psy 525 final exam
What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion?
People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.
The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.
control causality orientation
In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions?
craving, agitation, and hatred
The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around:
intrinsic motivation and identified regulation.
Helplessness is:
learned
According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.
pride
When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of:
vicarious experience.
You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:
why try
"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is a(n):
opportunity for learning and personal growth.
The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:
optimistic
In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?
Emotions function as one type of motive.
Which of the following is not one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?
Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned.
is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.
Openness
According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following
There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.
The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:
What can be?
Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?
What makes me special?
According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?
a small number—between 2 and 10
Humanistic psychology is mostly about:
discovering human potential and encouraging its development
Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: nasalis wrinkles the nose; zygomaticus raises the cheeks; orbicularis oris raises the upper lip.
disgust
According to Maslow, deficiency needs:
dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them
Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:
dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.
Based on the text, the opposite of self-efficacy is:
doubt
An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior
efficacy; outcome
An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior.
efficacy; outcome
Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:
eudaimonic well-being
The _______ component of emotion gives emotion its communicative aspect.
expressive
According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions:
facilitate or inhibit that behavior
Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:
facilitator
In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event?
noise
Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone?
fear
In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Level of worry:
for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.
Positive conditional regard is:
giving love and affection for obedience and achievement.
The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that:
good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness.
People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages.
happy
The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is:
high self-efficacy.
Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation?
holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism
Greater mindfulness tends to
lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.
Greater mindfulness tends to:
lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.
A ______ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters with failure.
mastery motivational orientation
Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?
meaning
Most people are:
mildly happy most of the time
internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents:
moves the person away from the organismic valuation process.
The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating
organismic valuation process
The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating.
organismic valuation process
The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:
other people
When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:
participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them.
The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is
personal behavior history.
The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:
personal behavior history.
According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
pity
Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience
positive conditional regard
Positive psychology investigates
positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.
Positive psychology investigates:
positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.
The appraisal, "Is this situation relevant to my well-being?", constitutes a(n) _________ appraisal.
primary
In his study with undergraduates solving anagrams, Mikulincer (1988) found that an exposure to one unsolvable anagram produced a(n) _____ effect, while exposure to four unsolvable problems produced a(n) _____ effect.
reactance; helpless
When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ________ and ________ regulate emotion well while ________ does not.
reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression
According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor
secondary
Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?
self action
Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?
self-actualization
Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality.
self-determination
The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better?
self-efficacy
When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What dimension of emotion does this illustrate?
sense of purpose
According to Lazarus's theory of emotion, the primary appraisal of failing to live up to an ego ideal leads in a reliable way to the emotional experience of:
shame.
Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event?
sympathetic nervous system activation
A strong sense of efficacy allows a performer to remain highly ___, even in the face of situational stress and problem-solving dead-ends.
task-focused
All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that:
the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion
Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:
to environmental threats and benefits
As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:
vicarious experience.
Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following
anger
A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable
. optimistic explanatory style
After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?
1 failure
In a cognitive view of emotion, which of the following statements is most true?
Appraisals of environmental events cause emotion
Which of the following is the best explanation of why feeling good because of positive affect generates so many positive outcomes
Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment.
Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."
Carl Rogers
describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects
Congruence and incongruence
refers to the actual, objective relationship between a person's behavior and the environment's outcomes.
Contingency
The _________ muscle(s) lie beneath the eyebrows.
Corrugator
Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?
Emotions can only be found in the human species.
What did Lazarus's view of emotion add to Arnold's?
Emotions function as one type of motive
Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?
Gratitude visit
With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?
Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.
Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?
I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.
Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?
Is this event a personal threat?
Which of the following is not a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion?
It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children.
Validation-seeking individuals strive to:
Prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability
In the social sharing of emotion, which of the following statements is the only false one?
Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one.
Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to:
academic failure.
According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?
all of the above
Strong self-efficacy beliefs are associated with all of the following except:
altering attributions from external to internal.
According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?
an almost limitless number
In Buck's two-system view of emotion, the biological system is relatively _____ in the evolutionary history of human beings, while the cognitive system is relatively
ancient; new
According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
anger
According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these four appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was lost; another person blocked my goal attainment; and the loss was undeserved/illegitimate.
anger
Which emotion regulation strategy is described in this example:
attentional focus
The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:
belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.
People socially share their emotions with others primarily to:
better regulate those emotions
Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement."
biological emotion researchers only
In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that:
both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.
As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns:
conditions of worth.
Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives?
causality orientations
The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are:
challenging, where success is not guaranteed
For a person with little self-efficacy and much self-doubt, task difficulties and setbacks usually open the door to the experience of:
confusion and anxiety that spiral performance toward disaster.
The most important single theme that emerges from Plutchik's chicken-and-egg analysis of the cause of emotion is:
cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do.
In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation?
cognitive sharin
To the extent that people rely on external guides (e.g., social cues, incentives) to initiate and regulate their behavior in a habitual or personality-like way, they have a(n):
control causality orientation
In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:
depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed individuals overestimated their control.
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely:
emotion activation.
In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or
emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.
According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions
emotion knowledge
According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions.
emotion knowledge
The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called:
emotion knowledge.
are short-lived psychological-physiological phenomena the present efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands.
emotions
n Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they
engaged their friends; made a good bowling score
In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the _____ condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.
escapable shock
The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling:
suffer more psychological distress.
The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion.
supports the James-Lange theory
