psy 525 final exam

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What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion?

People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.

control causality orientation

In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions?

craving, agitation, and hatred

The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around:

intrinsic motivation and identified regulation.

Helplessness is:

learned

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.

pride

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of:

vicarious experience.

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

why try

"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is a(n):

opportunity for learning and personal growth.

The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:

optimistic

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Emotions function as one type of motive.

Which of the following is not one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?

Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned.

is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.

Openness

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following

There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:

What can be?

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?

What makes me special?

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

a small number—between 2 and 10

Humanistic psychology is mostly about:

discovering human potential and encouraging its development

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: nasalis wrinkles the nose; zygomaticus raises the cheeks; orbicularis oris raises the upper lip.

disgust

According to Maslow, deficiency needs:

dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:

dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.

Based on the text, the opposite of self-efficacy is:

doubt

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior

efficacy; outcome

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior.

efficacy; outcome

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:

eudaimonic well-being

The _______ component of emotion gives emotion its communicative aspect.

expressive

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions:

facilitate or inhibit that behavior

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:

facilitator

In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event?

noise

Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone?

fear

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Level of worry:

for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.

Positive conditional regard is:

giving love and affection for obedience and achievement.

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that:

good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness.

People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages.

happy

The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is:

high self-efficacy.

Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation?

holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism

Greater mindfulness tends to

lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.

Greater mindfulness tends to:

lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.

A ______ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters with failure.

mastery motivational orientation

Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?

meaning

Most people are:

mildly happy most of the time

internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents:

moves the person away from the organismic valuation process.

The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating

organismic valuation process

The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating.

organismic valuation process

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:

other people

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:

participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them.

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is

personal behavior history.

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

personal behavior history.

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of:

pity

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience

positive conditional regard

Positive psychology investigates

positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

Positive psychology investigates:

positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

The appraisal, "Is this situation relevant to my well-being?", constitutes a(n) _________ appraisal.

primary

In his study with undergraduates solving anagrams, Mikulincer (1988) found that an exposure to one unsolvable anagram produced a(n) _____ effect, while exposure to four unsolvable problems produced a(n) _____ effect.

reactance; helpless

When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ________ and ________ regulate emotion well while ________ does not.

reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor

secondary

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

self action

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?

self-actualization

Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality.

self-determination

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better?

self-efficacy

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What dimension of emotion does this illustrate?

sense of purpose

According to Lazarus's theory of emotion, the primary appraisal of failing to live up to an ego ideal leads in a reliable way to the emotional experience of:

shame.

Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event?

sympathetic nervous system activation

A strong sense of efficacy allows a performer to remain highly ___, even in the face of situational stress and problem-solving dead-ends.

task-focused

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that:

the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:

to environmental threats and benefits

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

vicarious experience.

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following

anger

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable

. optimistic explanatory style

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

1 failure

In a cognitive view of emotion, which of the following statements is most true?

Appraisals of environmental events cause emotion

Which of the following is the best explanation of why feeling good because of positive affect generates so many positive outcomes

Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment.

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."

Carl Rogers

describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects

Congruence and incongruence

refers to the actual, objective relationship between a person's behavior and the environment's outcomes.

Contingency

The _________ muscle(s) lie beneath the eyebrows.

Corrugator

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?

Emotions can only be found in the human species.

What did Lazarus's view of emotion add to Arnold's?

Emotions function as one type of motive

Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?

Gratitude visit

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?

Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.

Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?

Is this event a personal threat?

Which of the following is not a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion?

It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children.

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:

Prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability

In the social sharing of emotion, which of the following statements is the only false one?

Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one.

Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to:

academic failure.

According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?

all of the above

Strong self-efficacy beliefs are associated with all of the following except:

altering attributions from external to internal.

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

an almost limitless number

In Buck's two-system view of emotion, the biological system is relatively _____ in the evolutionary history of human beings, while the cognitive system is relatively

ancient; new

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:

anger

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these four appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was lost; another person blocked my goal attainment; and the loss was undeserved/illegitimate.

anger

Which emotion regulation strategy is described in this example:

attentional focus

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.

People socially share their emotions with others primarily to:

better regulate those emotions

Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement."

biological emotion researchers only

In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that:

both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns:

conditions of worth.

Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives?

causality orientations

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are:

challenging, where success is not guaranteed

For a person with little self-efficacy and much self-doubt, task difficulties and setbacks usually open the door to the experience of:

confusion and anxiety that spiral performance toward disaster.

The most important single theme that emerges from Plutchik's chicken-and-egg analysis of the cause of emotion is:

cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do.

In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation?

cognitive sharin

To the extent that people rely on external guides (e.g., social cues, incentives) to initiate and regulate their behavior in a habitual or personality-like way, they have a(n):

control causality orientation

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed individuals overestimated their control.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely:

emotion activation.

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or

emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.

According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions

emotion knowledge

According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions.

emotion knowledge

The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called:

emotion knowledge.

are short-lived psychological-physiological phenomena the present efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands.

emotions

n Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they

engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the _____ condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.

escapable shock

The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling:

suffer more psychological distress.

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion.

supports the James-Lange theory


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