PSY 3401 Exam 3 (final)

A researcher studying the gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would suggest that: A. women use power-oriented practices more than men B. men use power-oriented practices more than women C. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques D. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practices used

B. men use power-oriented practices more than women

A researcher wants to compare the effect of training sessions on teachers' knowledge about substance abuse. Teachers at school A were given a substance abuse knowledge test. During the next four months, the teachers attended training sessions on substance abuse. They were given the knowledge test again. Similarly, teachers at school B were given the substance abuse knowledge test, and four months later, they were given the test again. What kind of design was used in this research? A. pretest-posttest true experimental design B. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design C. interrupted time series design D. multiple baseline design

B. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

A junior researcher is conducting a test to find out the effect of room illumination on test performance. The different conditions of room illumination are high, low, and normal. Which statistical test would be most appropriate to test the relationship between different conditions of room illumination and test performance?: A. Spearman correlation B. one-way analysis of variance C. t test D. sign test

B. one-way analysis of variance

A type 1 error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false

B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

In the general form of a regression equation given by Y=a+bX, the letter X represents: A. the score we wish to predict B. the known score C. a weighting adjustment factor D. a constant

B. the known score

Which of the following statements is true about nominal scales? A. It is possible for researchers to rank order the levels of these scale variables from lowest to highest B. the levels of these scale variables are simply different categories or groups C. time, weight, length, and other physical measures are the best examples of these scales D. the median is the only measure of central tendency that is appropriate is these scales are used

B. the levels of these scale variables are simply different categories or groups

Anastasia finds the relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time as -.63. However, the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time is +.52. What can she conclude from this data? A. The relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time is weaker than the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time. B. The relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time is stronger than the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time. C. The direction of the relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time is approximately the same as that of the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time. D. The direction of the relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time cannot be compared with that of the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time.

B. the relationship between alcohol consumption and reaction time is stronger than the relationship between coffee consumption and reaction time

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever: A. past studies prove it wrong B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error C. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable D. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior

B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error

Which of the following statements is true about ratio scales? A. they do not have equal intervals B. they are best exemplified by time, weight, length, and other physical measures C. they exhibit minimal quantitative distinctions D. they are typically used to measure personality traits

B. they are best exemplified by time, weight, length , and other physical measures

Which of the following statements is true about structural equation models? A. they are developed after the data is analyzed and interpreted B. they are expected patterns of relationships among a set of variables C. they can only be used to explain the results of laboratory experiments D. they can only be used to explain the results of field experiments

B. they are expected patterns of relationships among a set of variables

In a multiple baseline design, in order to conclude that a treatment is effective, a behavior must be observed: A. with multiple participants B. under multiple circumstances C. when a treatment is removed and reintroduced multiple times D. before the manipulation is introduced

B. under multiple circumstances

Which of the following is a basic reversal design? A. pretest-posttest design B. interrupted time series design C. ABA design D. quasi-experimental design

C. ABA design

In an ABAB reversal design, the second "B" period is necessary to rule out: A. carry-over effects B. correlational variables C. chance fluctuations D. baseline changes

C. Chance fluctuations

Andrea is told that the means of two groups in a study were statistically significant. She knows the means and standard deviations of the two groups and is interested in calculating an estimate of effect size. Given this information, which effect size estimate should she calculate? A. F B. effect size "r" C. Cohen's "d" D. alpha

C. Cohen's "d"

In studies that require human participants, the most available population consists of: A. older people B. children C. college students D. psychiatric patients

C. college students

Which of the following is true of single-case designs? A. the procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects B. the results are presented as group data with overall means C. complex statistical analyses are not required D. early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning

C. complex statistical analyses are not required

The significance level chosen by a researcher is dependent on the: A. scales of measurement used for the study B. desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis C. consequences of making a Type 1 error versus a Type 2 error D. type of statistic being used

C. consequences of making a Type 1 error versus a Type 2 error

When researchers are interested in predicting some future behavior based on a person's score on some other variable, they should: A. construct several criterion variables B. construct a scatter plot in addition to looking at the magnitude of the correlation coefficient C. demonstrate that there is a reasonably high correlation between the criterion and predictor variables D. demonstrate that the correlation coefficient of the known an unknown variables is -1.00

C. demonstrate that there is a reasonably high correlation between the criterion and predictor variables

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to: A. precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained B. point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking C. have an increased confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables when they produce similar results D. identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study

C. have an increased confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables when they produce similar results

When graphing frequency distributions, _______ are most commonly used to depict simple descriptions of categories for a single variable A. pie charts B. frequency polygons C. histograms D. bar graphs

C. histograms

Aden finds that, on average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of ______ statistics: A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

C. inferential

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour. She finds that over time, the descriptions become shorter and less detailed. What maybe responsible for this change in performance? A. regression toward the mean B. cohort effect C. instrument decay D. selection bias

C. instrument decay

An alternative to traditional literature reviews for comparing a large number of studies in a research area is: A. science citation analysis B. critical theory C. meta-analysis D. conceptual replication

C. meta-analysis

In the context of effect size, r2 value is sometimes referred to as the: A. range of possible values that is restricted B. magnitude of the correlational coefficient C. percent of shared variance between the two variables D. difference between the highest and lowest scores

C. percent of shared variance between the two variables

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient: A. is called the Pearson "c" B. is used when both variables have ordinal or nominal scale properties C. provides information about the strength of a relationship D. does not indicate the direction of a relationship

C. provides information about the strength of a relationship

Which of the following techniques is used to combine a number of predictor variables to increase the accuracy of prediction of a given criterion or outcome variable? A. multiple correlation B. partial correlation C. structural equation modeling (SEM) D. simultaneous equation modeling

C. structural equation modeling (SEM)

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers. After surveying a sample of housewives, they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds. Which of the following is the greatest threat to the external validity in this study? A. consumers' lack of interest in laundry products B. the absence of differences in laundry soaps between different manufacturers C. the stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry D. including both males and females in research investigations

C. the stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from ________ effects A. regression B. nonequivalent C. propensity D. cohort

D. Cohort

In which of the following ways can a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity? A. sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition B. lowering tuition for one semester and raising it for the next semester

D. Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

Which of the following statements is true about the culture of the United States? A. the "self" is a collective concept B. support that comes with the comforts of proximity is immensely beneficial when coping with stress C. self-enhancement comes from individual achievements D. people engage in self-criticism, which can be seen as relationship-maintaining

D. people engage in self-criticism, which can be seen as relationship-maintaining

A researcher asked participants to rate the softness of two well-known brands of tissue paper-- Daisy and Flora. Daisy was rated softer than Flora and their mean ratings were 5.50 and 3.25, respectively. This difference was statistically significant: A. Daisy is softer than Flora B. Flora is softer than Daisy C. there is a difference between Daisy and Flora in softness D.there is no difference between the softness of Daisy and Flora tissues

D. there is no difference between the softness of Daisy and Flora tissues

When describing relationships between variables, a correlation of 0.00 indicates that: A. the variables are dependent on each other B. the variables are inversely proportional to each other C. there is a decrease in the value of the variables D. there is no relationship between the variables

D. there is no relationship between the variables

Which of the following statements is true of exact replications? A. they refer to the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding B. they are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior C. in these replications, the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way D. they often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study

D. they often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study

identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior: A. constructive replication B. conceptual replication C. exact replication D. procedural replication

A. constructive replication

The expected value of "t" under the null hypothesis: A. equals 1 B. equals 0 C. depends on the degrees of freedom D. varies depending on the alpha level

B. equals 0

In the context of statistical tests, significant results are most likely to be obtained when: A. the variability of scores between groups is large B. the effect size is large C. the sample size is small D. the alpha level is .50

B. the effect size is large

The scores obtained by 5 college students in a test are 25, 25, 30, 35, and 40. What is the mean for this set of scores? A. 34 B. 25 C. 31 D. 40

C. 31

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the: A. Pearson "r" B. two-tailed t test C. one-tailed t test D. chi-square

C. one-tailed t test

If exposure to an earlier assessment affects behavior when a participant is assessed a second time, which of the following types of effects might the researcher suspect is the cause? A. history effects B. instrument decay C. testing effects D. maturation effects

C. testing effects

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on their task performance? A. the study has high external validity B. temperature does not effect men's task performance C. the findings of the study cannot be generalized to females D. task performance is a confounding variable in the study

C. the findings of the study cannot be generalized to females

What is external validity? A. the adequacy of an experimental design B. the effectiveness of the manipulation of an independent variable C. the generalizability of research findings D. the practical application of research findings

C. the generalizability of research findings

Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages? A. multiple baseline and single-case experimental designs B. quasi-experimental and non equivalent control groups design C. interrupted time series and control series designs D. cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

D. cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____. A. college students; decreases B. statistical interactions; increases C. pretests; decreases D. multiple methods; increases

D. multiple methods; increases

Which of the following is a technique that provides away of statistically controlling third variables? A. criterion assessment B. frequency distribution C. multiple correlation D. partial correlation

D. partial correlation

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the: A. Type 1 error B. Type 2 error C. effect size of the test D. power of the test

D. power of the test

_________ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved A. single-case experimental B. multiple baseline C. interrupted time series D. quasi-experimental

D. quasi-experimental

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to: A. manipulation B. systematic variance C. error variance D. random error

D. random error

________ usually occurs when participants who form the two groups in an experiment are chosen from existing natural groups: A. history effect B. regression toward the mean C. cohort effect D. selection bias

D. selection bias

Which of the following describes a sequential design? A. studying a group of five-year-olds over a 10 year period B. comparing reasoning abilities of five-,eight-, and 10 year olds C. measuring motor abilities of a child when she is two years old and then measuring her abilities again when she is five years old D. studying groups of 10 and 15 year olds and then studying these individuals two, four, and six years later

D. studying groups of 10 and 15 year olds and then studying these individuals two, four, and six years later

A measure of ________ is a number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores A. central tendency B. effect size C. correlation D. variability

A. central tendency

Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that: A. extreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean B. statistical regression results from changes that occur systematically over time C. participants should be selected based on extreme scores taken at one time D. mean scores of pretest and posttest measures will be the same after manipulation

A. extreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean

The principal of a school conducts a survey to compare the number of third-grade and sixth-grade students who buy lunch from school. The most appropriate way to describe the results of this survey is to compare: A. group percentages B. frequency polygons C. group means D. the items purchased

A. group percentages

Which of the following statements is true of a narrative literature review: A. In this review, the conclusions are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer B. In this review, the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies C. It allows statistical, quantitative conclusions D. it can lead to clear conclusions by focusing on effect size

A. in this review, the conclusions are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer

Which of the following is one of the most important reasons a meta-analysis can lead to clear conclusions? A. it focuses on effect size B. it identifies trends in literature C. it points out inconsistent findings and areas in which existing research is lacking D. it provides information pertaining to strongly supported findings in literature

A. it focuses on effect size

Which of the following statements is true about standard deviation? A. it tells one what the sample as a whole, or on average, is like B. it is calculated by multiplying the variance of the given data with its range C. it becomes larger as more people have scores that lie farther from the mean value D. it is simply the difference between the highest score and the lowest score

A. it tells one what the sample as a whole, or on average, is like

Dr. Harrison used a set of statistical procedures to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him in this scenario: A. meta-analysis B. analysis of variance C. literature review D. casual analysis

A. meta-analysis

Which of the following scales of measurement lacks numerical properties? A. nominal scale B. ordinal scale C. interval scale D. ratio scale

A. nominal scale

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in: A. nonequivalent groups B. regression towards the mean C. many Independent variables D. equal numbers of males and females

A. nonequivalent groups

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the ______ hypothesis is _________: A. null; true B. null; false C. research; true D. research; confounded

A. null; true

A failure to replicate could mean that: A. original results are invalid B. replication attempt is flawless C. research findings are generalizable D. experimenter is unbiased

A. original results are invalid

In the context of correlational coefficients, which of the following problems occurs when the individuals in a sample are very similar on the variable being studied? A. restriction of range B. measurement error C. temporal precedence D. central tendency

A. restriction of range

in a _____ design, a subjects behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period. A. single-case B. control series C. propensity score D. nonequivalent control group

A. single-case

Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method? A. the results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive B. the developmental change is observed directly among the same group of people C. the differences among groups of different ages reflect developmental age changes D. the results observed are based on comparisons among different cohorts of individuals

A. the results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive

In order to study the effects of watching violent programs on children's aggressiveness, a researcher observers children's behavior after they watch 30 minutes of violent programs on TV. The researcher concludes that TV violence causes aggressiveness. A problem in this research is that: A. there is no control group B. the children's behavior is not observable C. the researcher should have had the children watch at least 60 minutes of violent programs on TV D. there is no independent variable

A. there is no control group

A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physical unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest that: A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants. B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of the prison sentence.

A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants

According to Peterson (2001), which of the following statements is true when using students as research participants? A. they, as a group, are more homogenous than non student samples B. they have a well-established sense of self-identity C. they are less in need of approval than non volunteers D. they, as a group, have formed stable political attitudes

A. they, as a group, are more homogenous than non student samples

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use: A. two or more experimenters B. a field experiment technique C. computers to test participants D. quasi-experiments

A. two or more experimenters

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio data is the: A. t test B. Pearson correlation C. chi-square test D. F test

B. Pearson correlation

Inferential Statistics: A. are used to generally describe data B. are used to make conclusions about data C. focus mainly on scales of measurement D. focus mainly on standard deviations

B. are used to make conclusions about data

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalizing problem is to: A. use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling B. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest C. ask participants whether the pretests were a problem D. use a double-blind technique

B. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest

When a researcher ______ the probability of making a Type 1 error, he or she ______ the probability of making a Type 2 error: A. increases; increases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; removes

B. decreases; increases

Which of the following statements is true about systematic variance? A. it is the deviation of scores among individuals in a group B. it is small when the difference between group means is small C. it is usually excluded from "F" tests a t tests in analyzing the relationship between variables D. It is otherwise known as within-group variance

B. it is small when the difference between group means is small

The ________ is an appropriate measure of central tendency when scores are on an ordinal scale A. mean B. median C. mode D. meridian

B. median