PSY 330 CH. 7

cognitive dissonance

feeling people experience, uncomfortably, when they have two thoughts conflict with one another

filter bubbles

algorithms used to guess what information users would like to see based on available information

reflex that occurs naturally

Unconditioned response (salivation)

stimulant that naturally evokes a particular reflex

Unconditioned stimulus (meat powder)

upward comparison

act of measuring oneself to people who are better off

downward comparison

act of measuring oneself to people who are worse off

reflex that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly unassociated stimulant

conditioned response (salivation)

stimulant through pairings with an unconditioned stimulant, comes to evoke a conditioned reflex

conditioned stimulus (bell)

post-decision dissonance

discomfort experienced after making a difficult choice

dual attitudes

evaluations that are different regarding the same attitude object held by the same person

attitudes

evaluations that are global toward some object or issue

belief perseverance

finding that once conclusions form, they are resistant to change

attitude polarization

finding that people's demeanors become more extreme as they reflect on them

effort justification

finding that when people suffer or make sacrifices, they convince themselves that it is worthwhile

cognitive coping

idea that convictions play a central role in helping people dealing with misfortunes

cognitive dissonance theory

idea that inconsistencies produce discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their demeanor

beliefs

ideas that are strong about something

A-B problem

inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors

subjective norms

individual's perceptions about whether others think he or she should perform the behavior in question

behavioral intentions

individual's plans to perform the action in question

perceived behavioral control

individual's presumptions about whether he or she can actually perform the action in question

social learning (observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)

knowledge in which people imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them

accessibility

measure of how easily something comes to mind

coping

measure of how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning

operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

people are apt to repeat rewarded behaviors and not punished behaviors

automatic attitudes

reflexes that are fast, evaluative, and "gut-level"

deliberate attitudes

reflexes that people think reflectively and carefully about

neutral stimulus

stimulant that initially evokes no reflex

mere exposure effect

tendency for people to come to like things simply because encounter them repeatedly

selective exposure

tendency to select information that supports one's views and avoid information that contradicts them

classical conditioning

type of learning when, through repeated pairings, a stimulus comes to evoke a specific response

assumptive worlds

view that people live in associational worlds based on certain convictions about reality