PSY 401 cHAPTER 9

Damaging Effects of Excessive Use of Alcohol

-Promotes the formation of fat deposits on heart muscle and contributes to cardiovascular disease. -Promotes the formation of ulcers and liver disease.

Self-Handicapping Model

A model stating that some people use alcohol as an excuse for personal failures and other negative outcomes in their lives. -Example: "I couldn't help myself, I was drunk".

Delirium Tremens

A neurological state induced by excessive and prolonged alcohol use and characterized by sweating, trembling, anxiety and hallucinations; a symptom of alcohol withdrawal.

Drug Addiction

A pattern of behavior characterized by a physical and possibly psychological dependence on a drug, with the development of tolerance to it.

Prevention Programs

1. Information campaigns 2. Increasing aversive consequences: -increasing the tax paid on cigarettes

The Three Factors That Determine Cessation of Smoking

1. Motivation to quit 2. Level of physical dependence on nicotine 3. Barriers to or supports in remaining smoke free

Heavy Drinkers

14 or more drinks per week for men or 7 or more drinks for women.

____ percent of adults in the United States smoke tobacco.

19.8

Adults between __ and __ have the highest overall rates of drinking, but the __ to __ cohort has the highest rates of binge and heavy drinking.

25, 44 18, 24

__ percent of Americans aged 12 or older reported being current drinkers. __ percent reported that they were current, but infrequent drinkers.

50, 14

The mortality rate for smokers is __ percent higher than for nonsmokers.

70

Aversion Therapy

A behavioral therapy that pairs an unpleasant stimulus (such as a nauseating drug) with an undesirable behavior (such as drinking or smoking), causing the patient to avoid the behavior.

Addiction Model Treatments

A cessation program that gives smokers a variety of pharmacological replacement therapy programs such as: -nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and inhalers.

Cognitive Behavior Treatments for Smoking

A cessation program that uses aversion therapy.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A cluster of birth defects that include facial abnormalities, low intelligence, and retarded body growth caused by the mother's use of alcohol during pregnancy.

Satiation

A cognitive behavioral aversion therapy where smokers increase their usual smoking rate until the point of an unpleasant state of "fullness". It is designed to associate nausea with smoking.

Agonist

A drug that attaches to a receptor and produces neural actions that mimic or enhance those of a neurotransmitter.

Antagonist

A drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter.

Gateway Drug

A drug that serves as a stepping-stone to the use of other, usually more dangerous drugs.

Behavioral Undercontrol

A general personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence and characterized by aggressiveness, unconventionality, and impulsiveness; also called deviance proneness.

Withdrawal-Relief Hypothesis

A hypothesis stating that drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of dopamine, serotonin, and other key neurotransmitters. Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and other unpleasant emotional states are associated with neurotransmitter deficiencies and with substance use. By elevating the release of presynaptic dopamine, drugs such as cocaine and the amphetamines restore neural functioning and produce a sense of psychological well-being.

Inoculation

A preventative program that is based on a social learning model, that focuses on the three variables that influence the initiation of smoking: 1. Social pressure 2. Medical information 3. Anxiety -This is the most effective prevention program!

Stimulants

A psychoactive drug that boosts activity in the central nervous system by altering the action of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. -Nicotine, amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine -There is a rapid development of physical and psychological dependence.

Depressants

A psychoactive drug where low doses reduce sensory responsiveness and slow cognition, and higher doses produce drowsiness and lethargy. -Barbituates, opiates, alcohol, and general anesthetics

Gateway Hypothesis

A shortcoming of reward models, because the newer research findings indicate that environmental factors may have a stronger influence on subsequent drug use than drugs used presently or previously.

Dependence

A state in which the use of a substance is required for a person to function normally.

Negative Emotionality

A state of alcohol abuse characterized by depression and anxiety.

Tolerance

A state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.

Problem Behavior Theory

A theory that proposes that drug use, early sexual activity, truancy, and other risky behaviors often occur together as a syndrome and trigger other problems later in life.

Wellness Theory

A theory that proposes that healthy behavior is a conscious and deliberate approach to an advanced state of physical and psychological health.

Hallucinogens

A type of psychoactive drug that alters sensory perception by inducing visual and auditory hallucinations. -marijuana, LSD, and mescaline.

Alcohol and the Brain

Alcohol breaks down into chemicals that inhibit dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the hippocampus that are associated with emotional behavior and cravings.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

An alcohol-induced neurological disorder characterized by the inability to store new memories. This is a deficiency in thiamin.

Tension-Reduction Hypothesis

An explanation of drinking behavior that proposes that alcohol is reinforcing, because it reduces stress and tension.

Teratogens

Any drugs, chemicals, or environmental agents that can damage the developing person during fetal development.

____, a chemical in cigarette smoke, is a causative agent in lung cancer.

BPDE

Smoking is the most common in _____.

China

Alcohol and the Immune and Endocrine Systems

Chronic use of alcohol: -weakens the immune system -damages cellular DNA -Interferes with endocrine system functioning -disrupts the secretion of growth hormone -linked to decreased testosterone levels, impotence and lowered fertility in men -linked to decreased estrogen levels, menstrual disturbances and miscarriages in women

___________ are also known as sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics.

Depressants

___________ are highly addictive and implicated in many suicides, accidental overdose deaths, and dependency.

Depressants

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that affect mood, behavior, and cognition by altering the function of neurons in the brain. These drugs include hallucinogens, stimulants, and depressants.

Vulnerability Factors

Factors that differentiate teens who are more likely to become dependent on nicotine and other psychoactive drugs. -Example: those who feel less competent and less in control of their future, who perceive a lack of social support, etc.

____ of all deaths due to cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are smoking related.

Half

Binge Drinking

Having 5 or more drinks for men, and 4 or more drinks for women, on one occasion or within a short period of time.

Abuse

Maladaptive pattern of use that interferes with role obligations.

Drug Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder

Medications include detoxification agents to manage alcohol withdrawal, alcohol-sensitizing agents to deter future drinking, and anticraving agents to reduce the risks of relapse. -Antidepressants to increase serotonin levels: fluoxetine aka Prozac -Naltrexone aka Revia: binds to opiate receptors in the brain, prevents their activation, and also decreases the reward that comes from consuming alcohol.

__________ who are regularly exposed to ETS are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Nonsmokers

Methods of Drug Administration

Orally, rectally, injection, inhalation, and absorption through the skin.

Evidence for Reward Models

People who develop dependence for one drug are more likely to be addicted to others as well. The use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana often play a pivotal role in the development of other drug dependencies and high-risk behaviors.

Relapse Prevention Programs/Self-Help Groups

Programs that focus on enabling the person to deal with situations that tempt relapse and emphasizes gaining control over situations that may precipitate a return to drinking. -extinction with repeated exposure to triggers -coping and social skills training -Alcoholics Anonymous

______ models view addiction as being motivated by pleasure seeking.

Reward

______ ________ exert a strong influence on drinking.

Social contexts

_____________ ______ predicts smoking rates.

Socioeconomic status

__________ are widely abused because of their powerful reward effects.

Stimulants

Effective Smoking Cessation Programs

Successful programs with adolescents are those that: 1. Enhance intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to quit through education and the use of rewards 2. Are tailored to developmental needs 3. Provide social supports 4. Make teens aware of other resources for remaining nicotine-free

Blood Alcohol Level

The amount of alcohol in the blood, measured in grams per 100 milliliters.

Nicotine-Titration Model

The biological theory of maintenance proposing that smokers who are dependent on nicotine regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of nicotine in their bloodstream. -Explains why people smoke roughly the same amount day after day.

Drug Potentiation

The effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

Alcohol Expectancy Effects

The effects of an individual's beliefs about how alcohol affects behavior.

Behavioral Disinhibition

The false sense of confidence and freedom from social restraints that results from alcohol consumption.

Self-Awareness Model

The model stating that alcohol makes the drinker's thinking more superficial and less self-critical, allowing some people to feel better about themselves.

Common Liability Model

The model that states that the likelihood that a person will begin using illegal drugs is not determined by the preceding use of other specific legal drugs (gateway hypothesis), but instead by the particular tendencies and environmental circumstances of the drug user.

Blood-Brain Barrier

The network of tightly packed capillary cells that separates the blood from the brain.

Concordance Rate

The rate of agreement of physical dependence between a pair of twins for a given trait. A pair of twins is concordant for the trait when either both of them have it, or neither of them have it.

Initiation

The reason why a person smokes for the first time. -Examples: advertising, role modeling, peer influence, situational factors, vulnerability factors, etc.

Affect Management Model

The reinforcing properties theory of maintenance proposing that smokers strive to regulate their emotional states. -Positive affect smokers are trying to increase stimulation, feel relaxed, etc. -Negative affect smokers are trying to reduce anxiety, guilt, fear, etc.

Peer Cluster Theory

The social learning theory stating that peer groups are strong enough to overcome the controlling influence of family, school, or religious values. Adolescents tend to change their smoking behavior to that of their friends, and the tendency to select friends based on similar smoking behavior is a strong predictor of smoking behavior.

Social Control Theory

The social learning theory stating that people may be protected by family, school, religion, and other social institutions. The stronger a young person's attachment to such institutions, the less likely he or she will be to begin using drugs.

Alcohol Myopia

The tendency of alcohol to increase a person's concentration on immediate events and to reduce awareness of distant events.

Hypersensitivity Theory

The theory stating that addiction is the result of efforts by the body and brain to counteract the effects of a drug to maintain an optimal internal state.

Withdrawal

The unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person abruptly stops using certain drugs.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

This is also known as second-hand smoke. It contains an even higher concentration of many carcinogens.

Biomedical Model

This model of addiction views physical dependence as a chronic brain disease.

Social Learning Model

This model views addiction as behavior shaped by learning, and by social and cognitive factors. It states that a person's identification with a particular drug ("seeing oneself as a drinker") plays a key role in the initiation and maintenance of an addiction.

At-Risk Drinking

Two or more episodes of binge drinking in the past month, or consuming an average of two or more alcoholic drinks per day in the past month.

Incentive-Sensitization Theory

Two stages: 1. the original good feelings from the drug use prevail 2. drug use becomes an automated behavior -Even though pleasure may not increase (and side effects may be unpleasant), the reward systems continue to respond to the drug-related cues because they have become conditioned stimuli that evoke dopamine release and craving.

One exception to the withdrawal-relief hypothesis is _______, which does not appear to act on specific receptors.

alcohol

What are the two most widely used drugs?

alcohol and tobacco

Drug treatment is most effective when combined with ________ __________ therapy.

cognitive behavioral

DSM-5 no longer ______________ between abuse and dependence. They are known as _________ ___ ________.

differentiates, Substance Use Disorders

The abuse of illegal _____, _______, and _______ is the cause of more deaths, illnesses, and disabilities than any other preventable health condition.

drugs, alcohol, tobacco

An adult who has smoked two packs a day for 20 years can expect to lose _____ years of life.

eight

Current models of alcohol dependency emphasize the interactions of environmental and _______ factors.

genetic

.08 grams per 100 ___________ of blood is considered legal intoxication in most states.

milliliters

Smoking causes increased risks for:

miscarriage, sudden infant death, and low-birth-weight infants.

Women are ____ susceptible to the carcinogens in tobacco than men.

more

Smoking is ____ prevalent in American Indian/Alaska natives, at 36.4 percent.

most

BPDE damages a cancer suppressor gene, causing lung tissue to ______.

mutate

Cigarette smoking is the single most ___________ cause of illness, disability, and premature death in much of the world.

preventable

Most __________ programs derive from either the Wellness theory or the Problem Behavior theory.

prevention

Hallucinogens are also known as ___________ drugs.

psychedelic

Nicotine causes serum cholesterol to ____.

rise