PSY Chapter 8 Concept Checks and Graded Quiz

Chapter 8 Test: What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction? A New learning overrides old learning. B An aversion is formed in response to the association. C The previously formed association is forgotten. D Spontaneous recovery replaces the association.

A New learning overrides old learning.

8-2: Concept Check: A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____.

A conditioned response

8-2: Concept Check: An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____.

A conditioned stimulus

8-2: Concept Check: Which statement describes a belief of the early behaviorists?

Behavior follows the same general rules across species.

Chapter 8 Test: Psychologist Dr. Martinez uses systematic desensitization to help his client Catherine address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Dr. Martinez likely to use? A Dr. Martinez and Catherine repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. B Each week, Dr. Martinez and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear. C Dr. Martinez teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques. D Each week, Dr. Martinez and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be all right.

C Dr. Martinez teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques.

Chapter 8 Test: The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____. A delectability B desensitization C discrimination D differentiation

C discrimination

8-1: Concept Check: The formation of associations between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time is referred to as ____.

Classical conditioning

8-3: Concept Check: Which condition does NOT have to be met for punishment to have observable effects on behavior?

Delayed response

8-2: Concept Check: Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?

Extinction

8-4: Concept Check: The imitation of ____ might serve as a building block on the road to achieving empathy.

Facial expressions

8-2: Concept Check: Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____.

Generalization

8-2: Concept Check: When a conditioned stimulus can predict the non occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as _____.

Inhibition

8-4: Concept Check: Why is observational learning advantageous?

It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences

8-3: Concept Check: What is true of operant conditioning?

It generally involves voluntary behaviors.

8-1: Concept Check: Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?

It improves reaction time

8-3: Concept Check: What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?

It is not convenient to do so for an extended period of time

8-1: Concept Check: _____ is also known as social learning or modeling and occurs when one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism.

Observational learning

8-1: Concept Check: The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.

Operant conditioning

8-1: Concept Check: Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage?

Organisms are able to predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events

8-2: Concept Check: As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus.

Parents fighting

8-3: Concept Check: A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.

Positive punishment

8-3: Concept Check: Thorndike and Skinner were in agreement about the relative weakness of ____ as a means of controlling behavior.

Punishment

Chapter 8 Test: Creative people form new associations with familiar stimuli faster than most people do. TRUE or FALSE?

True

Chapter 8 Test: The key to an effective token economy is to offer ultimate rewards that are valuable to the people you wish to motivate. TRUE or FALSE?

True

8-2: Concept Check: What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place?

Unconditioned

Chapter 8 Test: Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning? A Imprinting B Engulfing C Facilitating D Conditioning

A Imprinting

Chapter 8 Test: A schedule of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called ____ schedule. A a variable ratio B an arbitrary ratio C an arbitrary interval D a variable interval

A a variable ratio

Chapter 8 Test: People who appear to be high in the area of ____ show stronger activation than other people in identified mirror systems in the human brain. A empathy B intelligence C humor D aggression

A empathy

Chapter 8 Test: A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____ schedule. A fixed interval B fixed ratio C concrete ratio D concrete interval

A fixed interval

8-3: Concept Check: A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule.

A fixed ratio schedule

8-1: Concept Check: As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of ____.

A learned behavior

8-3: Concept Check: A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is called a ____.

A skinner box

8-2: Concept Check: The development of a conditioned response is called ____.

Acquisition

8-4: Concept Check: Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior on the ____ of their parents.

Actions

8-3: Concept Check: What is a token economy?

An economy in which token take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods

8-1: Concept Check: Jim and his father are watching the ball game on television. Jim's father starts to yawn and Jim soon follows. This is an example of ____.

An instinct

8-1: Concept Check: What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex

8-4: Concept Check: Which condition is characterized by a lack of back-and-forth imitation of gestures and facial expressions during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life?

Autism

8-3: Concept Check: One of the most dramatic applications of behavior therapy is the treatment for _____ pioneered by O. Ivar Lovaas.

Autism spectrum disorder

8-2: Concept Check: Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy.

Aversion

Chapter 8 Test: Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world? A Reflexes B Learning C Instincts D Variable action patterns

B Learning

Chapter 8 Test: In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright noisy stimulus with feeling ill? A The rats enjoyed the bright noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness. B The rats relied more on taste and smell than on vision and hearing to identify food. C The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright noisy stimulus that they did not notice they were ill. D The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so.

B The rats relied more on taste and smell than on vision and hearing to identify food.

Chapter 8 Test: The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____. A aggregation B generalization C sensitization D habituation

B generalization

Chapter 8 Test: Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned response is called ____. A sensitization B higher-order conditioning C habituation D generalization

B higher-order conditioning

Chapter 8 Test: The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____. A positive punishment B negative reinforcement C negative punishment D positive reinforcement

B negative reinforcement

Chapter 8 Test: Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____. A habituation B systematic desensitization C latent inhibition D higher-order conditioning

B systematic desensitization

Chapter 8 Test: Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning? A It creates imprinting in human beings and lower animal species. B It synchronizes behaviors, particularly between two unacquainted individuals. C It transmits information across generations within families and cultures. D It provides rapid adaptation to situations beyond our control.

C It transmits information across generations within families and cultures.

Chapter 8 Test: _____ such as melodies and religious beliefs are transmitted by observational learning from one person to another. A Acquisitions B Generalizations C Memes D Traditions

C Memes

Chapter 8 Test: What did the children in Bandura's study on aggression do after they observed adults hitting a doll, then being reprimanded? A The children avoided the doll to avoid being reprimanded. B The children hugged the doll to show empathy. C The children hit the doll themselves. D The children showed fear of the doll.

C The children hit the doll themselves.

Chapter 8 Test: A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as ____. A a characteristic response B a conditioned response C an unconditioned response D an uncharacteristic response

C an unconditioned response

Chapter 8 Test: When Roxie was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house, receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 lb, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____. A generalization B latent inhibition C extinction D discrimination

C extinction

Chapter 8 Test: Sleeping better the second night in a hotel than the first night after adjusting to the environment is an example of ____. A operant conditioning B classical conditioning C habituation D sensitization

C habituation

Chapter 8 Test: Either past or anticipated ____ encourages us to model another person's behavior. A generalization B extinction C reinforcement D introspection

C reinforcement

8-1: Concept Check: What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors

8-2: Concept Check: Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____.

Counterconditioning

Chapter 8 Test: What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. B In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. C In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. D Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

D Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

Chapter 8 Test: Which of the following statements is true of latent inhibition? A Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in very effective learning. B Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in relatively poor learning. C Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in very effective learning. D Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.

D Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.

Chapter 8 Test: The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____. A behavioral reversion B inconclusive conditioning C the self-intrinsic effect D instinctive drift

D instinctive drift

8-3: Concept Check: All of us respond positively to token economies, but they are especially useful in ____ settings.

Educational and institutional

8-1: Concept Check: If people are continuously exposed to an unchanging stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will most likely ____.

Habituate to the stimulus

8-4: Concept Check: Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.

Imitation

8-4: Concept Check: In what process do mirror neurons play a key role?

Imitation

8-4: Concept Check: What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages?

Imitation is frequently used in the animal world

8-2: Concept Check: Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____.

Inhibition

8-3: Concept Check: Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.

Latent learning

8-1: Concept Check: Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

Learning

8-4: Concept Check: What is observational learning?

Learning by watching someone else

8-4: Concept Check: Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as ____.

Meme

8-4: Concept Check: Richard Dawkins referred to the basic unit of cultural transmission as a _____.

Meme

8-3: Concept Check: Richard, who is 16 years old, misses his curfew and is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to leave the house, see his friends, or use his cell phone for one week. His parent's actions illustrate ____.

Negative punishment

8-3: Concept Check: Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety before taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of ____.

Negative reinforcement

8-1: Concept Check: Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____ learning. This type of learning does not involve the formation of connections between stimuli.

Nonassociative

8-1: Concept Check: Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.

Observational

8-3: Concept Check: The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others, is called ____ reinforcement.

Partial

8-3: Concept Check: Both Thorndike and Skinner agreed that ____ is a powerful tool for managing behavior.

Positive reinforcement

8-3: Concept Check: Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____.

Rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food.

8-1: Concept Check: Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. When a truck drives by and its engine backfires loudly, Isabel quickly jumps up on her hind legs and barks loudly. Isabel's response illustrates ____.

Reflex

8-1: Concept Check: Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

Reflexes

8-4: Concept Check: What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior.

8-4: Concept Check: Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention, _____, reproduction, and motivation.

Retention

8-1: Concept Check: After a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____.

Sensitization

8-1: Concept Check: In humans, most reflexes are controlled by nervous system circuits located in the ____.

Spinal cord and brainstem

8-2: Concept Check: Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

Spontaneous recovery

8-2: Concept Check: The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called

Spontaneous recovery

8-2: Concept Check: According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.

Surprising

8-2: Concept Check: Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____.

Systematic desensitization

8-2: Concept Check: What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies?

The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.

8-2: Concept Check: Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus

8-3: Concept Check: Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, found that ____.

animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors

8-3: Concept Check: Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____.

stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior