PSY Unit 7 - Learning
What is operant conditioning?
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors
Positive RF
Increase a behavior through adding something desirable.
RF - reinforcement
Increase the behavior that immediately precedes it
Negative RF
Increases a behavior through subtracting something undesirable
How do psychologists use the term operant conditioning?
It is a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate a particular behavioral response with the outcome that follows.
Who are the 2 psychologists known for studying operant conditioning?
- Thorndike and Skinner
Which psychologist is associated with observational learning?
Albert Bandura
Which psychologist is associated with observational learning?
Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Bandura's theory that learning is a mental process that can occur purely through observation, even if the learner does not act out the behavior or be directly reinforced for the behavior
Social learning theory
Bandura's theory that learning is a mental process that can occur purely through observation, even if the learner does not act out the behavior or be directly reinforced for the behavior
Negative PM
Decreases a behavior through subtracting something desirable
How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the learner couldn't choose to drool or jump in fear. In operant conditioning, the consequence of the learner's actions makes them want to continue or stop their behavior.
What were the main findings of the Bobo Doll experiment?
Most kids imitated the behavior of the adult in the video they watched
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Negative punishment is the removal of a positive stimulus following a behavior.
What is the difference between prosocial and antisocial behavior?
Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Rewarded behavior is likely to increase and punished behavior is likely to decrease.
Whose name is associated with operant conditioning?
Skinner
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Whose name is associated with the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors that lead to a satisfying consequence are repeated?
Thorndike
What is classical conditioning
a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response.
How do psychologists define learning?
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
How do psychologists define learning?
a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience.
What is a reinforcer?
a stimulus (such as a reward or the removal of an electric shock) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or effected following the desired response. Basically, anything that increases a behavior
Neutral Stimulus
a stimulus that causes no response (after learning, this becomes the conditioned response)
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli; also called respondent conditioning
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
In classical conditioning, what is the process called in which the animal develops an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus?
acquisition
Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy
after all the dishes are put away.
8.Spontaneous recovery
after extinction, starting to drool in response to a bell again
Spontaneous recovery
after extinction, the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
7.Extinction
after learning, when the dog stops drooling in response to the bell
Positive
always means adding in psychology
Negative
always means subtracting in psychology
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer toward the desired behavior
What are disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression towards others known as?
antisocial behaviors
Prosocial behavior
any action intended to help others
What are psychologists who study learning called?
behaviorists
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what term defines the dog's salivation in response to only the ringing of the bell?
conditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the bell's ring called after being paired with the meat powder so that it now produced salivation?
conditioned stimulus
Positive PM
decreases a behavior through adding something undesirable
Punishment
decreases the behavior that immediately precedes it
Positive punishment
decreasing behaviors by presenting unpleasant stimuli, such as physical pain; a positive punishment is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, decreases the response
Negative punishment
decreasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a pleasant stimulus; negative punishment is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, decreases the response
Antisocial behavior
disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression toward others
5.Conditioned response
drooling when you hear a bell
2.Unconditioned response
drooling when you see food
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).
fear of a loud noise
In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of
generalization
If you were going to use Bandura's findings in developing a program to prevent violence among middle school children, you might
have children role-play nonaggressive solutions to interpret problems.
According to Bandura's experiment, children ________________ adult behavior most of the time.
imitate
Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it is
immediate, consistent, and intense.
Unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned response)
Unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Punishment
in operant conditioning, any event that decreases the behavior preceding it
Reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior preceding it
Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.
increases; decreases
Positive Reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting pleasing stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcement is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an unpleasant stimulus, such as a shock; negative reinforcement is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Observational Learning
learning by watching others
Observational learning
learning by watching others
Associative learning
learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
6.Acquisition
learning to react
What is observational learning?
method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual's behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
What is the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors known as?
modeling
In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstrates
negative reinforcement
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the bell's ring called prior to being paired with the presentation of the meat powder?
neutral stimulus
What is learning by watching others known as?
observational learning
In a well known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of
observational learning.
In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning
occur after the response.
10.Discrimination
other bell sounds do not make the dog drool
What are the types of reinforcers?
positive and negative
What is any action intended to help others?
prosocial behavior
A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of
reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response.
4.Conditioned stimulus
the bell after the dogs learn to respond to it
3.Neutral Stimulus
the bell before the dogs learned to respond to it
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when the response is no longer reinforced
9.Generalization
the dog drools when he hears a car horn or a bell or a phone ring
1.Unconditioned stimulus
the food
What is social learning theory?
the idea that we learn just by observation, without any instruction or consequences aimed directly at us.
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what term was used to indicate the dog's salivation when the meat powder was placed on its tongue?
unconditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the meat powder called that was placed on the dog's tongue?
unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning what happens to show learning has happened?
when a condition stimulus makes a conditioned response.
Acquisition
when learning has occurred; when the conditioned stimulus triggers a response in classical conditioning or when the subject will do the operant response in operant conditioning
Generalization
when stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger a response
Under what conditions is punishment most effective?
when the learner can make other responses for reinforcement. -The suppression of one inappropriate behavior may lead to the increased expression of another or the complete suppression of all other behaviors.
Discrimination
when the subject only responds to a specific stimuli but not to those that are similar
