PSY ch. 1-7 (midterm)
which of the following remarks does NOT demonstrate the fundamental attribution error
"they are poor because they have not been given opportunities"
which of the following is the best example of normative influence
a child goes along with his peers in bullying a new student out of fear of being bullied himslef
maladaptive coping strategies tend to be associated with poorer adjustment; this means that
a coping strategy may help in the moment, but is problematic in the long run
if a potentially stressful event is viewed with alarm, the stress may trigger ____________
an emotional response, a physiological response, & a behavioral response (all of these responses)
which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect that many result from stress
an increase in optimism
which one of the following types of learned behavior is most likely to be governed by classical conditioning
anxieties, phobias, & maladaptive emotional reactions (all of these)
based on research concerning the trait of hardiness, which of the following hypothesized relationships is LEAST plausible
as hardiness decreases, GPA should increase
which one of the following is not included in active listening
asking those around you for clarification
which of the following is NOT considered an essential element of reducing intergroup hostility through cooperative interdependence
assigning specific titles or names to each group
which of the following in NOT consistent with the "what-is-beautiful-is-good" stereotype
attractive individuals are judged as less assertive than unattractive individuals
which of the following is NOT a guideline to choose a good self-help book
avoid books with explanations of theories or research (you want self help books with this)
which of the following is an example of external-unstable fact in attribution?
bad luck
"any overt response or activity by an organism" defines the term
behavior
which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives
behavioral perspectives neglect to explain why people are only moderately consistent in their behavior
psychologists study responses to stress at which of the following levels
behavioral, emotional, & physiological (all of these)
constructive coping involves all fo the following EXCEPT
being less realistic in your appraisal of your coping resources (you want to be more realistic)
which of the following is NOT a coping technique used to deal with self-discrepancies
being more optimistic about your actual abilities
physical & emotional exhaustion and a lowered sense of self-efficacy due to work-related stress is called
burnout
case studies
can provide general conclusions through consistencies between cases
confirmation bias occurs in
casual social interactions, job interviews, & courtrooms (all of these)
which of the following MOST accurately paraphrases the key themes of the textbook definition of stress? stress is any event or circumstances that __________
causes reduced coping abilities
the first step in systematic problem-solving is
clarifying the problem
albert bandura different from other behaviorists in that he gave an important role to __________ in influencing human behavior
cognition
all of the following are dimensions of the attributional process EXCEPT
cognition versus affect
__________ occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior, even though their private beliefs
compliance
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as __________
coping
the type a behavior pattern of anger & hostility is MOST closely linked to which of the following physical ailments
coronary heart disease
the habitual use of misguided or ineffective strategies for achieving desirable outcomes is called
counterproductive
"subjecting ideas to systematic, skeptical scrutiny" best describes which of the following processes
critical thinking
__________ is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
defensive attribution
self-regulation refers to
directing & controlling one's behavior
which of the following is an example of the coping strategy known as behavioral disengagement
dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites
which of the following factors do NOT contribute to resisting authority
evaluating effects based on the authority figure's expectations
the experimental method rests heavily on the assumption that
experimental & control groups are alike in all important matters except for the independent variable
which of the following statements is true according to big five research
extraversion & conscientiousness are positive predictors of career success
many theorists agree that the basic challenge of modern life involves struggling with such problems as
forming a solid sense of identity, arriving at a coherent set of values, & developing a clear vision of a future that realistically promises fulfillment (all of the above)
which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem according to the research
happiness causes high self-esteem
behavioral genetics has provided evidence that
hereditary factors help shape personality
whether or not an event is stressful is most likely to depend on
how one appraises & adapts to the event
which of the following has NOT been proposed as an explanation for how humor helps to reduce the effects of stress & promote wellness
humor facilitates the release of stress-relieving neurotransmitters
"psychobabble" is best defined as
ill-defined terminology
research suggests that efforts to actively suppress emotions result in
increased autonomic arousal
in asch's studies of conformity, participants
indicated which of three lines matched a standard line in length
__________ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals & defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership
individualism
which of the following notions is NOT considered one of the major contributions of psychoanalytic theory
influence of reinforcement in maintaining specific behaviors
which of the following does NOT typically underlie most self-defeating trade-offs
intentional self-harm
which of the following is a mnemonic device
link method, method of loci, & acrostics (all of these)
taken together, research on stress & physical heal can be BEST summarized by which of the following statements
links between high stress & poor physical health can be explained by many third variables
which of the following would NOT be considered good advices for someone looking to boost self-esteem
listen to the goals of close confidants
which of the following is an example of positive reinterpretation
looking for something good in a bad experience
one likely explanation for people's tendency to act in self-destructive ways is that
many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time
which of the following statements regarding the influence of ethnicity & gender on self-esteem is accurate
men & women do not differ in their self-esteem levels for academic ability or emotional well-being
the strengthening of a response of leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is
negative reinforcement
in our society, alcohol abuse is associated with which of the following
neglecting responsibilities, illegal & dangerous behavior, & desire to stop drinking but inability to do so (all of these are associated with alcohol abuse)
__________ is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to direct commands
obedience
social context affects self-concept in all of the following ways except
only aspects of self that are central to who you are will be affected
carl rogers was concerned with how childhood experiences promote congruence based on
parental unconditional or conditional love
empirical work on national character using the five-factor model reveals that __________
people's beliefs about national character are usually inaccurate stereotypes
according to the research on expectations & self-fulfilling prophecy
perceivers behave toward targets according to expectations, targets adjust behaviors to fit perceiver expectations, & expectations of authority figures-such as teachers-influence subordinates' performance (all of these)
all of the following appear to have a moderate impact on subjective feelings of well-being except
physical attractiveness
humanistic theories of personality have been critiqued for their ___________________
poor testability of hypotheses, inadequate empirical evidence, & unrealistic views of human nature (all of these are true)
defense mechanisms are
probably not healthy to use, with a few exceptions
tolerance involves
progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use
attempting to weaken a response by presenting a noxious or aversive stimulus after than response is called
punishment
an experimental group consists of subject who
receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
which of the following explanation is accurate in explaining how a sedative, such as a benzodiazepine, could lead to accidental overdose
sedatives can cause the respiratory system to halt, if mixed with a depressant
a mismatching of self-perceptions is termed
self-discrepancy
the tendency to use various strategies to maintain a positive view of the self is called
self-enhancement
perceiver expectations include
self-fulfilling prophecy
which of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional intelligence
separating emotion from though
maslow's heirachy of needs is based on the idea that
some needs are more basic than others
which of the following explanations is accurate in explaining how an amphetamine, such as speed, could lead to accidental overdose
stimulants could cause a cortical seizure
a correlation coefficient indicates the __________ and the __________ of the relationship between 2 variables
strength; direction
suppose a political candidate makes a change to his message in order to include more recent scientific data; which of the following persuasion tactics is he MOST likely using
taking the central route to persuasion
people who exhibit an optimistic explanatory style tend to attribute setbacks to
temporary situational factors
explanations of personality from a biological standpoint, like all approaches, have their shortcomings. the authors of the textbook note __________ as a weakness of the biological approach
the complex interplay of heredity & environment
the rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by
the demands of WWII
clinical psychology is primarily concerned with
the diagnosis & treatment of psychological problems
which of the following statements is NOT true about self-fulfilling prophecies
the effect of self-fulfilling prophecies is limited to educational settings
which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on response to social pressure is true
the kind of situation is more important than the kind of person, regardless of culture
according to psychologists, frustration occurs when
the pursuit of some goal is thwarted
which of the following is the best definition of psychology
the study of behavior & the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems
based on research regarding big five personality traits & life outcomes, which of the following hypotheses is MOST justifiable
those high in openness to experience should be more likely to report experimentation with drugs & alcohol while in college
for which of the following reasons is someone most likely to play the sick role
to escape the demands of others
when people need to consume larger & larger doses of a drug to obtain the desired effect, they have developed __________ on/for the drug
tolerance
which of the following ideas is NOT central to the concept of personality
traits that are shard with others
which of the following observations about political candidates and/or voters MOST closely reflects the dunning-kruger effect
unknowledgeable voters who are misinformed but are extremely confident in their knowledge
the best description of social support is
various types of aid from one's social networks
if you use self-control resources by resisting temptation in a given situation
you may have a hard time resisting the next temptation
which of the following is good advice for minimizing the risk of developing AIDS
you should have sexual contact with fewer partners, you should use condoms to control semen exchange, & you should curtail sexual behaviors that increase the probability of mixing semen & blood (all of these statements are good advice)
