PSY 410 Exam 4 Quiz Q's

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Choosing an entree from a menu

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

Deliberate

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

Temporal lobe

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

casual

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.

conditional

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

expected emotion

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

incubation

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _________________ reasoning.

inductive

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

meaning dominance

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

the conclusion is valid

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.