PSY 323 Final Exam

B.F. Skinner changed view of observable to an n=

1

Level of behavior before intervention

Baseline

What are the rules of reinforcement (3)?

1. define behavior 2. select appropriate reinforcers 3. make reinforcement immediate and certain 4. monitor results

Strengthens the intervention's effect in AB designs; can be unethical to remove treatment

ABAB design

This treatment is useful in comparing two treatments limitations.

Alternating treatments

Agreement between people so that both parties know the rules and responsibilities

Contingency contract

Kid hits... uses words instead of hitting

DRA

incompatible- talk in class... you must raise hand to speak... you can't do both

DRI

Using reinforcement to increase frequency desired or using punishment to decrease bx frequency of undesired.

Change Frequency of behavior

Manipulating A or C to determine the cause of B

Functional analysis

Can a dead man do the behavior?

Dead Man's test

When used with extinction and reinforcement

Differential reinforcement

When you don't want the behavior away completely. is called (DRL)

Low rates of responding

Desensitization Training: imagined exposure, fear hierarchy, relaxation training

Sensitization

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a target bx.

Shaping

Generalization: Treat generalization as target behavior

Train to generalize

What does SOMA stand for?

Specific, observable, measurable, Action

Generalization: Used commonly with language to help generalization

mediate generalization

This model focuses on diagnosis

medical model

Prompts:doing what you see a person do

modeling

____ stimulus- 3 or more items

multiple

___ changing starts with the last step

backwards

____ Baseline-Treatment introduced at different times, different people, different settings etc.

multiple baseline

This model says that behavior is the problem

behavior model

Pavlovian Conditioning: the CS is ____ and the CR is the drool

bell

___ reinforcer occurs naturally in environment

natural

Meeting in environment of bx occurrence

natural environment training

____ reinforcer-behavior ends an undesirable event or state

negative

Does thinking mediate between CS & CR?

no

Performing a behavior for a continuous length of time.

duration schedule

____ learning is an emitted response more impacted by consequences

operant

Types of punishment: You break something at a store and will be watched closely for good behavior

overcorrection

___ behavior is observable to others

overt

A sequence of related behavior, each of which provides the cue for the next and the last which produces a reinforcer

chaining

Prompts: Baby gates

environemtnal

Reinforcement Schedule:Reinforcement on a fixed time

fixed interval

Reinforcement Schedule: fixed number of responses

fixed ratio

_____ chaining starts with the first step

forward

Relationship between one event and another is predicable

functional relations

Prompts: nodding when a kid gets a correct answer

gestural

What does ABC-FO stand for?

antecedent, behavior, consequence, and future occureance

Sensitization: pairing something that elicits inappropriate poise response with aversive--used a long time ago for homosexuality; high relapse rates

aversion therapy

For punishment, the baseline would be high or low?

high

_____ stimulus two at a time

paired

two items at one time

paired-stimulus

Impulse, immediate, natural, variety; ex: get cookie from a jar and eat it

contingency

Recording: ____ occurs each time a person performs the behavior

continuous

____ reinforcer arranged for purpose of modifying

contrived

____ behavior is only observable to the person behaving

covert

Total number of behavior up to that point

cumulative

Design a Punishment plan

define behavior, ask 3 questions, yes to all questions=pick punishment, immediate and certain, and monitor results.

Desensitization Training: real life; exposure to real stimuli; relaxation

in vivo

Descriptive: interviews with your family

informant

Recording: ____ occurs at different intervals

interval

What is a good example of chaining?

making a bed

Prompts: coach positions you in a sport

physical

Types of punishment: brief/noninjurous contact with skin contingent on behavior

physical

____ reinforcer- behavior is followed by a desirable event or state

positive

___ reinforcer- food, survival

primary

test if prompt is necessary

probe

Generalization: Plan common stimuli into training

program common stimulus

increases behavior

reinforcement

Types of punishment: verbal disapproval

reprimanding

_____ learning is reflexive

respondent

Types of punishment: removal of reinforcer is contingent on target bx (getting a ticket for speeding causes you to lose money)

response cost

The behavior you're doing changes slightly. ex: the amount of hello option

response generalization

deliberation, delayed/remote, cultural norms, monetary; ex: eating broccoli at dinner to get a cookie after

rule governed

___ reinforcer- money to buy food

secondary

Desensitization Training: no therapist

self

behavior trained starts happening in other contexts

stimulus generalization

What is usually the best combination for Desensitization Training?

systematic and in vivo

Types of punishment: Removal fo person from reinforcing situation

time out

What are the problems with natural environment training?

time/ability to be present where bx occurs; reluctance from teacher or parents

Ex: a sticker chart

token economy

Generalization: you don't keep the environment strictly controlled

train loosely

Generalization: train enough

training sufficient

What are problems that can arise from extinction?

uncontrolled reinforcement, bootleg reinforcement, bx itself is reinforcing, it's a slow and hard process

Reinforcement Schedule: Time varies between reinforcement

variable interval

Reinforcement Schedule: Number of responses for reinforcement varies

variable ratio

What is the most helpful form of maintenance?

variable ratio

Prompts: word

verbal

Rules for ethical use of ABA

work collaboratively, avoid aversive when possible, find treatment with best cost-benefit ratio, and monitor results

Desensitization Training: Abrupt exposure to top of list; can create more anxiety. EX: Ricky Bobby deriving with a panther in the car

Flooding

Remove chosen item and it's gone

Multiple Stim. without replacement

Swap out two items and keep preferred item in lineup

Multiple stimuli with replacement

Defined by effect is has on bx; intended to lower behavior

Punisher

Move from stronger to weaker prompts; ex: ball image, pic gets lighter and lighter until the card just says word "ball"

fading

Critical Thinking: Can research come from one person?

Yes, based methods and tracking behavior well can result in good research on one person. Hence, case studies.

approach an item and how long the person plays with it

single stimulus

A law is an example of a _____ contract

social

Before using punishment, what three questions should you ask?

1. Is it going to be effective? 2. Do the risks outweigh the benefits? 3. Are there any satisfactory alternatives to punishment?

Preference; chosen assessment as to what might work

Reinforcer assessment

Pavlovian Conditioning: the unconditioned response to the food is _____; at this point the bell is ____

US; NS

observable and informent

descriptive

What parts make up a functional assessment?

descriptive and functional analysis

Withholding reinfrocement

extinction

Ignore the kid and then they get LOUDER is an example of

extinction burst

To be a science, Psych needs to look at what's observable ____ of you. This was said by ____ ____

observable; John Watson

Descriptive: tally behavior patterns

observational

____ stimulus one stimulus at a time

single