PSy 425 final

Loftus & Palmer's (1974) car-crash experiment demonstrates how seemingly minor word changes can produce changes in a person's memory report. In this study, the misleading word that produced the greatest exaggeration of estimated speed was _______.

"smashed"

Which memory "sin" is due to lack of attention at encoding or retrieval?

Absentmindedness

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letters have been supplied.

_______ transforms new memories from a fragile neurological state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent neurological state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

A flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements based on the findings of Talarico & Rubin (2003)?

Flashbulb memories are the circumstances surrounding how a person first learned about an emotional event that remains vivid but not necessarily accurate.

______ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

Retroactive interference

Jackson remembers taking his medication this morning, however, he only thought about taking his medication and did not actually take it. This memory error represents the _______ "sin" of memory.

Source misattribution

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm room to your first class. Your ability to update your mental map as you travel is due to what component of working memory?

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

The word length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember...

a list of long words than a list of short words.

In production and generation effects, the patterns are typically stronger when...

a within-subjects design is used.

For most adults over age 60, the "reminiscence bump" describes enhanced memory for...

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

after the original study event

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year old wedding album, she flips through the photos and starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her...

amygdala

Related information is often misremembered at high rates. The related-list paradigm known as the DRM paradigm is an example of these errors. Work by Huff & Hutchison (2011) demonstrated that these memory errors are likely due to the _______ of the study words and the critical word, not the _______ of the study list.

association; gist

Based on Kane and Engle's (2001) definition, working memory differs from short-term memory due to the addition of _______.

attention

Based on the amount of retrieval support that is provide by different test types, which of the following test options provide the least to most retrieval support.

cued recall, free recall, recogntion

Brown and Peterson (1959) studied how well participants could remember trigrams (e.g., BRG, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the trigrams after a 3 second delay, but this number decreased to 10% after an 18 second delay. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______, but later research (e.g., Keppel & Underwood, 1962) showed that it was also due to _______.

decay; interference

Based on Baddeley's (2000) revised working memory model, the function of the _______ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

episodic buffer

James tries to remember a conversation he had with his friend Jaimie yesterday. However, James sees Jaimie everyday and he misremembers a conversation that took place a week ago. James is a victim of _______.

forgetting

Bartlett's (1932) experiment in which British participants were asked to recall "The War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the Canadian Indian folklore illustrated...

he reconstructive nature of memory.

Students beware! Which of the following study techniques is less likely to encourage elaborative processing?

highlighting

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back-and-forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically, the light is only in one place at any given time. This illusion occurs because _______ lasts longer than the light's illumination.

iconic memory

Donald Hebb's (1948) idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

increased firing in the neurons due microscopic physical changes at the synapse.

DeRenzi et al. (1987) describes an "Italian Woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, struggled remembering people or facts she knew before. She could however, remember previous life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

intact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory.

From the behavior of H. M., who experienced memory problems following surgery, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in _______.

long-term memory storage.

Miller's (1956) magic number 7 ± 2, refers to short-term memory's ability to remember this many _______.

meaningful units (chunks)

The neurological-based process of acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is...

memory consolidation

Sperling (1960), using the partial-report technique, reported that when participants were cued with a high, medium, or low pitched tone, that they could remember _______ of the letters from the cued row.

nearly all

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the _______ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

The question you are completing right now is an example of a ___________ test question.

recognition

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

repeating it over and over

_______ cues help us remember information that is already stored in memory.

retrieval

Elaborative encoding of a new word is least likely to be accomplished by...

rote rehearsal.

In Brewer & Treyens (1981) experiment, participants sat in an office and were asked to remember what they saw in the office. Participants "remembered" some items like books and papers that weren't actually in the office. This experiment illustrates the effect of _______ on memory.

schemas

Remembering that a tomato is technically a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of _______ memory.

semantic

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are...

short and spread out over several days.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

the growth of new dendritic branches in neurons

Episodic and semantic memories, though independent, are often interconnected. For instance, when we experience events...

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories initially is attained through personal experience based in episodic memory.

Based on Cabeza et al.'s (2004) study on autobiographical memory, a person's prefrontal cortex and hippocampus become more active when viewing photos of buildings that...

the person took themselves

Wickens (1972) "fruit and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

Which memory "sin" is synonymous with normal forgetting (i.e., interference or decay) over time?

transience

Daneman & Carpenter (1980) pretested subjects and classified them into high working memory and low working memory groups. Subjects then completed the RSPAN task in which they had to remember pronouns from prior sentences that ranged from 2-7 past sentences. The general finding was that...

High working memory individuals were able to remember the pronouns well regardless of the number of previous sentences, but low working memory individuals could only remember pronouns for the most recent couple of sentences.

Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Research on the Production and Generation effects in memory have shown that information that is read aloud or self-generated is better remember that information that is read silently. This effect is particularly large in within-subjects design than a between-subjects design. This is due to a combination of a(n) _______ in memory for silent words in within-subjects conditions compared to between-subjects conditions and an overall _______ in memory for production/generation words.

decrease; increase

Roediger & Karpicke (2006) compared groups of participants who were either tested following study of a textbook passage, or restudied the textbook passage. A final test was then completed after a 5 minute delay, a 2 day delay, or a 1 week delay. Their results showed that relative to restudy, testing __________ memory performance on an immediate test and __________ memory performance on a final test.

decreased; increased

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other, only to forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity principle

The primary reason why participants in memory experiments are asked to subtract from a number by 3s for 15-30 seconds after studying a list of words is to...

ensure the memory test is examining short term memory

Visual imagery is a powerful memory technique that enhances memory because...

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Work with brain injured and amnesiac patients reveals that _______ memory is typically unconscious.

implicit and procedural