PSY Unit 7 - Learning

What is operant conditioning?

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors

Positive RF

Increase a behavior through adding something desirable.

RF - reinforcement

Increase the behavior that immediately precedes it

Negative RF

Increases a behavior through subtracting something undesirable

How do psychologists use the term operant conditioning?

It is a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate a particular behavioral response with the outcome that follows.

Who are the 2 psychologists known for studying operant conditioning?

- Thorndike and Skinner

Which psychologist is associated with observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Which psychologist is associated with observational learning?

Bandura

Social Learning Theory

Bandura's theory that learning is a mental process that can occur purely through observation, even if the learner does not act out the behavior or be directly reinforced for the behavior

Social learning theory

Bandura's theory that learning is a mental process that can occur purely through observation, even if the learner does not act out the behavior or be directly reinforced for the behavior

Negative PM

Decreases a behavior through subtracting something desirable

How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the learner couldn't choose to drool or jump in fear. In operant conditioning, the consequence of the learner's actions makes them want to continue or stop their behavior.

What were the main findings of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Most kids imitated the behavior of the adult in the video they watched

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

Negative punishment is the removal of a positive stimulus following a behavior.

What is the difference between prosocial and antisocial behavior?

Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.

What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?

Rewarded behavior is likely to increase and punished behavior is likely to decrease.

Whose name is associated with operant conditioning?

Skinner

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Whose name is associated with the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors that lead to a satisfying consequence are repeated?

Thorndike

What is classical conditioning

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response.

How do psychologists define learning?

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

How do psychologists define learning?

a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience.

What is a reinforcer?

a stimulus (such as a reward or the removal of an electric shock) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or effected following the desired response. Basically, anything that increases a behavior

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that causes no response (after learning, this becomes the conditioned response)

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli; also called respondent conditioning

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

In classical conditioning, what is the process called in which the animal develops an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus?

acquisition

Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

after all the dishes are put away.

8.Spontaneous recovery

after extinction, starting to drool in response to a bell again

Spontaneous recovery

after extinction, the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

7.Extinction

after learning, when the dog stops drooling in response to the bell

Positive

always means adding in psychology

Negative

always means subtracting in psychology

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer toward the desired behavior

What are disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression towards others known as?

antisocial behaviors

Prosocial behavior

any action intended to help others

What are psychologists who study learning called?

behaviorists

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what term defines the dog's salivation in response to only the ringing of the bell?

conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the bell's ring called after being paired with the meat powder so that it now produced salivation?

conditioned stimulus

Positive PM

decreases a behavior through adding something undesirable

Punishment

decreases the behavior that immediately precedes it

Positive punishment

decreasing behaviors by presenting unpleasant stimuli, such as physical pain; a positive punishment is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, decreases the response

Negative punishment

decreasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a pleasant stimulus; negative punishment is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, decreases the response

Antisocial behavior

disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression toward others

5.Conditioned response

drooling when you hear a bell

2.Unconditioned response

drooling when you see food

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).

fear of a loud noise

In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of

generalization

If you were going to use Bandura's findings in developing a program to prevent violence among middle school children, you might

have children role-play nonaggressive solutions to interpret problems.

According to Bandura's experiment, children ________________ adult behavior most of the time.

imitate

Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it is

immediate, consistent, and intense.

Unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned response)

Unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Punishment

in operant conditioning, any event that decreases the behavior preceding it

Reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior preceding it

Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.

increases; decreases

Positive Reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting pleasing stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcement is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an unpleasant stimulus, such as a shock; negative reinforcement is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Observational Learning

learning by watching others

Observational learning

learning by watching others

Associative learning

learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

6.Acquisition

learning to react

What is observational learning?

method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual's behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

What is the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors known as?

modeling

In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstrates

negative reinforcement

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the bell's ring called prior to being paired with the presentation of the meat powder?

neutral stimulus

What is learning by watching others known as?

observational learning

In a well known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

observational learning.

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

occur after the response.

10.Discrimination

other bell sounds do not make the dog drool

What are the types of reinforcers?

positive and negative

What is any action intended to help others?

prosocial behavior

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of

reinforcement

Partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response.

4.Conditioned stimulus

the bell after the dogs learn to respond to it

3.Neutral Stimulus

the bell before the dogs learned to respond to it

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when the response is no longer reinforced

9.Generalization

the dog drools when he hears a car horn or a bell or a phone ring

1.Unconditioned stimulus

the food

What is social learning theory?

the idea that we learn just by observation, without any instruction or consequences aimed directly at us.

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what term was used to indicate the dog's salivation when the meat powder was placed on its tongue?

unconditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs in which he demonstrated classical conditioning, what was the meat powder called that was placed on the dog's tongue?

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning what happens to show learning has happened?

when a condition stimulus makes a conditioned response.

Acquisition

when learning has occurred; when the conditioned stimulus triggers a response in classical conditioning or when the subject will do the operant response in operant conditioning

Generalization

when stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger a response

Under what conditions is punishment most effective?

when the learner can make other responses for reinforcement. -The suppression of one inappropriate behavior may lead to the increased expression of another or the complete suppression of all other behaviors.

Discrimination

when the subject only responds to a specific stimuli but not to those that are similar