psy test 2

restructuring; the nine-dot-problem mental sets; the dunker candle task mental sets; the nine-dot-problem restructuring; the dunker candle task

3 common strategies for revising mental representations

behavior modification

A device in Jaclyn's car beeps loudly whenever she brakes too quickly. After three months of using the device, Jaclyn's insurance company will lower her rate if her driving improves. The device is being used as what type of operant-conditioning technique?

negative punishment

A month ago, Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as

unconditioned stimulus

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this, it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel N o 5. If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you, he is being used as a(n)

retrograde amnesia

After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with

suggestibility

Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of

optimal level of arousal

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

sensory, short term, long term

Based on the three-part model of memory storage, the sequence of memory storage is

concept

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.

a rat learns to run through a maze quick to get the food at the end

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning. Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use observational learning?

high

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Quincy to have ________ levels of fear.

operant conditioning

Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the resulting consequences. Dr. Brimfield believes in

How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?

Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?

Alfred Bandura

Dr. Wolfgang would like to conduct a study examining how children learn to use slang words based on listening to their peers. Dr. Wolfgang's research would benefit if he read the work of ________, a psychologist who investigated observational learning.

self-actualization

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and was offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that her real dream is to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude

Elabrative rehearsal

Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using

remember details from your life

If Carl's episodic long-term memory was impaired, he would be unable to

episodic

If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.

context-development

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called

James's Lange theory

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling to hide her fear when she feels afraid, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

display rules

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of

savent

Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and he can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely

oberservation

Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on

forming new memories

Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty

Missattribution

Laden has a memory of getting a teddy bear at a childhood birthday party when actually it was her sister who received it. Laden is experiencing

stereotype threat

Larry wants to see whether he can influence his students' test scores. When he gives his students their English test, he says, "Tall students tend to perform worse than short students on this test." Indeed, the tall students do get lower scores on the test. These results provide support for the existence of

set challenging and specific goals not too difficult or easy

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. She is considering how to use goals to effectively encourage persistence and concentration, and to increase student motivation. Makenna should

Egosystem

Marco is a college student who is highly concerned with what other people think about him. He regularly tries to show off his good qualities in hopes that others have a good impression of him. Due to his concerns, he is more likely to be depressed or anxious. Marco's concerns are consistent with ________ goals.

facial feedback hypothesis

Maya finds her customer service job to be frustrating and stressful. She tells her friend Jeff about her negative experience at work, and he tells her to force herself to smile while she is at work, an idea he learned in his psychology class. When Maya tries smiling at work, she finds her job less frustrating and even begins to enjoy it some days. The idea that Jeff shared with Maya is most likely the

decrease, addition

Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

Professor Kraig is known for his difficult quizzes, which automatically make the students anxious. Immediately before each quiz, he always turns off the projector. Students soon notice that they start to feel anxious when Professor Kraig turns off the projector. In terms of classical conditioning, Professor Kraig turning off the projector is a(n)

stimulus discrimination

Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it. Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat. Soon, the dog salivates at the picture of the circle. When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval, the dog does not salivate, which is best explained by

fixed interval

Reinforcement that comes after a predetermined amount of time is called a

aided good sleep

Research has shown that the consolidation of memories

be turned off by memory and smell

Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night. If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick, then when Riley sees cake today, he will most likely

physiological response that is followed by a cognitive interpretation.

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing the two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a

the punishment did not tell Rosy how to improve.

Rosy bites her older brother whenever he doesn't share his toys with her, so Rosy's parents put her in time-out for biting. The next time her brother does not share his toys, Rosy hits him. Time-out has not corrected Rosy's poor behavior because

heuroic

Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable. Sam is using ________ to decide what cell phone to buy, which may help her save time picking out her next cell phone.

by the window where she watched the man

Samantha is looking outside her window when she sees a man stealing a bike from a bike rack located outside her apartment complex. When the police question her, Samantha might remember more details about the crime if she talks to the police

extristic, intrsitic

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation. Joe wants to do well in class because he loves learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

buy new shoes after 2 weeks of exercising

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following could Shana do?

pavlov

Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of

Intrapersonal

Shyla is considering going to the Halloween dance. She thinks about how she would feel regret if she did not attend, and she thinks about how she would be happy and excited to hang out with her friends if she did attend, so she decides to go. This example illustrates how

availability heuristic

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because you can remember an example of something very quickly and easily does not mean that you should rely on that information in making accurate probability judgments. This error in thinking reflects

procedual memory

Tami's father used to roller skate as a child but has not skated for many years. When he goes skating with Tami he will most likely remember how to skate due to his ________ memory.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Thatcher thinks that anxiety can impair test performance, so he does relaxation exercises before his exam. He is extremely relaxed during the exam and does poorly. Thatcher did not take into account the complete relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described by

fixed interval fixed ratio

The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale they make. The plant workers are paid on a ________ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a ________ schedule.

general

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory.

context

The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called

choice

The type of reaction-time task that is most strongly related to intelligence test scores is the ________ reaction-time task.

phone # he heard 10 sec ago

Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling

lower needs must be met before higher needs

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic according to Maslow's need hierarchy?

restructuring

When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as

memory bias

When we make our memories consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes, we are experiencing

medial temporal lobe

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the

b. Stereotypes are a type of schema based on an individual's group membership.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between schemas and stereotypes?

happiness; fear and disgust

While studying Ekman's work on expressions of emotions, Tanino learns that the strongest cross-cultural agreement in the identification of emotions involves ________, and the weakest involves ________.

Anterograde

Yolanda has a brain tumor. As the tumor gets bigger, Yolanda can no longer form new memories in long-term storage. Yolanda most likely has ________ amnesia.

working backward

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving technique of ________ to help find your keys.

retroactive interference

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. Now, whenever you try to recall a word in Spanish, Portuguese keeps coming to your mind. This result is most likely due to

Modeling

Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website. You use this example as a template when writing your own paper. You have used ________ to write a good research paper.

disgust

primary emotion