise her as a girl • Case confirms the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female

Frank Talk About Gender Differences

• Gender differences represent differences in average scores for groups of males and females; differences are relatively small • Distributions of scores have considerable overlap • Many abilities and behaviors don't show any gender differences

How Do We View Men and Women?

• Gender stereotypes: beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits, interests, and behaviors • Gender Role: a set of expectations (norms) about how men and women should behave • Gender typing: acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine gender role • different for each child • In the U.S., males are seen as instrumental- • Women are seen as expressive- • Not shared worldwide: U.S. views on gender are extreme

Stability of Temperament

• HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT BOTH INFLUENCE TEMPERAMENT • FEARFUL PRESCHOOLERS TEND TO BE INHIBITED AS OLDER CHILD AND ADOLESCENT • INHIBITED CHILDREN MORE LIKELY TO BE INTROVERTED ADULTS • RESEARCH ALSO REVEALS MANY INSTANCES WHERE TEMPERAMENT IS NOT RELATED TO ADULT PERSONALITY

Thomas and Chess Theory

• IDENTIFIED 3 PATTERNS --• EASY (40%): QUICKLY ESTABLISHES REGULAR ROUTINES IN INFANCY, GENERALLY CHEERFUL & ADAPTS EASILY ---• DIFFICULT (10%): IRREGULAR IN DAILY ROUTINES, SLOW TO ACCEPT NEW EXPERIENCES & REACT NEGATIVELY & INTENSELY ---- • SLOW-TO-WARM-UP(15%): INACTIVE, MILD, LOW-KEY REACTIONS TO ENVIRONMENT, NEGATIVE IN MOOD AND ADJUSTS SLOWLY

Physical Fitness: Benefits of Physical Activity

• Improved skill and cognitive processes • Enhanced self-esteem • Improved cardiovascular health • Establishment of lifelong pattern of exercise

id

• Largest portion of the mind • Unconscious, present at birth • Source of biological needs & desires

Why are ethics important in research?

• Minimize risks to research participants • Describe the research to potential participants • Avoid deceiving participants • Keep results anonymous or confidential

Development of Peer Interactions

• Nonsocial play-unoccupied onlooker behavior • Parallel play-next to peers doing the same thing • Associative play-interact with others • Cooperative play-engaged in a mutual activity, primary type of play by 3/12-4 years • Make believe play-emerges around 16-18 months • Solitary play-continues after develop other types of play

INFLUENCES ON ATTACHMENT cont

• OPPORTUNITY FOR ATTACHMENT • QUALITY OF CAREGIVING (MODERATELY RELATED) • SENSITIVE AND RESPONSIVE CAREGIVING • ABUSE AND NEGLECT ASSOCIATED WITH ALL THREE FORMS OF INSECURE ATTACHMENT • INFANT CHARACTERISTICS (ALTHOUGH, WEAKLY RELATED) • PARENTS' INTERNAL WORKING MODELS

Differences in Physical Development and Behavior

• Obvious differences in primary and secondary sexual characteristics • Primary sex characteristics - directly related to reproduction • Girls experience menarche (first menstrual period) • Boys experience spermarche (first ejaculation) • Secondary sex characteristics - other bodily changes due to hormonal increases • Boys are bigger, stronger, faster, and more active • Girls are healthier and better on tasks requiring fine-motor coordination

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

• Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latency • Genital

The Socializing Influences of People and the Media

• Parents- parents influence gender role development in many ways • Fathers- fathers are more likely to treat sons and daughters differently • Teachers- teachers make gender salient and spend more time interacting with boys • Peers- are critical of cross gender behavior, especially for boys, girls enable and boys constrict • TV and movies- depict stereotyped views of gender

Environmental Cues

• Perceptual cues used to decide safety of walking surface • Mastery requires differentiation and integration

steps in reaching and grasping and milestones of each

• Prereaching- newborn • Reaching- 3-4 months --- With two hands, then one • Ulnar Grasp- 4-5 months --- Adjust grip to object --- Move objects from hand to hand • Pincer Grasp- 9 months

Fine-Motor Skills

• Reaching and grasping- • Handedness development- • Heredity and culture influence handedness

SELF-CONSCIOUS/SOCIOMORAL EMOTIONS

• SHAME, EMBARRASSMENT, GUILT, ENVY, PRIDE • EMERGE MIDDLE OF SECOND YEAR OF LIFE • REQUIRES -----• SELF-AWARENESS, AWARENESS OF SELF AS SEPARATE AND UNIQUE ------ • ADULT INSTRUCTION ABOUT WHEN TO FEEL EMOTIONS

Sensory and Perceptual Processes

• Sense develop early life • Sensation - Detecting physical energy and encoding it as neural signals • Perception - Selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA)

• Short-term: medication alone best per se but some other advantages in psychological treatment • Long-term: no treatment group differences Treatment will not "cure" ADHD; it is better considered a chronic condition

Physical Fitness: Sports Participation

• Sports help children be physically fit, teach cognitive and social skills • Coaches most effective when they demonstrate positive attitudes and realistic expectations

What is temperament?

• TEMPERAMENT: BEHAVIORAL STYLES THAT ARE FAIRLY STABLE ACROSS SITUATIONS AND ARE BIOLOGICALLY BASED • INNATE TENDENCIES THAT ARE SHAPED TO BECOME ADULT PERSONALITY • THREE CATEGORIES (THOMAS AND CHESS) • SELF-REGULATION ADDED BY ROTHBART AND COLLEAGUES • SOME SUCCESS AT PREDICTING CHILDREN'S LATER FUNCTIONING

Neighborhoods

• These neighborhoods have more resources such as good schools and libraries, have adults who monitor children, and do not have parents who live with the chronic stress of poverty • Influence is indirect; transmitted through people and other social institutions

Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement

• Verbal ability: girls excel at reading, spelling, and writing, and are less likely to have language-related difficulties • Spatial ability: boys surpass girls at mental rotation and determining relations between objects in space • Mathematical ability: girls often get better grades and are better at computational skills, but boys excel in math problem solving • Memory: girls have better memory for identity and location of objects and faces and for past events

Newborn States: Cries

➢ Average newborn spends 2-3 hours a day crying ➢ Three distinctive types of cries Basic Mad Pain

the newborns reflexes

➢ Reflexes-inborn, automatic responses ➢ Newborns' reflexes prepare them to interact with the world Survival reflexes Protective reflexes Foundational reflexes

INFANT-DIRECTED (ID) SPEECH CON

➤ High-pitched tone ➤ Simplified words and phrases ➤ Slow tempo ➤ Repetition ➤ Object related or emotion communication

Private speech __________. a. helps children regulate their own behavior b. involves talking aloud to others c. is more common when children perform easy tasks than difficult tasks

A. helps children regulate their own behavior

In Piaget's theory, children are thought to be __________. a. little scientists b. miniature adults c. computers

A. little scientists

Some researchers believe that the defining characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is the absence of a theory mind, called a. mindblindness b. animism c. egocentrism

A. mindblindness

A teaching practice suggested by Piaget's theory is __________. a. teaching at a level slightly ahead of children's current level of thinking b. not allowing children to see their mistakes c. using flashcards to drill facts

A. teaching at a level slightly ahead of children's current level of thinking

Research on infants' naïve theories of physics shows that they __________. a. understand that solids keep their shape when moved but that liquids do not b. assume that objects move in discontinuous. disconnected paths c. believe that objects are able to move through other objects

A. understand that solids keep their shape when moved but that liquids do not

5. Chris is an 18-year-old freshman in college. He endorsed items 2 (I often have difficulty organizing tasks and activities), 18 (I am very forgetful in daily activities), 29 (I find it difficult to wait my turn when I am in line), and 32 (other people claim that I talk excessively).

ADHD

Measuring Attachment AINSWORTH STRANGE SITUATION

AINSWORTH STRANGE SITUATION - PROCEDURE INVOLVING BRIEF SEPARATION FROM AND REUNION WITH PARENT IN AN UNFAMILIAR PLAYROOM ---• TYPES- SECURE, AVOIDANT, RESISTANT, DISORGANIZED • ATTACHMENT QUALITY IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD ESTABLISHES INTERNAL WORKING MODEL • MODEL CAN BE MODIFIED BY LATER EXPERIENCES • CULTURE STRONGLY INFLUENCES ATTACHMENT STYLES

Which of the following is not one of the defining features of the sensorimotor stage? a. adapting to and exploring the environment b. Understanding objects c. Autism and centration

C. Autism and centration

The human genotype consists of 22 pairs of ______________ and one pair of sex chromosomes.

autosomes

The Search for Identity: Storm and Stress

"Teen rebelliousness is vastly overstated" - Most teens don't experience conflict and turmoil - Search for identity is inherently a struggle - Parent-child relations do change - Adolescent challenges can lead to depression for some - Attributions are personal explanations of success and failure

Stereotyping is to Cognition/Thinking as Prejudice is to this

(Affect/Feeling)

Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing

*Originally developed to determine which children could benefit from education ----Test: Problem-solving and reasoning ----Believed bright children would perform like average older children

emotional intelligence

*Positively associated with self -esteem, empathy, prosocial behavior, cooperation and leadership skills *Negatively associated with dependency, depression, and aggressive behavior

Psychometric Theories

*Use patterns of test performance as starting point to answer questions *Test scores provide evidence for *General intelligence (g) Spearman believed g underlies specific task/mental abilities *Specific intelligences (e.g., perceptual speed, memory, word comprehension, word fluency)

Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing

*Used mental age to distinguish "bright" from "dull" children *Created Stanford-Binet, which gives a single IQ score; average = 100 standard deviation = 15, based on normative data *Mental Age: Chronological age typical for that performance level *Child who does as well as the average 8-year-old has a mental age of 8

Improvements in Vision

- Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills 2-4 months: - Focus and color vision 6 months: - Acuity, scanning, tracking 6-7 months - Depth perception

Categorical Self

- Categorize self and others into social categories - Age - Gender - Physical characteristics - Good or bad - Used to organize behavior

plato

- Children born with innate knowledge - Sensory experiences trigger this knowledge

Ethnic Identity

- Ethnic Identity - ethnic group membership (attitudes/feelings associated with it) ----- Feel a part of their ethnicity and learn customs and traditions - Achieved typically by older adolescence - Related to self-referral, parental influence, and nature of intelligence - Adolescents benefit from having a strong ethnic identity ------- Higher self esteem, school achievement, family interactions

Reform During the Industrial Revolution

- Rural to urban transformation - Child workers

Origins of Self-Recognition

- Self-concept comes from self-awareness - Infancy: aware of own body - By 15 months: beginning of self-recognition- recognize self in a mirror - At 18-24 months: referral to self by name or personal pronoun --- - Awareness of self extends to an understanding of ownership

locke

- Tabula rasa - Knowledge shaped by reinforcement

Perception and Learning in the Newborn

-All the basic perceptual processes are operating at birth -Newborns can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel -Newborns can also learn and remember

Assessing the Newborn

-Apgar Scale: measure to evaluate the newborn's condition, based on breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, presence of reflexes, and skin tone - ----asses the heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responsivity, color -Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS): used with newborns to 2-month-olds to provide a detailed portrait of the baby's behavioral repertoire ---- Assess 4 systems

influences on attachment

-Parental: Level of warmth and responsiveness Employment and amount of separation Own memories about their attachment -Baby's temperament • INFLUENCED BY PREDICTABLE, RESPONSIVE PARENTING • PARENTS' ATTACHMENT TO THEIR OWN PARENTS MAY INFLUENCE RESPONSIVENESS TO THEIR CHILDREN • CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD CARE AND MOTHER AFFECT QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT

Ways to soothe a crying baby

-hold on shoulder and rock or walk -swaddle -pacifier -go for a ride in carriage, car, swing -massage -combine methods -let cry for short time

Period of the zygote stages

1) zygote moves down the fallopian tube and duplicated. 2) Blastocyst: a fluid filled ball is formed, inner cells will become fetus 3)Implantation: at end of first week the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining

why be cautious with heritability coefficients?

1. One reason is that many people mistakenly interpret heritability coefficients to mean that 50% of an individual's intelligence is due to heredity; this is incorrect because heritability coefficients apply to groups of people, not to a single person. 2. A second reason for caution is that heritability coefficients apply only to a specific group of people living in a specific environment. They cannot be applied to other groups of people living in the same environment or to the same people living elsewhere ex: a child's height is certainly influenced by heredity, but the value of a heritability coefficient depends on the environment.

Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby

1. Regular prenatal check-ups 2. Healthy foods 3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages 4. Exercise 5. Rest and childbirth classes

4 types of attachment

1. Secure 2. Avoidant 3. Resistant/anxious-ambivalent 4. Disoriented.

two main areas you need to know for language? both in left hemisphere

1. broca's area: speech production - in the frontal lobe 2. Wernicke's area: comprehension - in the temporal lobe

How light travels through the eye

1. light hits the CORNEA 2. goes through the PUPIL 3. focused by the LENS 4. focused by the RETINA 5. FOVEA

attachment styles

1. secure: trust, lack of concern with being abandoned avoidant: not interested in comfort with mother comes back, difficulty developing intimate relationships anxious: more emotional, demand attention an closeness

Approximately this percentage of American adults suffer from a mental illness in a given year

25%

Sternburg's Triarchic Theory

3 different types/components of intelligence - good with mental steps (ANALYTIC), use of experience (CREATIVE), and ability to read and adapt (PRACTICAL) - you can be good with one or all three

Steps in Pattern Perception

3 weeks: - poor contrast sensitivity, - prefer large simple patterns 2 months: can detect fine-grained detail, prefer complex patterns 4 months: can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12 months: can detect objects if two-thirds of drawing is missing

Howard Gardner theory

8 different ones and not connected to each other multiple of intelligence

current perspective of psychology page 11

??????????

learned helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control. - feels that there is no point in trying to do anything, becuase you are powerless to affect the situation

forgetting curve

A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.

Methylation

A process by which experience changes the expression of DNA—the genetic code is preserved but a gene is silenced by a methyl molecule

Reuptake

A process in which excess neurotransmitters are re-absorbed

Ethological Theory

A theory in which development is seen from an evolutionary perspective and behaviors are examined for their survival value.

ethology

An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge Individual is especially responsive to environment

what is a theory?

An orderly, integrated, evidence-based set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior • Leads to hypotheses that are tested, then confirmed or rejected

eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa- marked by persistent refusal to eat, accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight Bulimia nervosa- eating disorder in which individuals alternate between bingeing (eat uncontrollably) and purging through self-induced vomiting or with laxatives Primarily affects adolescent girls (10% are boys) Is influenced by cultural standards thinness and family dynamics

Styles of parenting Child Outcomes of Parenting Styles

Authoritative • Responsible • Self-reliant • Friendly • Successful in school Permissive • Impulsive • Low self-esteem Authoritarian • Unhappy • Low self-esteem • Often overly aggressive Uninvolved • Poor school performance • Aggressive

the newborn

Assessing the Newborn The Newborn's Reflexes Newborn States Perception and Learning in the Newborn

Friendship

Bases for friendships-proximity, common interests,, mutual liking, later trust and assistance is important, by adolescence-intimacy is important Influence of gender, and race- friends are usually similar in age, sex, race, attitudes and values; other sex friendships more common in adolescence Positive effects: higher self esteem, more prosocial behavior, better coping with stress, less peer rejection Negative effects: co-rumination-particularly for girls increases the risk of depression and anxiety, increased risky behavior

alleles

a variation of specific gene

In Piaget's theory, __________ is illustrated by a breast-fed baby who changes the way that she sucks to get milk from a bottle. a. assimilation b. accommodation c. equilibrium

B. accommodation

Differences in Intellectual Abilities: Mental Rotation Task

Biology • Spatial skills essential for success in hunting (evolutionary) • May be related to hormone (androgen) levels Environmental • Boys participate in activities that foster spatial skills • Interestingly, do not see gender differences in lower SES boys and girls

Categorization

Categorization: - becomes more advanced - is important for "concept formation" and research has shown that other animals also form concepts

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another at synapse and bind to next neuron

Active children

Children influence their own development.

Accidents

Common causes of child deaths by age- -- Children are far more likely to die from accidents ----- Car accident ----- Drowning ------ Firearms

Self-Control

Compliance emerges at 12-18 months -----Tested through delay of gratification Improves through childhood and adolescence ---Learn cognitive strategies ---Develop moral self-regulation Individual differences: ---Temperament --- Parenting

benefits of breastfeeding

Correct fat-protein balance Nutritionally complete More digestible Better growth Disease protection Better jaw and tooth development Easier transition to solid food

ego

Conscious, rational part of mind • Emerges in early infancy • Redirects id impulses acceptably

Each chromosome actually consists of one molecule of ______________.

DNA

we diagnose mental illness using this book

DSM V (5)

Similarity, Reciprocity, and this Proximity

Determinants of Liking and Loving

Symptoms of ADHD

Difficulty concentrating, sitting still, paying attention, staying organized, following instructions, remembering details, and/or controlling impulses.

consequences of rejection

Feelings of loneliness and dislike for school Poor school performance and dropping out Risk for antisocial behaviors and psychopathology

dizygotic twins

Fraternal twins- come from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm

Speaking in Sentences

From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

Question 2.1 If Glenn learned that he was heterozygous for sickle-cell disease instead of homozygous dominant, how would this affect the odds that he and Leslie would have a child with sickle-cell disease?

Glenn and Leslie would have a 25% chance of having a child with sickle-cell disease, a 50% chance of a child with sickle-cell trait, and a 25% chance of having a child with neither sickle-cell disease nor sickle-cell trait.

Adjustment to divorce

Helping children adjust oExplain together to children oReassure children that they are loved oAnticipate anger or sadness oEncourage sharing of feelings Helping families oEncourage collaboration or mediation

brain plasticity

In infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet completely specialized Recover better from brain injury ---▪ Language recovers better than spatial skills ---- ▪ Still have some problems with complex mental skills Older children, even adults, have some plasticity

Evolving Self-Concept

Infants awareness that self exists independent from others 18-24 month self awareness emerges Preschool mention concrete characteristics 5-7 yrs. mention emotions, social groups, and comparisons to others Teens Mention attitudes, personality , beliefs

becoming a communicator

Infants understand that words are symbols 10mo -preverbal gestures Naming Explosion --- 10 words per week

Perceiving objects

Infants: • Master perceptual constancies early in life- • Use motion, color, texture, and aligned edges to perceive objects • Use multiple cues to infer depth • Prefer human faces

Perceiving Objects: Visual Cues Depth Perception

Kinetic cues Visual expansion Motion parallax Retinal disparity Pictorial cues-

Morality as Social Understanding Kohlberg's extended Piaget's theory

Kohlberg's extended Piaget's theory Used clinical interviews to develop theory --The Heinz dilemma ---- Assessed participants reasoning Questionnaire approach --- Sociomoral reflection measures-short form (SRM-SF) (Gibbs)

Later emotional development

LATER DEVELOPMENT • EMOTIONAL REPERTOIRE EXPANDS WITH AGE AND TRIGGERS CHANGES DEVELOPMENTAL PATH • 7 YEARS: REGRET; RELIEF • TYPES OF FEARS CHANGE WITH AGE

frequency theory

LOW PITCH sound waves cause basilar membrane to vibrate at different frequencies

Research Designs: Age-Related Changes

Longitudinal design- Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages - Same children observed/tested repeatedly at different points in their lives - Age changes identified • Microgenetic study- Same participant studied repeatedly over a short period as they master a task • Cross-sectional design- People of differing ages all studied at the same time - Children of different ages tested at one point in their development - Age differences identified • Longitudinal-sequential studies- Same groups of differentaged people studied repeatedly as they change ages - Different sequence of children tested longitudinally

Advantages and Limitations

Longitudinal designs ▪ Advantages: answers continuity questions ▪ Disadvantages: practice effect; selective attribution; cohort effects • Cross-Sectional designs ▪ Advantages: convenience ▪ Disadvantages: continuity not addressed • Sequential designs ▪ Advantages: addresses continuity; deals with practice and cohort effects ▪ Disadvantages: more expensive and time-consuming

criticisms of evolutionary theory

Male: are the women fertile or not; attractiveness Female: care more about finances, resources- can men provide?

Challenges to Healthy Growth

Malnutrition Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Obesity Disease Accidents

early face perception

Newborns respond to facelike structures but cannot discriminate a complex facial pattern from other complex patterns. Around 3 months, infants make fine distinctions among features of different faces. At 5 months, infants perceive emotional expressions as meaningful wholes, a capacity that expands by 7 months. Early experience promotes perceptual narrowing with respect to gender and racial information.

Achievement-Related Attributions

Mastery-Oriented - Attribute success to ability - Incremental view of ability - Can improve by trying - Focus on learning goals Learned Helplessness - Attribute failure to ability - Entity view of ability - Cannot be changed - Focus on performance goals

Assessing Perceptual Development

Methods: Recording Responses • Habituation: paying less attention as something becomes familiar

Treatment for ADHD

Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Amphetamines (Dexedrine)

common early childhood fears

Monsters Ghosts Darkness Preschool/child care Animals

Examples of Creativity

Number of responses and originality of responses used to measure creativity

learning perspective- B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning • Reinforcement and punishment

fundamental attribution error

Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors of behavior

Perceiving Objects: Specialized Face Processing

Pattern of perceptual narrowing occurs Pattern of differentiating other race faces simultaneously reduced

From Conception to Birth

Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1-2) Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3-8) Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9-38)

Morality as social understanding

Piaget's theory of moral development Understanding of Rules --0-3 or 4 years old: no understanding of rules --- 3 or 4 to 6 or 7 years old: idiosyncratic --- 6 or 7 to 10 or 11 years old: rigid rules --- 10 or 11 years old +: social nature Think about playing games with children.

Prejudice

Prejudice: a negative view of others based on group membership - Preschoolers and kindergarteners: attribute many positive traits to own group --- Other groups "come up short" - School Agers: knowledge of racial stereotypes and prejudice increases ---- Overt behaviors decline but implies bias remains - Adolescents: prejudices may increase with search for identity and adolescent egocentrism ---- Increases if exposed to prejudicial attuites from parents

Approaches to Childbirth

Prepared childbirth: means going to classes to learn basic facts about pregnancy and childbirth Natural childbirth: natural methods of coping with pain emphasized over medical procedures Childbirth with doula: involvement of supportive adult Choice of place of birth: birth does not need to take place in hospital

Type B personality pros and cons

Pros: realistic, relaxed, adaptable, low levels of stress cons: unmotivated, procrasinate, overly casual

Theories of Attachment

Psychoanalytic: "I love you because you feed me." (Freudian) Learning Theory: "I love you because you're reinforcing." (Skinner) Cognitive: "I love you because I know you." (Piaget) Ethological: "I love you because I was born to love." (Bowlby) Contact Comfort: "I love you because you are cuddly." (Harlow)

adjusting to parenthood

Reorganization of old routines Physical and emotional reactions Postpartum depression ----- Occurs in 10-15% of mothers

Functions of the family

Reproduction Economic services Social order Socialization Emotional support

Beginnings of Self-Control

Self Control: the ability to control one's behavior and to inhibit impulsive responding to temptation 1 year: aware that others impose demands --- Safety and social norms 2 years: have internalized some controls 3 years: capable of self-regulation Elementary school years: self-control develops gradually

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty- sexual maturation

Sexual maturation Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics Menarche- onset of menstruation Spermarche- first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid ----- Both occur around age 13

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes

Smell, Taste, and Touch Hearing Seeing Integrating Sensory Information

content matters

Television shows with prosocial themes can inspire prosocial behavior in toddlers. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says no digital media before 18 months and not more than 1 hour from ages 2-5

SELMAN'S MODEL OF FRIENDSHIP CONCEPTIONS

Stage 0 (3-7 years): Momentary convenient Interaction ----- All about having fun with people who like the same things as us Stage 1 (4-9 years): One-Way Assistance ---- Friendship goes beyond whatever their current activity is, but they still think in very pragmatic terms Stage 2 (6-12 years): Fair Weather Cooperation ---- Able to consider a friend's perspective in addition to their own, but not at the same time Stage 3 (9-15 years): Intimate and Mutually Shared Relationships ---- Help each other solve problems and confide thoughts and feelings that they don't share with anyone else Stage 4 (12 years-adult): Autonomous and Independent Relationships ---- High value on emotional closeness with friends

super ego

The conscience • Develops from ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregivers

Early Development is Related to Later Development The continuity-discontinuity issue:

The continuous view: children stay on the same path throughout development The discontinuous view: children can change paths at any point in development

Causes of ADHD

The heritability is about 70% or possibly higher Likely that multiple genes are involved Research has focused on genes associated with dopamine transport Environmental risk factors are lead contamination, low birth weight, and prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

the developing brain

The neural plate forms approximately 3 weeks after conception, and then folds to form the neural tube Brain regions specialize early Myelination- begins about the fourth month of prenatal development Synaptic pruning-begins in infancy and continues through adolescence Plasticity

correlation coefficient

The results of a correlational study are usually expressed as this a statistic that reveals the strength and direction of the relation between two variables

Beyond Kohlberg's Theory: Turiel

Turiel Moral judgments represent one of several domains about which we make social judgments Research focuses on differences between concepts of moral values, social conventions, and personal choice Social conventions: are arbitrary standards of behavior agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within the group Personal domain: pertains to choices concerning one's body, choice of friends or activities

Rates of co sleeping

US: 20-40% - it is not uncommon

Learning the meaning of words

Understanding Words as Symbols Fast Mapping Meanings to Words Individual Differences in Word Learning Encouraging Word Learning Beyond Words: Other Symbols

variable-interval schedule

Unpredictable amount of time ex: shipping estimated 2-5 days

parts of the brain related to memory: Cerebellum

forms and stores IMPLICIT memories BALANCE AND MOVEMENT

telegraphic speech stages 12 months to 36 months

Using telegraphic speech, a toddler might say "Want pudding" to mean "I want that pudding right now!" 12-18 months: add new words 18-24 months: start combining words into short phrases (i.e., telegrams) 24-36 months: start using prepositions to increase clarity of phrases and awareness of basic grammatical rules and syntax.

Impact of Watching Video/TV

Viewing statistics Infants: 1 hr. daily Preschoolers: 2+ hrs. daily Impact on word learning Dependent on content-positive influences from shows like Sesame Street, Dora, Thomas, Blue's Clues More influence when adults view with children but generally not good for language development

Functions of emotions

WHY DO WE HAVE EMOTIONS? • HELP PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTS • LEAD TO AVOIDING DANGER • STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS • KEEP PEOPLE AWAY FROM THINGS THAT MAKE THEM ILL

WAIS/WISC

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Perceiving Objects: Perceptual Constancies

What is the challenge? • To recognize that object is same even though it may look differently

Socialization within the Family

What makes the authoritative style effective? ◦ Creates emotional context for positive parental influence ◦ Fair and reasonable rules, developmentally appropriate demands ◦ Parents provide models of emotional regulation and understanding ◦ Parents are more reinforcing Obviously, parenting needs to be adapted to children's development

Turner Syndrome

X - 1 in 2,500 to 5,000 female births - Short, limited development of secondary sex characteristics, problems perceiving spatial relations

XXX syndrome

XXX - 1 in 500 to 1,200 female births - Normal stature but delayed motor and language development

motion parallax

a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other sym following a trauma

generalized Anxiety disorder

a person is continually tense, worried, uneasy for no reason - sym persist for 6 months or more -

conditioned stimulus CS

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

language

a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning

structure of a neuron: NEUTRAL IMPULSES

action potential electrical signal traveling down axon

advantages and disadvantages of of co-sleeping

advantages: breast-feeding right in bed, dont have to get up disadvantages: - suffocation MANY CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE WORLD

bisexual

attracted to both sexes

self-reports

are simply children's answers to questions about the topic of interest

Plato

argued that children are born with knowledge of many concrete objects, such as animals and people, as well as with knowledge of abstractions such as courage, love, and goodness

Women mate selection

big men- more testosterone, judge men's parenting skills

factors that affect pain?

biological, social- cultural, psychological

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence includes ___________, creative, and practical abilities. a. hierarchical b. general c. analytic

c

Parts of the brain????????

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

memory aid

chunking: grouping things together mnemonics: use vivid imagery hierarchies: organize info to make sense

divisions of the nervous system: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and its divisions

connects the CNS to body's organs and muscles somatic nervous system: voluntary control of skeletal muscles ex: moving arm Autonomic nervous system: carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands. ex: breathing

dissociative disorder

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

first speech sounds

cooing (2 months): early vowel sounds babbling (6 months): - Consonants & vowels - Universal timing - Babbling indicates link between perception and production

Parts of the eye

cornea, pupil, iris, lens, accommodation, retina, rod cells, cone cells, Fovea

structure of a neuron: MYELIN SHEATH

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Imprinting

creating an emotional bond with the mother

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Aristotle

denied the existence of innate knowledge; instead, he theorized that knowledge is rooted in perceptual experience. Children acquire knowledge piece by piece, based on the information provided by their senses.

Each chromosome actually consists of one molecule known as this

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

authoritarian outcomes

dependent, passive, conforming

experiences

determine which phenotypes emerge, and genotypes influence the nature of children's experiences.

Erikson's psychosocial theory

development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

Gesell's view

development is simply a natural unfolding of a biological plan; experience matters little

gene

each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is this

3 way typology? and behavioral indicators are used for each?

easy: difficult: slow-to-warm-up: PAGE 159

stigma of psychological disorders

education- teaching people about it contact- with others who have it

avoidant personality disorder-anxiety cluster

fearful sensitivity to rejection

Zygote

fertilized egg

Blastocyst:

fertilized egg 4 days after conception

Fraternal vs identical twins Hypothetical Scores on a Measure of Extroversion

fraternal - most have similar scores identical - scores are even, more alike, typically differ by no more than 5 points -This greater similarity among identical twins than among fraternal twins would be evidence that extroversion is inherited, just as the fact that identical twins look more alike than fraternal twins is evidence that facial appearance is inherited.

13. Alora is a 37-year-old artist who endorsed items 27 (I like being the center of attention in social groups), 34 (I have a high need for attention), and 39 (I experience strong emotions, which change often and quickly).

histrionic personality disorder

Skinner studied operant conditioning

in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated.

Common naming errors

include underextensions and overextensions

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning anxiety, eccentric or odd behavior, dramatic or impulsive behavior

permissive outcomes

irresponsible, conforming, immature

At-risk infants often develop normally if they ______________.

live in a supportive, stimulating environment

3. Eko is a 35-year-old corporate executive from the northeast. He endorsed items 1 (my appetite is not what it used to be), 8 (I feel sad or empty most of the day), 12 (I sometimes have difficulty thinking or concentrating), 31 (I sleep much more than I used to), and 36 (I feel fatigued and tired most of the time).

major depression disorder

General risk factors during prenatal development include inadequate nutrition, stress, and ______________.

maternal age

what affects happiness?

meditation

Exposure to teratogens during the period of the fetus usually results in ______________.

minor defects in the body or body systems that don't function properly

locomotion

moving about in world • Dynamic Systems Theory involves differentiation and integration of component skills

Prepared childbirth emphasizes education, ______________, and the presence of a supportive adult.

natural methods of coping with pain

Neurotransmitters: Endorphins

natural pain killer (runners high)

gender identity

our sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two

serial position effect

our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list

antisocial personality disorder

part of the dramatic or impulsive cluster - a person who has no conscience - sociopaths

Representative Sampling

populations samples

A woman who, following childbirth, experiences prolonged irritation, feelings of low self-worth, and disturbed sleep is probably suffering from ______________.

postpartum depression

testing effect

practicing retrieval, improves recall more than just trying to re-read the material

structure of a neuron: DENDRITES

receive messages from other cells

Polygenic inheritance ______________.

reflects the combined influence of many pairs of genes

gender roles

set of expected behaviors for men and women

social roles

set of norms about how a person in a particular role ought to behave

the 23rd chromosome pair also known as

sex chromosomes

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by remorse, but do not purge, fasting, or excessive exercise, so may be over weight

germ disc

small cluster of cells near the center of the blastocyst that develops into the baby

new interdisciplinary organization in 1933

the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD)

behavioral genetics

the branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

structure of a neuron: CELL BODY

the cell's life support center

executive functioning

the cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions

external validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

what is 3/4 of full size at birth?

the human eyes

Deindividuation

the loss of individuality that comes from being in a group- mob mentality

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual

Maturational readiness

the physical body is ready to learn a kill ex: crawling, walking etc. - when the body is ready for a skill it implies that time will turn on a switch

stress appraisal

the process by which a person interprets a stressor as a threat or a challenge and how they will respond to stress with either distraction (threat) or aroused (challenge)

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

structured observation

the researcher creates a setting likely to elicit the behavior of interest

field experiment

the researcher manipulates independent variables in a natural setting so that the results are more likely to be representative of behavior in real-world settings

Dishabituation

the restoration to full strength of a response to a stimulus that had previously become weakened through habituation. - the undoing of hibituation

Iris

the ring of colored tissue surrounding the pupil

bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility) kitty Genovese

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present she was attacked and cried for help but the people that were around her didn't help

mere exposure effect

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Charles Darwin setting stage for new science of child deve.

work on evolution

what are the 2 essential features of an experiment?

variables are manipulated: you have a controlled group you can establish causality: ex- random assignment

Freud created the first psychodynamic theory

which holds that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

Differentiation of cells begins in the period of the ______________.

zygote

The fertilized egg implants in the wall of the uterus during the period of the ______________.

zygote

emotional display rules

• ALL SOCIETIES HAVE EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES • REFERS TO WHEN, WHERE, HOW IT IS APPROPRIATE TO DISPLAY EMOTIONS • INFLUENCED BY PARENTING AND CULTURE

disease

• Many diseases that kill young children are preventable with vaccines, improved health care, and changing habits (e.g., mosquito netting) Top 4 killers of children worldwide- ------ pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and malnutrition IMCI program-Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

Infants' Sense of Touch

• Newborns: reflex responses to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals - Later, exploratory mouthing - Pleasurable touch releases endorphins • Sensitive to pain - Pain can affect later behavior - Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding

Gender

• One of the basic ways we categorize people is by gender • Gender: socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women • Culture's expectations of men and women • Attitudes, feelings, & behaviors

seeing

• Visual acuity: smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependably --- Glasses test • Show patterns to infants --- Improves rapidly

Adult can help children be more attentive by:

• reminding them to be attentive • teaching strategies to be attentive • removing distractions

bodily growth Kwashiorkor and Micronutrient

•Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency ( caused by protein deficiency) •Micronutrient deficiency: lack of crucial vitamins and minerals (caused by overall diet deficiency)

Distribution of IQ scores

❖ Standardization ----❖ Compare scores to a pretested norm group ❖ Normal Curve ----- ❖ shows the distribution of scores on many physical and psychological attributes (i.e. intelligence) ----❖ most scores near the average ----❖ fewer scores near the extremes