psy chapter 11

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their _______ identity.

social

_______ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

social

aggression

social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally

__________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

social cognition

self-fulfilling prophecy

social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized

A _______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

stereotype

Naia is a vegan. Jeff thinks that all vegans are "treehuggers" who choose to be vegan because they are protesting for animal rights. In Naia's situation, however, she is vegan because she has many allergies, and she eats a vegan diet to avoid many of the food substances that can make her ill. She's not vegan for political reasons. Jeff's preconceived ideas about Naia are an example of

stereotyping.

People were more likely to say something to a rude person when their rudeness involved ________ in a confined space, such as a city bus.

talking loudly on a cell phone

A stranger goes straight to the front of a long line waiting to speak with a customer service representative at a department store. In applying the fundamental attribution error, you would most likely think

that stranger is a rude person.

social cognition

the area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

Which type of persuasion relies more on emotion or cues outside the message to influence?

the peripheral route

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before

social comparison

the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

person perception

the processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others

social psychology

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

bystander effect

the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone

self-serving bias

the tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failures

attribution theory

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

elaboration likelihood model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route

Cross-cultural studies have shown that

women value earning capacity more highly in long-term mates than men do.

Which of the following statements would indicate that the speaker is making an internal attribution?

"I can't believe she's so overweight. She must be a very lazy person."

When was the original Milgram experiment conducted?

1961

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

65 percent

What is the definition of conformity?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others

Several factors that contribute to attraction are noted in the text, including which of the following?

Acquaintance Similarity Proximity

Which of the following statements about Milgram's early research is TRUE?

Although Milgram's research was on obedience, it has come to serve as an all-purpose lightning rod for discussions about the human heart of darkness.

stereotype threat

An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

attitudes

An individual's opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas—how the person feels about the world.

cognitive dissonance

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Prejudice is which of the following?

An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

Solomon ________ carried out the classic experiment on conformity.

Asch

self-perception theory

Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior

Carter trains in the martial arts. He has memorized dozens of katas during his training so far. He finds the first kata he learned to be very easy at this point in his training because he has repeated it so many times. At his black belt test, he is asked to perform his first kata in front of a panel of evaluators. Which of the following describes the most likely outcome?

Carter is likely to make a better performance of his first kata with the panel of evaluators watching him than he would in his rehearsals in an empty room. The pressure of performing a kata that he knows well in front of others will remind him to take the effort to perform the steps well.

What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

Empathy

Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

George Zimmerman and Trayvon Martin lived in the same neighborhood.

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Why do animals display herd mentality?

If they act too much out of the norm, they are identified by a predator and don't survive very long.

romantic love or passionate love

Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

false consensus effect

Observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do.

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

A woman is concerned that if she does poorly on a math exam, she will confirm the stereotype that women are not good at math. What is likely to happen and why?

She will do poorly on the exam because of stereotype threat.

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

Stereotyping

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

social exchange theory

The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Attribution theory is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

Which of the following statements about situationism is TRUE?

Though the term didn't exist at the time, Milgram was a proponent of what today's social psychologists call situationism.

When the participant defers to the professor, it carries with it

a diffusion of responsibility.

empathy

a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person

sterotype

a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

What percentage of Americans think that we are ruder now than we were 20-30 years ago?

about 70 percent

_______ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

altruism

In the field of social psychology, the term ________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude

________ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

attitudes

________theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

attribution

What is social (or relational) aggression?

behavior that is meant to harm another person's social status behavior that is meant to harm another person's relationships behavior that is meant to harm another person's self-esteem

relational aggression

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person

Mandy's friends are picking on a new girl in class. She actually thinks the new girl seems nice, but she is afraid that if she says so, her friends might pick on her, too, so she also makes fun of the new girl. Mandy's behavior is an example of

compliance.

A(n) _____ is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in.

confederate

In Solomon Asch's experiment in which participants sat in a group and compared the length of lines, the conclusion showed that the pressure to ________ is strong.

conform

______ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

conformity

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _______ rapidly.

decisions

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called _______

discrimination

The United States has laws against ________, or unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.

discrimination

________ is a negative or harmful action directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

discrimination

If you believe it is wrong to steal but you sneak into a movie theater with a friend, you would likely experience cognitive

dissonance.

A key social emotion in altruism is __________, a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

empathy

True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

false

positive illusions

favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

The ________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

fundamental attribution error

altruism

giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

groupthink

_________ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

groupthink

______ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

heuristics

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.

informational social influence

Attributions fall in two categories:

internal and external.

Recent research conducted by Christopher Ferguson from Stetson University indicates that for some teens with a preexisting mental-health issue, playing violent video games seems to be associated with

less bullying.

Companionate love is most common in

long-lasting relationships.

affectionate love or companionate love

love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of _________ social influence.

normative

_______ social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

normative

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.

normative social influence

Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____.

obedience

_______ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

obedience

________ is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.

obedience

Fundamental Atrribution Error

observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person's behavior

Jane and Blaine meet at a party, have a short conversation with each other, and then return to their friends. Later that evening, they have another brief conversation. In predicting whether these two individuals will be interpersonally attracted to each other, we should

pay more attention to the first conversation they shared with each other.

_________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

persuasion

overt aggression

physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person

Unlike hostile aggression, instrumental aggression may be:

planned in advance.

_______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership.

prejudice

Investigators for the state attorney believe that George Zimmerman ________ Trayvon Martin.

profiled

When considering the factors of attraction identified in the text, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as ________. There is also acquaintance, and _________.

proximity, similarity

A confederate is _____.

purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in