PSY 323 Final Exam
B.F. Skinner changed view of observable to an n=
1
Level of behavior before intervention
Baseline
What are the rules of reinforcement (3)?
1. define behavior 2. select appropriate reinforcers 3. make reinforcement immediate and certain 4. monitor results
Strengthens the intervention's effect in AB designs; can be unethical to remove treatment
ABAB design
This treatment is useful in comparing two treatments limitations.
Alternating treatments
Agreement between people so that both parties know the rules and responsibilities
Contingency contract
Kid hits... uses words instead of hitting
DRA
incompatible- talk in class... you must raise hand to speak... you can't do both
DRI
Using reinforcement to increase frequency desired or using punishment to decrease bx frequency of undesired.
Change Frequency of behavior
Manipulating A or C to determine the cause of B
Functional analysis
Can a dead man do the behavior?
Dead Man's test
When used with extinction and reinforcement
Differential reinforcement
When you don't want the behavior away completely. is called (DRL)
Low rates of responding
Desensitization Training: imagined exposure, fear hierarchy, relaxation training
Sensitization
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a target bx.
Shaping
Generalization: Treat generalization as target behavior
Train to generalize
What does SOMA stand for?
Specific, observable, measurable, Action
Generalization: Used commonly with language to help generalization
mediate generalization
This model focuses on diagnosis
medical model
Prompts:doing what you see a person do
modeling
____ stimulus- 3 or more items
multiple
___ changing starts with the last step
backwards
____ Baseline-Treatment introduced at different times, different people, different settings etc.
multiple baseline
This model says that behavior is the problem
behavior model
Pavlovian Conditioning: the CS is ____ and the CR is the drool
bell
___ reinforcer occurs naturally in environment
natural
Meeting in environment of bx occurrence
natural environment training
____ reinforcer-behavior ends an undesirable event or state
negative
Does thinking mediate between CS & CR?
no
Performing a behavior for a continuous length of time.
duration schedule
____ learning is an emitted response more impacted by consequences
operant
Types of punishment: You break something at a store and will be watched closely for good behavior
overcorrection
___ behavior is observable to others
overt
A sequence of related behavior, each of which provides the cue for the next and the last which produces a reinforcer
chaining
Prompts: Baby gates
environemtnal
Reinforcement Schedule:Reinforcement on a fixed time
fixed interval
Reinforcement Schedule: fixed number of responses
fixed ratio
_____ chaining starts with the first step
forward
Relationship between one event and another is predicable
functional relations
Prompts: nodding when a kid gets a correct answer
gestural
What does ABC-FO stand for?
antecedent, behavior, consequence, and future occureance
Sensitization: pairing something that elicits inappropriate poise response with aversive--used a long time ago for homosexuality; high relapse rates
aversion therapy
For punishment, the baseline would be high or low?
high
_____ stimulus two at a time
paired
two items at one time
paired-stimulus
Impulse, immediate, natural, variety; ex: get cookie from a jar and eat it
contingency
Recording: ____ occurs each time a person performs the behavior
continuous
____ reinforcer arranged for purpose of modifying
contrived
____ behavior is only observable to the person behaving
covert
Total number of behavior up to that point
cumulative
Design a Punishment plan
define behavior, ask 3 questions, yes to all questions=pick punishment, immediate and certain, and monitor results.
Desensitization Training: real life; exposure to real stimuli; relaxation
in vivo
Descriptive: interviews with your family
informant
Recording: ____ occurs at different intervals
interval
What is a good example of chaining?
making a bed
Prompts: coach positions you in a sport
physical
Types of punishment: brief/noninjurous contact with skin contingent on behavior
physical
____ reinforcer- behavior is followed by a desirable event or state
positive
___ reinforcer- food, survival
primary
test if prompt is necessary
probe
Generalization: Plan common stimuli into training
program common stimulus
increases behavior
reinforcement
Types of punishment: verbal disapproval
reprimanding
_____ learning is reflexive
respondent
Types of punishment: removal of reinforcer is contingent on target bx (getting a ticket for speeding causes you to lose money)
response cost
The behavior you're doing changes slightly. ex: the amount of hello option
response generalization
deliberation, delayed/remote, cultural norms, monetary; ex: eating broccoli at dinner to get a cookie after
rule governed
___ reinforcer- money to buy food
secondary
Desensitization Training: no therapist
self
behavior trained starts happening in other contexts
stimulus generalization
What is usually the best combination for Desensitization Training?
systematic and in vivo
Types of punishment: Removal fo person from reinforcing situation
time out
What are the problems with natural environment training?
time/ability to be present where bx occurs; reluctance from teacher or parents
Ex: a sticker chart
token economy
Generalization: you don't keep the environment strictly controlled
train loosely
Generalization: train enough
training sufficient
What are problems that can arise from extinction?
uncontrolled reinforcement, bootleg reinforcement, bx itself is reinforcing, it's a slow and hard process
Reinforcement Schedule: Time varies between reinforcement
variable interval
Reinforcement Schedule: Number of responses for reinforcement varies
variable ratio
What is the most helpful form of maintenance?
variable ratio
Prompts: word
verbal
Rules for ethical use of ABA
work collaboratively, avoid aversive when possible, find treatment with best cost-benefit ratio, and monitor results
Desensitization Training: Abrupt exposure to top of list; can create more anxiety. EX: Ricky Bobby deriving with a panther in the car
Flooding
Remove chosen item and it's gone
Multiple Stim. without replacement
Swap out two items and keep preferred item in lineup
Multiple stimuli with replacement
Defined by effect is has on bx; intended to lower behavior
Punisher
Move from stronger to weaker prompts; ex: ball image, pic gets lighter and lighter until the card just says word "ball"
fading
Critical Thinking: Can research come from one person?
Yes, based methods and tracking behavior well can result in good research on one person. Hence, case studies.
approach an item and how long the person plays with it
single stimulus
A law is an example of a _____ contract
social
Before using punishment, what three questions should you ask?
1. Is it going to be effective? 2. Do the risks outweigh the benefits? 3. Are there any satisfactory alternatives to punishment?
Preference; chosen assessment as to what might work
Reinforcer assessment
Pavlovian Conditioning: the unconditioned response to the food is _____; at this point the bell is ____
US; NS
observable and informent
descriptive
What parts make up a functional assessment?
descriptive and functional analysis
Withholding reinfrocement
extinction
Ignore the kid and then they get LOUDER is an example of
extinction burst
To be a science, Psych needs to look at what's observable ____ of you. This was said by ____ ____
observable; John Watson
Descriptive: tally behavior patterns
observational
____ stimulus one stimulus at a time
single