Psy Final

_______ is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world.

Caffeine

Which letter points to the brain structure that plays a key role in controlling balance, muscle tone, and coordinated movements?

Cerebellum

Information from the eyes is primarily processed in the

Occipital lobe

We don't always have conscious access to our memories. Which of the following memory systems are we always consciously aware of?

Working Memory

What keeps an action potential continuing down an axon?

At each successive segment of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.

Which of the following is an episodic memory?

The first time you rode a bike

According to the stage model of memory, before information reaches long term memory, it must first pass through

sensory memory and then working memory

If the study design was a correlational design, how would the data shown in Figure 2 be collected?

Measure each participant's score on Variables A and B.

You walk into a museum and see a painting with a forest of trees. Even though the painting is on a flat piece of paper some trees look further away than others. Our ability to see the difference in depth is due to the ___________ in the painting.

Monocular cues

Which of the following would cause the strongest conditioned response?

Presenting a neutral stimulus immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

Annie calls her partner Morgan "Devin" on accident. Devin was the name of her previous romantic partner. Which of the following can explain this mistake?

Proactive interference

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

Psychological processes are influenced by natural selection.

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is known as a

Punisher

Missy cannot recall her work colleague's name. Which of the following is a plausible explanation for her failure to retrieve the memory?

The memory was never encoded

Dustin walks into a pitch black room and flips on a light switch, flooding the room with light. His eyes convert this energy into signals his brain can understand. This process is known as

Transduction

When Stefan compared two distributions, each with the same mean, he noticed that distribution A had much more variability, or "spread," than distribution B. It is very likely that the standard deviation of distribution A will:

be larger than the standard deviation of distribution B.

Compared to neurons that do not have myelin, neurons with myelin:

can communicate up to 50 times faster.

Communication within a neuron relies on _____ signals.

electrical

According to your textbook, the main reason we need operational definitions is because

many of the concepts that psychologists investigate can be measured in more than one way.

Information that leaves working memory

may have been interfered with by new, competing information

Every time you recall a memory, information you were thinking about while recalling it

may modify the memory as it is returned to long term memory

Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:

observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Select the option below that lists these three processes in terms of increasing difficulty, from easiest to hardest.

recognition; cued recall; recall

An animal salivating when food is in its mouth is an example of a

reflex

A dream is defined as a(n) __________ occurring during sleep.

sequence of perceptions, thoughts and emotions

Age is a(n) _______, whereas "the number of years since birth" is a(n) ________

variable; operational definition

Binocular disparity relies on the fact that the image that comes into your left eye and right eye are slightly different. If an object has a greater difference to your left and right eyes you brain interprets the object as being

very close

During ____ sleep a person experiences heightened brain and body activity.

REM

What does the semantic network model imply for the structure of long term memory?

Similar ideas are clustered together

When Barry tried to recall the items he saw in his friend's frat room, Barry mistakenly remembered seeing bottles of alcohol. In fact, there was no alcohol in his friend's frat room. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Barry's false memory?

Alcohol is consistent with Barry's schema of a frat room

On the normal distribution of people's weights, Jon had a z-score of zero. This indicates that Jon's weight _____ of all the weights in the distribution.

Equals the mean

Once memories have been encoded to long term memory,

a retrieval cue is generally needed to access them

When viewing an ambiguous picture for the first time, a person will piece together the image piece by piece in order to perceive it. This is known as

bottom-up processing.

Pavlov successfully trained his dog to salivate when the sound of a buzzer is played, even when there is no food present. The dog's salivation is considered a(n)__________ when it comes as a result of the buzzer sound.

conditioned response

Motion sickness is best understood in terms of

conflicts between vision and the vestibular sense

Operant conditioning requires some form of

consequence

A dyssomia is a sleep disorder that involves _________in the person affected.

disruptions in the amount or timing of sleep.

This graphic representation of the data from an exercise and health study shows the number of hours of aerobic exercise that people in the study did weekly before they were recruited. This type of graph is called a _____ and because most people have low scores it is _____.

frequency polygon; positively skewed

A sleep deprived person is likely to experience

issues with their mood and reaction times.

According to the serial position effect, you will be least likely to remember information from the _____ of an ordered list.

middle

When scientists compared peoples' memories of 9/11 to mundane memories from the day before 9/11, they found that people were

most confident in their memories of 9/11

The cell body of a neuron:

provides the energy needed for the neuron to function.

According to Professor Zarkov's correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are "statistically significant" means that:

the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

A new mother is worried because she noticed her baby sleeping almost 16 hours every day. From what you've learned in this course, you can tell her

this is a completely normal amount of sleep for a newborn.

can communicate up to 50 times faster.

-0.80

This drawing shows the typical structures found on a neuron. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = dendrites, 2 = cell body, 3 = axon, 4 = myelin sheath

According to Weber's law, it would be easiest for a person to tell the difference between weights if they were given a

15 pound weight then a 20 pound weight.

The _____ is the measure of central tendency that is most affected by very extreme scores.

Mean

It takes approximately ____ minutes for an average 20-year-old to go through all the stages of sleep one time.

90

Given the data shown in Figure 2 above, it is possible that

All of these are possible

Which is an example of observational learning?

A child trying to tell a joke because they watched their brother get positive attention for doing the same.

Which of the following is an example of second order conditioning?

A dog learning to pair a bell with food, then learning to pair a light with a bell.

Scott was building a bench when he hit his thumb with a hammer. The fast pain was sent up his spine through structures called

A-Delta fibers

How are action potentials different in a myelinated axon and an unmyelinated axon?

Action potentials are slower in myelinated axons because the myelin sheath interferes with the transfer of ions across the membrane.

The drug curare blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, causing virtually instantaneous paralysis. Thus, curare is a(n):

Antagonist

According to the _____ perspective, psychologists should investigate only overt, observable behavior and should not concern themselves with internal mental processes that cannot be precisely observed and measured.

Behavioral

A scientist interested in the ______ perspective of psychology is most likely to say "human thought and behavior can be understood in terms of activity at the neural level".

Biological

In recent decades, increased interest in the _____ perspective has occurred due to the development of new drugs for psychological disorders and the development of new techniques to study the human brain.

Biological

Proprioceptors in the muscles and joints are used to in order to sense

Body position

Most people from the USA would have a hard time remembering this string of nine letters: D C R U P I I R P However, most could easily remember the same nine letters if they were reorganized into a set of familiar acronyms: D U I C P R R I P Why is it easier to remember the second string of letters?

Chunking

If someone were to ask you to describe the directions you take to walk from your last class to this one you would need to access your

Cognitive map

How does communication in the endocrine system differ from communication in the nervous system?

Communication in the endocrine system is slower than communication in the nervous system.

The data in Table 1 above show exam scores in two different 5th grade classrooms. Based on the data presented, which is the MOST reasonable conclusion that can be drawn?

Compared to students in Class A, students in Class B had higher math and science scores.

Ben has learned to associate an environmental event with a behavioral response. This simple form of learning is known as

Conditioning

___________ are found near the center of the retina, whereas ___________ become more prevalent in the periphery of the retina.

Cones; Rods

If a researcher or trainer wants an operant response to be more resistant to extinction they should use ____________ reinforcement.

Continuous

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as once thought.

Cross-cultural

The rate that people forget information _______ over time.

Decreases

Which tasks would cause the least amount of interference with eachother if done at the same time?

Driving a car and listening to the radio

Opioids reduce the experience of pain by mimicking which of the following?

Endorphins

Researchers at State University wanted to test the hypothesis that distributed, or spaced, practice results in better retention of material than massed practice or cramming. To find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship, the researcher should use:

Experimental research

Experiments can provide important information, but they also have limitations. Which of the following is one of the limitations discussed in textbook?

Experiments are often conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments and thus may have little to do with actual behavior.

If the study above was done in an Oregon school, but the results would not generalize to schools in other States, the study is said to lack in

External Validity

Which situation is an example of inattentional blindness?

Failing to notice a bicyclist when you are looking for oncoming cars

Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

Functionalism

Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self-direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

Humanistic

Encoding, storage, and retrieval are three processes involved in memory. Why does retrieval come last?

If a memory is not encoded and stored, then there is nothing to retrieve

Thomas was distracted as he was cooking, and he inadvertently touched a very hot dish. Instantaneously, he jerked his hand back, a reflexive action that was processed:

In his spinal cord

Removal of a negative stimulus will ___________ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Increase.

Cigarettes contain the highly addictive drug nicotine, which is known to cause

Increased mental alertness

Jed was robbed on the way home from the store. The next day, he can't remember much about the walk home, but he remembers several details about the robbery. Why is this the case?

Jed likely paid more attention to the robbery

Percy, Daphne, and Morgan are all preparing for the same exam using flash cards, but they study in different ways. Percy reads his flash cards over and over again for hours. Morgan organizes the flash cards based on the mechanism each term applies to. Daphne organizes the flash cards alphabetically based on the first letter of each term. Which student will likely remember the information best on the exam?

Morgan

If the study design was a correlational design, what relationship does Figure 2 show?

Negative Correlation

According to the carpentered world hypothesis, what would be a characteristic of a culture that would be less likely to experience the Müller-Lyer illusion?

No buildings with corners

Professor Lyon decided to study food preferences of U.S. college students, so he asked his students to volunteer to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Lyon's survey results are probably invalid because he did not use:

Random selection

A major difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning the behavior is

Reflexive

If a person wanted a conditioned response to weaken or go away completely what could they do?

Repeatedly present a conditioned stimulus without any pairing.

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys?

Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group.

Which of the following statements is a key advantage of naturalistic observation?

Researchers can study behavior that could not ethically be manipulated in an experiment.

Janette puts on too much perfume before going out. After 10 minutes she doesn't notice any more and thinks it has worn off. Her inability to smell the perfume after some time it due to

Sensory adaption

You are absorbed in a cross-word puzzle when you realize your roommate was talking to you. "What did you say?" you ask, but before she can answer her words register in your mind. You were able to retroactively "hear" something you weren't paying attention because of your

Sensory memory

_____ convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and _____ communicate information to the muscles and glands.

Sensory neurons; motor neurons

Psychedelic drugs such as LSD are chemically similar to the brain's natural

Serotonin

When watching a movie, the image appears to move smoothly, however, it is really a series of still photographs passing multiple times per second. Your ability to perceive these still images as moving is due to

Stroboscopic motion

The olfactory bulb does NOT send information to the

Thalamus

Why does obstructive sleep apnea disrupt the quality of a person's sleep?

The airway becomes blocked, decreasing the oxygen supply.

What is included in the central nervous system?

The brain and the spinal cord.

Most people perceive color in their peripheral vision, even though there are no cones in the corresponding location of the retina. Why is this the case?

The brain uses contextual cues to fill in the missing information

Research regarding lateralization of function indicates which of the following about the left and right hemispheres?

The hemispheres share most functions but are specialized for some specific tasks

While the instructor was lecturing, Kim understood the material. When Kim got home, however, the homework didn't make any sense. According to your textbook, which of the following is the most likely explanation?

The material was never transferred from working memory to long term memory

A person's blind spot is caused by

The optic nerve leaving the eye

Even though empirical research has shown that magnetic bracelets do not improve learning or test performance, it is a fact that some people have truly improved their learning and test performance as a result of wearing them. Which is the most likely reason for this apparent contradiction?

The placebo effect

Melatonin production decreases when

The suprachiasmatic nucleus light

A tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the same topic, which were accumulated from many studies is a

Theory

At what point does the process of sensation become the process of perception?

There is no distinct point between the two processes.

In a famous experiment in psychology, participants viewed a video of a car crash and were asked: "How fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?" For some participants, the word "contacted" was replaced with the word "smashed." For those who saw the word "smashed," what (if any) differences were observed in their memories, as compared to the "contacted" group?

They recalled the cars going faster

The context effect reflects the fact that it is easier to recall information under the same conditions that you learned it. Why is this the case?

Those conditions serve as a retrieval cue

A researcher wants to examine the effect of caffeine on sleep. She recruits participants an split them into two groups. The first group drinks caffeinated-coffee at 8pm and the second group drinks decaf-coffee at 8pm. The researcher records what time participants fall asleep. What was the independent variable?

Type of coffee

By definition, psychoactive drugs are chemicals that

alter mood, thinking, sensation, and perception

A friend tells you that putting a small cardboard pyramid under your bed as you sleep at night will enhance your "psychic energy" and give you "inner peace." Pseudoscientific claims like this:

are irrefutable or nonfalsifiable because they use vague terms like "psychic energy" and "inner peace" and cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way.

Which of the following phrases would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety?

asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale

Becca throws a party and gives her friends non-alcoholic beers. They all begin acting loopy and stumbling around her apartment as though they were drunk. This can be explained by

classical conditioning with the taste of beer.

Dr. Mason and Dr. Jacobson both work to treat people with severe mental disorders. Dr. Mason cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but Dr. Jacobson frequently prescribes medications. Dr. Mason is probably a(n) _____, whereas Dr. Jacobson is probably a(n) _____.

clinical psychologist; psychiatrist

The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane as a "gatekeeper." This means that the membrane:

controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.

Which of the following types of research shows how strongly two variables are related?

correlational studies

Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals?

describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior

Magicians often use misdirection to exploit your attention's

limited and selective nature

Random assignment refers to a procedure that:

ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions or groups.

If a student learned there is a quiz every Friday they will likely to do small bits of studying during the week and then drastically increase their studying right before the quiz. This is similar to behavior exibited by rats with a ____________schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to:

guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat participants differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the participants.

If the famous anterograde amnesia patient, HM, tried to learn to play a new song on the piano,

he would not remember having learned the piece, but be able to play it.

'Speed' can be operationally defined as

how many miles a person runs in 15 minutes.

A _____ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n) _____ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings.

hypothesis; theory

Freud's repression, the idea that we subconsciously forget unpleasant memories, is

impossible to test empirically.

Over the course of several months and for no apparent reason, Jennifer became progressively more despondent, withdrawn, and listless. Her doctor accurately diagnosed the problem as major depressive disorder and started Jennifer on an antidepressant drug called Prozac. Three weeks later, Jennifer was much improved. Like some other antidepressant drugs, Prozac works by _____ the availability of _____ in the brain.

increasing; serotonin

After carrying out the appropriate statistical calculations of their data, the researchers concluded that the probability of obtaining the results, if random factors alone were operating, was less than 1 chance out of a 100. The researchers used _____, and can conclude that the results are _____.

inferential statistics; statistically significant

Once the optic nerve reaches the optic chiasm

information from one eye (right) splits and goes to both sides of the brain.

Depressant drugs cause

inhibition in the central nervous system

The main function of the myelin sheath is to...

insulate the axon and increase its communication speed.

In order for sleep disruptions to be considered disorders, they must:

interfere with daytime functioning.

A group of monkeys was taught to eat only blue corn by researchers who made the yellow corn taste bitter. After the monkeys learned this, the researchers stopped manipulating the yellow corn. The new generation of monkeys still refused to each the yellow corn even though they were never taught that it tasted bitter. The second generation's response to the yellow corn is an example of

observational learning.

In order to test the hypothesis that premarital education enhances marital quality, Dr. Stanley should first:

operationally define the terms premarital education and marital quality.

According to interference theory, forgetting happens when

other memories compete with and replace the target memory

Why is decay theory not considered the primary reason we forget?

some memories can last a life time, even without rehearsal

Jeremy has insomnia. He has recently been using rules designed to help him sleep better, such as waking up at the same time every morning, only going to bed when sleepy, and stopping all cellphone and TV use in the bedroom. Jeremy is practicing

stimulus control therapy

"I know his name was three syllables, it begins with a B, and he was in that TV show with the guy from the Hobbit before he got famous, but I can't get his name," Jo laments to a friend. The fact that Jo can access other relevant information about the actor, but not his name, provides evidence that...

stored memories are organized in terms of meaning

Before giving a presentation you notice you have an increased heartbeat, sweaty palms, and a dry mouth; this is likely due to activation in the _______ nervous system.

sympathetic

Maria heard a strange banging noise just outside her bedroom window in the middle of the night. She froze in fear, and her heart began to pound. Maria's heightened physical arousal involved the activation of which subdivision of the nervous system?

sympathetic

Imitation is most likely to occur when

the a person is in an unfamiliar situation

Which of the following is a semantic memory?

the definition of psychology

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves:

the degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.

The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of:

the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.

When a neuron is polarized:

the interior of the neuron is more negatively charged than the exterior fluid surrounding the neuron.

Afterimages (seeing an image even after the source is gone) can be explained by

the opponent-process theory of color vision

Once a person has agreed to participate in a research study as a subject:

the person is still free to withdraw from the research at any time.

Scientists are most confident in a result when

the result is replicated several times by different researchers.