Psych Exam 1, Lecture + Chapter 1 - PSY 211 Toth UNCW
Piaget; Chomsky
(developmental psychology) stages of cognitive development; (Linguistics) How children learn language + language = innate and creative
Phineas Gage
1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning
Goldstein birthday of cognitive science
1956
Ebbinghaus; James (who+contributions)
Both = Early Pioneers of Cog. Psych Forgetting curve + savings curve (time to learn list - time to learn after delay = time saved); First psychology book (Principles of Psychology)
Historical event most critical in development of cognitive psychology?
COGNITIVE REVOLUTION; shifted Cog. Psych focus back to understanding operation of mind instead of stimulus-response/reaction
Who Edward Tolman? What contributions?
Early cognitive psychologist (claimed to be behaviorist) Cognitive maps - mental mapping of one's environment
Epistemology vs. Ontology
Epistemology = What is knowledge? Where does it come from?Ontology = What is something's ultimate nature?
Empiricism, Nativism and Rationalism?
Experience sculpts (tabula rasa); Innate abilities, biological constraints; Reason + intuition
Behaviorism, who founded?
John Watson (Little Albert experiment)
Computer metaphor of mind
Mind is like a computer; inputs, outputs. Flow-chart approach to cognition ("information processing"). Mental processes = software Brain +structures = hardware
Central claims of Behaviorism? How does Behaviorism differ from Cognitive Psych? Why do many psychologists reject strict Behaviorism?
Psychology should be a study of behavior, not mind. Emphasis on observable Stimulus-Response psychology + Consciousness is not observable. Stimulus-Organism-Response challenge, outside factors can influence behavior.
Phrenology? Who Proposed it? Why relevant?
Shape + Size of cranium = measurement of mental abilities/character. Joseph Gall. Debunked but first to associate specific mental abilities to specific brain areas.
Simple task vs Choice RT
Simple task: press button when circle appears Choice RT (slower RT): press X button with circle appears, press Y button when triangle appears
Structural models vs Process models
Structural: Representations of physical structure (how dif. areas of the brain focus/work + connect) Process: Processes involved in cognitive mechanisms
Gestalt Psychology, Human Factors, Communication Engineering + Computer Science; How contribute to cognitive psych?
Tendency to perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts; Organism (O) factors: attention, knowledge, judgement, expectations, memories, motives. How do they influence and produce behavior? Com. Sci + Com. Eng. = new models for understanding the mind. Ex: Computer model. Altogether: COGNITIVE REVOLUTION; shifted cog. psy focus back to understanding operation of mind instead of stimulus-response/reaction
General idea behind information-processing approach?
The brain is like a computer or information processor rather than something that just responds to stimuli.
Who first psychology lab? When? Main focus of first psychologists (topic)?
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, Analytic introspection and structuralism (identifying units of varied elements of consciousness)
Paul Broca
discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe responsible for language production
Donder's subtraction method
method of measuring response time; subtract the detection processing time from the choice response time, giving you the decision time
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements THE BODY EXPERIENCES THE WORLD "That went over my head" etc.
What is introspection? Why did it fail as a method?
the systematic examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes; looking inward SURF - S(ubjective), U(nreliable), R(estrictive), F(lawed)