PSY 330 CH. 7
cognitive dissonance
feeling people experience, uncomfortably, when they have two thoughts conflict with one another
filter bubbles
algorithms used to guess what information users would like to see based on available information
reflex that occurs naturally
Unconditioned response (salivation)
stimulant that naturally evokes a particular reflex
Unconditioned stimulus (meat powder)
upward comparison
act of measuring oneself to people who are better off
downward comparison
act of measuring oneself to people who are worse off
reflex that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly unassociated stimulant
conditioned response (salivation)
stimulant through pairings with an unconditioned stimulant, comes to evoke a conditioned reflex
conditioned stimulus (bell)
post-decision dissonance
discomfort experienced after making a difficult choice
dual attitudes
evaluations that are different regarding the same attitude object held by the same person
attitudes
evaluations that are global toward some object or issue
belief perseverance
finding that once conclusions form, they are resistant to change
attitude polarization
finding that people's demeanors become more extreme as they reflect on them
effort justification
finding that when people suffer or make sacrifices, they convince themselves that it is worthwhile
cognitive coping
idea that convictions play a central role in helping people dealing with misfortunes
cognitive dissonance theory
idea that inconsistencies produce discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their demeanor
beliefs
ideas that are strong about something
A-B problem
inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors
subjective norms
individual's perceptions about whether others think he or she should perform the behavior in question
behavioral intentions
individual's plans to perform the action in question
perceived behavioral control
individual's presumptions about whether he or she can actually perform the action in question
social learning (observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)
knowledge in which people imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them
accessibility
measure of how easily something comes to mind
coping
measure of how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
people are apt to repeat rewarded behaviors and not punished behaviors
automatic attitudes
reflexes that are fast, evaluative, and "gut-level"
deliberate attitudes
reflexes that people think reflectively and carefully about
neutral stimulus
stimulant that initially evokes no reflex
mere exposure effect
tendency for people to come to like things simply because encounter them repeatedly
selective exposure
tendency to select information that supports one's views and avoid information that contradicts them
classical conditioning
type of learning when, through repeated pairings, a stimulus comes to evoke a specific response
assumptive worlds
view that people live in associational worlds based on certain convictions about reality
