PSY 487: Brain and Cognition - Exam 4 - Ch 12, 13, & 14

The paid medical doctor for Ameritas said Joan Boice died from what cause(s)? (From video resource folder for exam 4)

Alzheimers and a series of strokes

Which of the following is a sign of autism? (From video resource folder for exam 4)

Avoiding eye contact

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information.

A neural event occurs at 1:00 p.m. Libet's backward referral hypothesis suggests that awareness is assigned to what time?

Exactly 1:00 p.m.

Assisted living facilities are regulated like nursing home facilities. (From video resource folder for exam 4)

False

Typically, split-brain patients are initially very distressed when unable to verbally communicate what they are seeing in their left visual field.

False

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the interpreter system?

It processes emotion.

Imagine you develop a technique to introduce language processing into a split-brain patient's right hemisphere. How would this likely change the right hemisphere's ability to make inferences?

Its inferences abilities would not change.

Which of the following findings, if true, would best argue in favor of the parallel processing model of multi-tasking, as opposed to the task-switching model?

Participants' improvements over time in the dual task condition were highly correlated with their improvements on each individual task.

Joan Boice lived in assisted living due to Alzheimer's. Her family declined an initial $3 million settlement from her wrongful death and received what instead? You can estimate to whole dollars even though the exact amount was significant in the ruling (From video resource folder for exam 4)

Right Answer $23 million Exact Amount $22,963,943.81

Autistic children are likely to report that ________ when performing the Sally-Anne task.

Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble

The statement "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is discussed in multiple places in this chapter. Which of the following, if true, would be inconsistent with that statement?

The frontal lobes of chimpanzees become fully developed at a younger age than the frontal lobes of squirrel monkeys or dogs

In a delayed response task, participants were asked to look at faces or scenes or engage in passive viewing. Which of the following results distinguished older adults from young adults when viewing faces relative to passive viewing

The young adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area.

Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state?

They share a common ancestor with humans.

Multiple realizability refers to the principle that multiple combinations of neuronal activity patterns can result in the same observable behavior.

True

Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

True

Regarding layered architecture, abstraction refers to the phenomenon that the processing of each layer is hidden from the following layer.

True

The anterior cingulate cortex is important for distinguishing positive self-relevant information from negative self-relevant information.

True

The content of conscious experience for people with Alzheimer's disease typically changes as the neurodegenerative process progresses through various brain regions.

True

The error-related negativity (ERN) has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

True

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

True

Patients in a vegetative state are evidence for which of the following statements?

Wakefulness does not depend on consciousness

Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?

You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.

What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury?

an explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex involves ________ valuation, whereas dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involves more ________ valuation.

automatic; controlled

If neuroimaging studies showed that entirely different brain regions were activated when a person experienced pain from those that are activated when a person viewed or imagined someone else experiencing pain, this would

be inconsistent with mirror neuron involvement in empathic processes

Which of the following would NOT result from damage to the pons?

blindsight

Raine (2002) has argued that ________ factors play a role in determining whether someone exhibits violent behavior.

both genetic and environmental

Action-outcome decisions involve a more ________ form of processing, whereas stimulus-response decisions are more ________.

controlled; automatic

Which of the following is NOT thought to be an evolutionary pressure that gave rise to access-consciousness?

cost of prey

Studies using fMRI have found that neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ________ when people make self-referential judgments compared to other judgments, suggesting that when we are "at rest" we are engaging in a number of self-referential processes.

decreases less

In the task-switching experiment involving a digit task and a letter task, a digit or letter response was indicated by a word or by a color. Which of these conditions was particularly problematic when switching between digits and letters for frontal lobe patients?

digits indicated by colors

Stanley Klein and colleagues (2002) found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness, participants were ________ to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic, suggesting that self-characteristics ________ linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

equally fast; are not

Dad's presence has no impact on young female development. (From video resource folder for exam 4)

false

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT

fluent aphasia.

Cognitive control is often associated with

goal-oriented behavior. decision making. cognitive flexibility. -All of the answer options are correct.-

Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of nouns such as rope, which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited ________ activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the ________ hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.

greater; selection

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that ________ decisions recruit working memory processes, whereas ________ decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

impersonal; personal

Cognitive control is NOT involved in which of the following?

implicit memory

The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is

inappropriate social behavior

Which of the following areas is LEAST involved in social cognition?

inferior frontal gyrus

The work of biologist Andrew Barron and neuroscience philosopher Colin Klein suggests that subjective experience may be present in animals as evolutionarily primitive as

invertebrates.

Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the ________ when performing non-self-referential tasks. This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on ________ rather than ________.

medial prefrontal cortex; the external world; internal states

One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area, is that

one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task-relevant.

Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the

prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.

A patient recently had a tumor near his temporoparietal junction (TPJ) removed. Since then, he has been experiencing occasional out-of-body experiences. Which of the following surgical ramifications might explain this?

removal of a brain region that inhibits TPJ activity

Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?

scaffolding

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERP) studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring

self-referential processing

Imagine that a frontal lobe patient meets a very good friend and his family doctor. Which of the two would this patient be able to engage more easily in a short conversation?

the family doctor

Which aspect of conscious experience is NOT well understood from a cognitive neuroscience perspective?

the subjective conscious experience itself

The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone

understands that people can have different mental states.

Employing subliminal perception by quickly flashing an angry face before an image of someone could __________ the participant's attitude about the person.

worsen