PSY Ch2 and 3 - Quiz 2
Which of the following is an example of a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?
Deirdre has just entered a state of hypnosis with the aid of a psychologist.
_____ is an altered state of consciousness that can be spontaneously induced.
Dreaming
During a normal night of sleep, about half of your sleep time is spent in:
NREM-2.
genotype
a particular alleles that a child receives
gene
a segment of a DNA molecule that cab synthesize a protein
dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
chromosome
a tightly wound strand of DNA
manifest content
according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
Our ability to react to the environment demonstrates our:
adaptive capacity.
The term _____ refers to the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.
gender
Emily has adopted a traditional feminine role. This is called:
gender typing
Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear snakes and heights to:
genetic predispositions.
durning the N1 sleep stage, a person is likely to experience
hallucinations
Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the hallucinations evoked by
hallucinogenic
All of these are ways a person could experience a mystical experience EXCEPT:
having a parietal lobe seizure.
Rick is a blend of stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine characteristics. For instance, he is both assertive and nurturing. Rick may be described as a(n) _____ individual.
androgynous
You invite a group of people to your home for a wine-tasting event, but you have not figured out how they will get home afterward. According to research, you should be concerned about this because:
as their blood-alcohol level rises, people's concerns about drinking and driving decrease.
reproductive success
attracting a mate and producing offspring that carry your genes
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They belong to which class of medications?
barbiturates
Temperament, the precursor to personality, is a(n) _____ construct.
biological
The text notes that factors such as one's expectations and society's traditions play a role in drug use and abuse, along with the biological effects of the drugs themselves. The text reflects a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. To which category of psychoactive drugs do they belong?
depressants
Minh has a serious insomnia problem and is taking prescription barbiturates as a sleeping medication
depressants
drugs that slow down neural activity and body functions
depressants
A television star dies from a toxic combination of alcohol and heroin. Alcohol and heroin are both:
depressants.
In research examining the contribution of genes and neurons to addiction, which neurotransmitter appears to be involved?
dopamine
The genes associated with alcohol use disorder and tobacco dependence appear to produce deficiencies in the brain pathways associated with the neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Which religious group is NOT among those with extremely low rates of drug use?
evangelical Christians
An adult who dropped out of high school is _____ times _____ likely to smoke cigarettes than is an adult with a graduate degree.
4; more
The amount of genetic variation between members of different population groups is about _____ percent of total human genetic variation.
5
What percentage of sperm carries the X chromosome?
50 percent
If one has a difficult problem to solve and cannot seem to come up with a good answer, often the BEST way to tackle the problem is to:
sleep on it.
which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep
sleep rests the eyes
NREM-1
stage of light sleep; transition between wakefulness and sleep
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
phenotype
the. traits that are expressed by a particular genotype
natural selection
those genetic variations that increase survival or reproduction will be passed to future generations
genes
segments of a DNA molecule that can synthesize protein
_____ is a periodic, natural loss of consciousness.
sleep
When can a person have an out-of-body or mystical sensation?
while enduring extreme cold
Twin and adoption studies examining alcohol abuse have found that:
consistently supported the existence of moderate genetic influences
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
When studying diseases with potential genetic influences, scientists are MOST likely to first examine
family history.
The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring is called _____
heredity
Which of the following has been used as a pain management technique by health care providers?
hypnosis
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the brain's:
hypothalamus.
Gender _____ is to _____ as inner feeling is to social expectation.
identity; role
MOST teens and college students:
overestimate how much their peers are using drugs.
REM sleep is also called:
paradoxical sleep.
Nearly 1 in _____ Canadians 15 years of age or older use marijuana.
6
After rats were housed for 60 days in enriched environments, Bryan Kolb and Ian Whishaw (1998) reported that the rats' brain weight increased by _____ percent.
7 to 10
LSD
(lysergic acid diethylamide) a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.
alcohol use disorder
(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.
Why did you choose NOT to use participants' average scores or grades as your measure of academic performance?
Because average grades would be measured BEFORE altering their sleep duration
_____ is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
Cigarette smoking
_____ is currently a thriving area of study within psychology.
Consciousness
Select from the following options the best way to measure whether sleep deprivation affects learning and memory. Which of these measurement options do you think would work best?
Have participants learn nonsense syllables and then try to recall them.
Which statement about college students and drug use is false?
Membership in fraternities or sororities reduces alcohol consumption.
The brain emits large, slow delta waves during _____ sleep.
N3
What is the seemingly stunning finding referred to in the text that was implied from studies of hundreds of adoptive families?
People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.
A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes.
What is the primary question asked by molecular behavioral geneticists?
What specific genes influence behavior?
The unusual convergence of several space-time anomalies lands Wundt, James, Watson, and Skinner at the May 2018 conference of the Association for Psychological Science in San Francisco, California. Noticing the current emphasis on consciousness in psychology, _____ would be _____.
Wundt; gratified
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
Your study showed that sleep deprivation relates to lower learning and remembering, but it did not establish a cause-effect relationship.
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
The sleep-wake cycle provides an example of:
a circadian rhythm.
blindsight
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
substance use disorder
a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.
Which of these drugs increases neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes?
amphetamines
If one experiences disrupted or inadequate sleep, in what way will it affect one's memory?
impair memory
use of marijuana
impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory
In everyday interactions, men are more likely to state their opinions and women to offer support. However, women tend to become more assertive and men more empathetic:
in middle age.
selective attention is necessary because the brain cannot handle
information overload
as the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep
it increases in duration
Among humans, innovations in behavior and ideas are preserved and transmitted from one generation to another primarily through:
language.
The field of _____ studies how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence thought and behavior.
molecular behavior genetics
The field of _____ studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
molecular genetics
Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by altering:
perception and moods.
Fraternal twins who were raised apart are most likely to differ in _____
personality
Aggression is:
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
research has indicated that true multitasking is
possible only when 2 types of information are processed by different brain areas or different neural networks
Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are less likely to be the _____ and less likely to be similar in _____.
same sex; extraversion
babies prefer
sweet, salty, umami
Which of these is MOST strongly influenced by genetics?
temperament
Mellow and calm infants remain calm and relaxed when facing new or strange situations. This BEST illustrates the importance of:
temperament.
how has activation-synthesis been used to explain why we dream
the activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity
dual processing
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
what is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apena
with narcolepsy, the person periodically falls directly into REM sleep, with no warning; with sleep apnea the person repeatedly awakens during the night
Laura must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily cups of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that Laura experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of:
withdrawal symptoms.
The large, slow brain waves associated with sleep are called:
delta waves.
long-term use of ecstasy
damage serotonin-producing neurons
Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study?
A group of students who have healthy sleep patterns
hallucinogens
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Caffeine and nicotine are both _____ drugs.
psychoactive
Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as _____ drugs.
psychoactive
Substances that produce changes in perception, emotion, thinking, or behavior are called _____ drugs.
psychoactive
The chemical substances that people take to alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception are called:
psychoactive drugs.
Humans live in a technological society. Is this an optimal environment for humans?
No, much of it works against natural inclinations and needs.
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products.
Ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
An important psychological contributor to drug use is
the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless
"for what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night," How might we use the information processing perspective on dreaming to interpret this ancient greek quote
the information-processing explanation of dreaming proposes that brain activity during REM sleep enables us to sift through the daily events and activities we have been thinking about (what one has dwelt on by day)
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Tamika learned how to ride a bike when she was 6 years old, but when asked to explain how she balances the bike, she is unable to do so. All of the following explains why Tamika cannot explain this skill EXCEPT:
the skill of riding the bike is only accessed through conscious processing.
After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as
tolerance
evolutionary psychologists propose that infant taste preferences are universal because taste sensations are related to the nutritional value of the food
true
The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age:
12
In one survey of sixth graders in 22 U.S. states, _____ percent believed their friends had smoked marijuana, whereas _____ percent acknowledged actually smoking it themselves.
14; 4
Marcie is driving Adam to the airport. Adam is telling Marcie about some financial difficulties he is having. Periodically, he asks Marcie for her opinion. According to the textbook, attending to the conversation may decrease activity in the areas of Marcie's brain critical for safe driving by nearly _____ percent.
40
Ariel is drinking a can of beer. Barry is smoking a cigarette. Cord is smoking a marijuana cigarette. Who is using a psychoactive drug?
Ariel, Barry, and Cord are all using psychoactive drugs.
This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.
Ecstasy
The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-raising practices on children's personalities has been MOST characteristic of:
Freudian psychologists.
With respect to psychoactive drugs, _____ is to _____ as hallucinogen is to depressant.
LSD; alcohol
Which statement is MOST accurate?
Most human traits are influenced by teams of genes.
Shane, an 11-year-old boy, has autism spectrum disorder. His fraternal twin brother, Topher, is at higher risk for having autism spectrum disorder than would be the case if Topher were just a sibling. Why is that so?
They shared a prenatal environment.
A genome is:
a full set of instructions to make a living organism.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.
sleep
a periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)
cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.
methamphetamine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels.
night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during N3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
DNA
a. special, large molecule that. carries a cell';s genetic code
addiction
an everyday term for compulsive substance use (and sometimes for dysfunctional behavior patterns, such as out-of-control gambling) that continues despite harmful consequences. (See also substance use disorder.)
Failing to notice alterations in the environment is called _____.
change blindness
Katie prides herself on her ability to spot errors in "continuity" in movies and TV shows. A few minutes ago, she pointed out that a wine glass was nearly empty in one frame, then full in the next. Most people fail to spot these errors in continuity because of:
change blindness.
Shonda is a night person, an owl. Based on research reviewed in the text, Shonda is MOST likely to be:
creative.
Nicotine triggers a(n) _____ in anxiety and a(n) _____ in mental alertness.
decrease; increase
One of the potential side effects of using Ecstasy is:
dehydration
stimulants
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
amphetamines
drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Karin and Linda are adoptees in Sweden. Karin's biological parents abused drugs; she was adopted by a family that does not use drugs. Linda's biological parents did not use drugs, but her adoptive siblings do. All else being equal, Linda's risk of abusing drugs is _____ Karin's.
equal to
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.
Which sequence correctly arranges the building blocks of life from smallest and MOST specific to largest and MOST inclusive?
gene > DNA > chromosome
If the heritability of intelligence is 50 percent, this means that:
genetics explains 50 percent of the variation among people.
People who willingly change their behavior to suit different people and situations are seen as "untrustworthy," "two-faced," "flip-floppers," or even "slimy" or "sleazy" in _____ cultures but as "trustworthy" or "sincere" in _____ cultures.
individualist; collectivist
Depressant drugs:
inhibit the activity of the central nervous system.
Luther was born with one kidney. This variation in an inherited trait is caused by:
mutation
Which phrase BEST describes the interaction between genetic and environmental factors influencing behavior?
mutually dependent
allele
one version of a gene that can take different forms
The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, and
opiates
A reduction in anxiety, pupil constriction, slower respiration, and feelings of lethargy are associated with:
opiates.
Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This BEST illustrates the influence of _____ on development.
prenatal environments
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.
sequential processing
processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems.
In the brain, the massive loss of unused neural connections is called:
pruning.
If one gently wakes someone whose eyes are closed but darting around, there is about an 80 percent chance they will:
report she was in the midst of an interesting dream.
Prolonged use of Ecstasy may result in the death of _____-producing neurons.
serotonin
With respect to sex, gender, and sexuality, body is to mind as _____ is to ____
sex; gender
In those suffering from alcohol use disorder, prolonged and excessive drinking can:
shrink the brain.
NREM-3
stage of deep sleep consisting almost entirely of large slow waves
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.
The finding that men are usually more likely than women to initiate sexual activity applies:
to men in nearly all cultures.
Although Stefani was assigned a birth sex of male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Stefani could BEST be described as:
transgender
The University of Michigan's annual survey of 15,000 U.S. twelfth graders found that the proportion who said there is "great risk" in regular marijuana use:
was highest in 1991.
Marijuana use by high school seniors in the United States peaked in the year:
1978.
The human genome consists of approximately _____ genes.
20,000
Jaylen is a high school senior in the United States. Recent surveys suggest that, all else being equal, there is about a _____ percent chance that Jaylen gets by on fewer than eight hours of sleep each night.
75
Which scenario is MOST relevant to the field of cognitive neuroscience?
A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns.
Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as
circadian rhythm
We want to maximize our confidence in the study results. From the following options, select all of the factors that could affect your confidence about whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance (based on the ability to learn and remember nonsense syllables):
Damage to memory centers in the brain Dishonesty about whether participants followed instructions for how long to sleep An unusually high natural ability to learn and remember information
Liz's sister and her husband want their four-year-old daughter to learn a new language and would like to start immediately. What advice would she give? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Early childhood is the best time to learn a new language
Which of these statements BEST describes the relationship between genes and experience?
Genes and experience interact.
_____ twins develop from a single fertilized egg, whereas _____ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.
Identical; fraternal
Recently, there was a horrible story about a 14-year-old girl who was kept in isolation by her parents and was not exposed to any type of language. Now that she is out of isolation, what is the MOST likely outcome for her language development?
It is unlikely she will be able to master any language.
Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that can produce increased levels of aggressive behavior. A research team interested in studying this effect hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will show higher levels of aggression than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support this hypothesis?
Men who were given cocaine were more likely to punish a pseudoparticipant.
Gabe's roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, Gabe needs to awaken his roommate so that they can both get to a party on time. His roommate is sleeptalking about his girlfriend's cat. When Gabe begins laughing, his roommate wakes up. Gabe's roommate was MOST likely in _____ sleep.
N2
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
REM rebound
Paradoxical sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.
REM sleep; NREM sleep
Sara's three-year-old niece has just started preschool, and her teachers are reporting that she is emotionally reactive and impulsive. What does research suggest regarding Sara's niece's potential personality as a young adult?
Research findings suggest that she will be somewhat impulsive and conflict prone.
Psychologists believe that there are five main reasons for sleep. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
Sleep helps us eliminate unconscious conflicts from memory.
_____ refers to an infant's characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity.
Temperament
According to the latest research on temperament, which is the MOST likely outcome for a highly reactive and impulsive toddler?
They will continue to be highly reactive and conflict prone into adulthood.
Why was it a good idea to measure participants' ability to learn and remember nonsense syllables AFTER you altered their sleep duration rather than before?
This would allow you to determine whether changes in sleep duration caused changes in learning and memory performance.
If someone asks you whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?
We've learned that sleep deprivation causes poorer academic performance. Individuals who experience sleep deprivation, compared with those who get a full night of sleep, have difficulty learning and remembering information. We also learned that it is important to keep track of: (a) participants' natural ability to learn and remember, (b) any brain damage participants may have experienced that could affect their performance, and (c) whether participants followed the sleep instructions we gave them. This way we can be sure that sleep deprivation, and not sample characteristics, is responsible for the observed changes in academic performance.
Which of these couples would be MOST likely to have very frequent sex?
a gay male couple
Recall the biopsychosocial approach to disordered drug use. With respect to the levels of analysis in the approach, _____ exemplifies a biological influence.
a genetic predisposition
When scientists compared the brains of rats raised in an enriched environment with the brains of rats raised in an impoverished environment, the rats raised in an enriched environment had:
a larger number of synapses.
Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive?
alcohol is a disinhibitor - it makes us more likely to do what we would have done sober, whether that is being helpful or being aggressive
Which of these drugs are powerfully addictive chemicals that stimulate the central nervous system with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes and that, over time, appear to reduce baseline dopamine levels?
amphetamines
near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Dr. Matsuo studies the relative influence of heredity and environment on emotional intelligence. Her research belongs to the field of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
behavior genetics.
Our many genes help explain:
both our shared human nature and our human diversity
Even if the musician Stevie Wonder had his vision restored by miracle surgery, he probably would not get his eyesight back because:
brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses.brain development is not influenced by visual deprivation.normal pruning of the visual brain cells occurred.
Piano players who do drills when they are children to improve dexterity in their left hands experience:
brain changes that greatly improve dexterity.
The text explains the hierarchical organization of our genetic code by likening several of its components to a book, chapter, or word. By this analogy, chromosome is to _____ as genome is to _____.
chapter; book
Research by Nathan Caplan implied that the children of the refugee boat people fleeing Vietnam achieved greater-than-usual academic and vocational success. Caplan concluded that children living in extreme situations can flourish if they are raised in a:
close knit, supportive family.
According to the _____, dream content reflects a dreamer's level of cognitive development and his or her knowledge and understanding.
cognitive development model
A person from a culture that emphasizes _____________ gives priority to the goals of the group rather than their self.
collectivism
Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:
complain of insomnia.
A person's subjective experience of the world and himself or herself is:
consciousness.
Studying for his final exams, Pascal is forced to do a great deal of memorization. Unfortunately, his next-door neighbor has a dog that is prone to barking at night. Amazingly, the barking coincides almost precisely with Pascal's REM sleep cycle, interrupting his ability to dream. Pascal does very poorly on his exams. According to the information-processing theory of dreams, an explanation for his poor performance is that the barking interfered with his REM sleep, which interfered with memory _____.
consolidation
barbiturates
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
Early Head Start was based on Rosenzweig's research on rats to provide a(n) _____ environment for preschool children living in poverty.
enriched
The study of the environmental mechanisms that control gene expression and its effects on behavior and health is known as:
epigenetics.
Sam's sister has an independent study proposal due next week, and she has asked for help deciding on a topic. She is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. On which of these subfields of psychology would he recommend she focus?
evolutionary psychology
Using the principles of natural selection, _____ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have been shaped over time.
evolutionary psychology
Scientists in the field(s) of _____ focus on developing theory and evidence to support the notion that "people are basically the same wherever you go."
evolutionary psychology but not behavioral genetics
We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. From the following choices, select the design that would work best for studying whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance.
experimental design
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
according to evolutionary psychologists, males today prefer young, attractive female partners because those males have been influenced by images in the media
false
evolutionary psychologists claim that all genetic mutations confer benefits for survival and reproduction
false
selective attention
focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Research conducted by Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut has shown that _____ can be domesticated, over the course of many generations, by selecting and mating animals with certain traits.
foxes
Two individuals are MOST likely to differ in personality if they are _____ twins who were raised _____.
fraternal; apart
The text explains the hierarchical organization of our genetic code by likening several of its components to a book, chapter, or word. By this analogy, word is to chapter as _____ is to _____.
gene; chromosome
Temperament is MOST strongly influenced by:
genetics.
An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a(n) _____.
genome
An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a:
genome
The shared human genetic profile is called the:
genome
An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a:
genome.
Mel tried LSD with no bad effects, but on his second 'trip' he began screaming that spiders were on his body
hallucinogens
drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
hallucinogens
According to research cited in the text, infant rats that were _____ gained weight more rapidly and developed faster neurologically than those rats that were _____.
handled; not handled
David lightly sprayed cold water on his younger brother Sam while Sam was sleeping. The next morning, Sam is likely to report:
having a dream about swimming near a waterfall.
All of these are ways a person could experience a mystical experience EXCEPT:
having a parietal lobe seizure
In your study, whether participants had damage to memory centers in the brain was a confounding variable because:
it would influence how well participants could learn and remember the nonsense syllables you showed them.
Life experiences beginning _____ lay down epigenetic marks that can affect the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment.
in the womb
Sleep deprivation may encourage the development of obesity because it _____ levels of the hormone cortisol and _____ the body's metabolism.
increases; decreases
One in 10 adults complains of _____, a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.
insomnia
Jack has a very hard time falling asleep and often stays awake until the early morning hours. Jack MOST likely suffers from:
insomnia.
On some nights, Lucy treats her sleep problem with over-the-counter sleep aids. On other nights, she drinks half a bottle of wine. Finally, she goes to her doctor about the problem. The doctor tells her that these self-medicating treatments are a quick fix but only worsen her
insomnia.
in interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their
latent content, or hidden meaning
The average genetic difference between two groups is _____ the difference between two individuals within those groups.
less than
Caffeine is in the same broad class of drugs as:
methamphetamine.
The field of _____ studies the molecular structure and function of genes. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
molecular genetics
According to evolutionary psychology, all humans share a universal _____ that survived from a distant past when we lived in small groups in which direct harm-doing was punished.
moral instinct
Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that women have:
more at stake when reproducing than do men.
Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are _____ similar in risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and _____ similar in risk of divorce.
more; more
Jen falls asleep suddenly when she is trying to study, work, or even to talk on the telephone. Jen would probably be diagnosed with:
narcolepsy
Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This BEST illustrates:
natural selection.
In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
nature-nurture interactions.
John and Joe, identical twins reared together, both complete the NEO, a personality test based on the Big Five theory of personality. How alike are they likely to be on the trait "openness to experience"?
no more alike than siblings
Laurie and Jim are visiting Laurie's brother and wife, who recently moved to Italy. During the first day of their visit, Laurie's brother and wife hosted a dinner party to introduce Jim and Laurie to their neighbors. When introduced, Jim extended his arm to shake the neighbors' hand, and instead they reached over and kissed him on each cheek. This happened with each of the introductions during the evening. This type of greeting is an example of a:
norm
opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
circadian [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm
our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
External influences on development including prenatal nutrition are said to constitute:
our environment.
consciousness
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Research has identified consistent differences between morning people, or larks, and evening people, or owls. As compared to larks, owls are NOT noted for their:
punctuality.
mutations
random errors in copying genes during cell division
REM (R) sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
"Mean girls" hurt their adolescent classmates through a chilly, toxic blend of gossip and exclusion. "Mean girls" practice mainly _____ aggression.
relational
While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site, Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right-hand side of the screen. Cory is demonstrating:
selective attention
According to the cognitive development perspective, dreams _____ reality.
simulate
Pierre has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Hazel. For the last three months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He MOST likely suffers from _____.
sleep apnea
Chuck has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Elaine. For the last three months, though, he has been waking up in the middle of the night and gasping for air. He most likely is suffering from:
sleep apnea.
Parents of newborn babies often complain about being chronically tired because their infants' crying, feeding, and diaper changes interrupt their sleep nightly. After many nights, they develop what is known as _____.
sleep debt
Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens, it would make the MOST sense to consider the impact of:
smoking preferences on friendship choices.
Compared with males, females are more likely to base their need to belong on their:
social relationships.
Dr. Kim is interested in studying the differences in gender development in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. According to the biopsychosocial approach, Dr. Kim is studying the _____ influences on gender.
social-cultural
babies avoid
sour, bitter
REM
stage of sleep in which the brain and eyes are highly active, and vivid dreams occur
NREM-2
stage with moderately slow waves interspersed with bursts of rapid activity
drugs that speed up neural activity and body functions
stimulants
when maria feels tired and listless, she pours herself a big dose of caffeine before going back to work
stimulants.
Charlene is in charge of hiring a cruise ship social director, and she wants to pick someone who is very outgoing. Unfortunately, she has information only about the siblings of the potential candidates. Given what is known about the genetic transmission of outgoingness, which of the candidates would she choose?
the candidate whose identical twin is outgoing
Carmen, who is participating in a dichotic listening study, is asked to ignore any information that is presented to her right ear. She finds that she has no problem in being able to follow the instruction except for when she thinks she hears her name in her right ear. Carmen is experiencing:
the cocktail party phenomenon
genome
the complete set of genetic instructions for each organism
On September 11, 2001, the passengers and crew of a hijacked plane took control and crashed it in Pennsylvania to prevent the hijackers from crashing it into the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. The passengers died in the crash. Voluntary self-sacrifice for the greater good is considered heroic the world around, exemplifying a:
universal moral grammar.
Terry has quit using OxyContin. His nose is running, and he is sweating. His pupils are dilated, and tears are running from the corners of his eyes. Terry's symptoms BEST reflect:
withdrawal.