PSY Ch.15

The most controversial dissociative disorder involves extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities. This disorder is called:

DID

a widely used system for classifying disorders

DSM-5

T or F: a value of labeling people with disorders is that clients may benefit from knowing that they are not the only one with these symptoms

True

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

ADHD

the dangers of labeling people with disorders are: A) overly broad classifications may pathologize normal behavior B) labels can trigger assumptions that will change peoples behavior toward those labeled C) All of the above

C)

___ schizophrenia patients are more likely to respond to drug therapy

acute

fear processing center of the brain

amygdala

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

what is an example of culture-specific psychological disorders

anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in western cultures

personality disorder, the affected person is aggressive and ruthless and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing.

antisocial

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

antisocial personality disorder

twin adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with ___ personality disorder are at ___ risk for antisocial behavior

antisocial; increased

psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

anxiety disorder

what are the three clusters of personality disorders

anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors

Why is the DSM-5 controversial?

casts too wide a net on disorders, pathologizing normal behavior

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

chronic schizophrenia

The learning perspective proposes that phobias are

conditioned fears

the learning perspective views anxiety-related disorders as products of fear ___, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognitions

conditioning

____ involves the whole body and may disrupt sleep, energy levels, and concentration

depression

poverty related stresses can help trigger ___, but disabling disorders can also contribute to ___

disorders; poverty

The "gender gap" in depression refers to the finding that ________ risk of depression is nearly double that of _______.

women's; men's

Which of the following is a new diagnostic label in DSM-5?

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

The experience of a "fugue state" is indicative of ________ disorder.

dissociative

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative disorders

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation

dissociative fugue state

psychological disorders are marked by a clinically significant ___ in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation or behavior

disturbance

When are antidepressant prescriptions likely to increase?

fall

when people people with ASD watch another person's hand movements, their brain displays ___ than moral mirroring activity

less

patients with chronic schizophrenia are more or less likely to respond to drug therapy:

less likely

If a friend or family members talks suicide you can:

listen, connect, protect

PET scans of murderers' brains have revealed

lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes

Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and _____.

major depressive disorder

disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

major depressive disorder

episodes of hyperactivity and wildly optimistic, impulsive behavior

mania

A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the ______ model.

medical

the concept that disease, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in more cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital

medical model

phrenia means

mind

people with ASD are less imitative and show less activities in brain areas involved in ___ other's actions

mirroring

a person with schizophrenia has ___ symptoms may have expressionless face and toneless voice these symptoms are most common with ___ s

negative; chronic

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

neurodevelopment disorders

Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel park her car. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psychological disorder?

no, it does not disrupt her ability to function

treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters __ and ___

norepinephrine; serotonin

An episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is called

panic attack

Several times in the past two months, Raul has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Raul MOST likely suffers from:

panic attacks

rates of bipolar disorders in the United States rose dramatically between 1994 and 2003, especially among

people 19 and under

Which of the following characterizes catatonia?

period of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement

When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is called

reinforcement

what does somatic mean

relating to the body

The symptoms of _______ appear around age 10; _______ tend[s] to appear later, around age 25.

phobias; major depressive disorder

those with ___ symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with ___ schizophrenia

positive; acute

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

post traumatic stress disorder

our predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender line is ___

poverty

the ___ explanation of DID symptoms is that they are defenses against anxiety generated by unacceptable urges

psychodynamic

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

psychological disorder

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

psychotic disorder

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the _____-______ perspective.

social-cognitive

The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 was released in:

2013

to diagnose someone with an intellectual disability, a person intelligence test score must be in the lowest _ percent of the general population or about __ or below

3; 70

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ in 10 that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7

Billy has an identical twin who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are __________ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7 in 10

The acronym DSM-5 stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition

_____________ is/are an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms that include haunting memories and nightmares, jumpy anxiety, social withdrawal, and insomnia.

PTSD

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

delusions

a person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience

delusions

___ is characteristic of deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind.

autism spectrum disorder

disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

autism spectrum disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa

binge eating disorder

Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved -- for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the ___________ approach.

biopsychosocial

the ___ approach helps us understand that our well0being is affected by our genes, brain, and functioning, inner thoughts and feelings, and the influence of our social and cultural environment

biopsychosocial

The DSM-5 recommends a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder for some children who may once have been diagnosed with _____ disorder.

bipolar

a person with ____ disorders experiences not only depression, but also mania

bipolar

Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa

bulimia Is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

bulimia nervosa

Thomas believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Thomas is MOST clearly suffering from:

delusions

One possible answer emerged when researchers examined schizophrenia patients' brains after death. They found an excess number of ___ receptors, including a sixfold excess for the dopamine receptor __

dopamine; D4

A lawyer is distressed by feeling the need to wash his hands 100 times a day. He has no time left to meet with clients, and his colleagues are wondering about his competence. His behavior would probably be labeled disordered, because it is ______________ that is, it interferes with his day-to-day life.

dysfunction or maladaptive

thoughts emotions or behaviors are __ or ___ if they interfere with normal day-to-day life.

dysfunctional; maladaptive

research on ___ supports the vulnerability-stress model by showing how our DNA and our environment react

epigenetic

the study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression

epigenetics

schizophrenic brain scans have revealed that abnormal activity occurs in the: (3)

frontal lobes, thalamus, amygdala

___ anxiety disorder, in which a person is, for no obvious reason, continually tense and uneasy

generalized

Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of ______________ ______________ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Nadia often feels tense, anxious, and uneasy, but there is usually no actual cause for these feelings. She may be demonstrating symptoms of:

generalized anxiety disorder

People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n) ____________.

hallucination

do identical or fraternal twins have a higher risk to being diagnosed with schizophrenia

identical

People with this relatively common disorder interpret normal sensations (a stomach cramp today, a headache tomorrow) as symptoms of a dreaded disease

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

illness anxiety disorder

The phenomenon known as the _____ refers to the fact that migrants to the United States from other nations have better mental health than do people with the same ethnic heritage born in the United States

immigrant paradox

a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

biological factors that contribute to anxiety related disorders include:

inherited temperament differences

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.

intellectual disability

dissociative identify disorder is controversial because:

it is almost never reported outside north america

Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having _____-_____ disorder.

obsessive compulsive

disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Changes for recovery from schizophrenia are best when

onset is sudden in response to stress

controversies around ADHD center on whether the growing number of ADHD uses reflect ___ ___ or increased awareness of the disorder and on the long-term effect of stimulant drug treatment

over diagnosis

Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ______________ disorder.

panic

____ disorder, in which a person experiences panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense dread—and fears the next attack

panic

compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

rumination

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

schizophrenia

Valencia exclaimed, "The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It's hot one day and freezing the next!" In addition to being insensitive, this comparison is inaccurate. Explain.

schizophrenia does not involve rapid changes in mood or identity

___ symptom disorders produce distressing bodily symptoms that have no apparent physical

somatic

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

somatic symptom

_____ phobias, in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of something

specific

Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a ______ ______.

specific phobia

If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a ______ ________.

specific phobia

schizo means

split

Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality rather than to a:

split from reality

"I always fail at everything I do, and it's usually all my fault." The words always and everything in this remark highlight the _____ and _____ qualities of a depressive explanation.

stable; global

The risk of suicide is greatest for those diagnosed with depression when:

they begin to rebound and become capable of following through

major depressive disorder and schizophrenia are __ - they occur in all cultures

universal

The _____ model argues that an individual's characteristics interact with environmental events to influence the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

vulnerability-stress

this model assumes that individual dispositions combine with environment stressors to influence psychological disorder

vulnerability-stress model