#PSY006

________ is defined as the average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular intelligence score.

Mental age

A person whose frontal lobes are damaged (just above the eyes) will be expected to

display little response to a particular stimulus

Deanna reads that horses are a type of animal, and that palominos are a type of horse. To understand this, Deanna will organize these concepts into a

hierarchy.

A(n) ________ is an imprecise mental classification that develops out of our everyday experiences in the world.

natural concept

Another name for a "fuzzy" concept is a(n)

natural concept.

Creativity is a process that produces ________ responses that contribute to the solutions of problems.

novel

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

heuristics

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

. They are using the representativeness bias.

Concepts are ideas that represent

. a class or category of objects, ideas, or experiences.

Because it had to be administered ________, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was not as ________ as other intelligence tests.

. individually; economical

The term ________ refers to the ratio of mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

. intelligence quotient

The WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI are tests of ________ that were created by ________.

. intelligence; David Wechsler

The prototype approach suggests that a concept is classified as a member of a category if

. it is similar to an ideal or most representative example of the category.

Most people would guess that more women die of breast cancer than of heart disease, even though the opposite is true. People might be misled, because we hear about breast cancer quite a bit in the media. Thus, we fall victim to

. the availability bias.

What is chronological age?

. the number of years since an individual's birth

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be

100

People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly________ years ago.

100

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.

10; 125

. Suppose Maria's mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10. What is her IQ?

200

What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100?

50 percent

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be

80.

What scores on a modern intelligence test are considered to be in the "normal" range?

90-110

. Cognitive scientists use computers a. as a tool to study human thought. b. to generate brain images. c. as a model of human thought. d. as a metaphor for human cognition. e. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Good thinkers" possesses which of the following attributes? a. They are capable of careful reasoning. b. They make use of effective thinking strategies. c. They avoid ineffective thinking strategies. d. They avoid misleading thinking strategies. e. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Highly creative people are more likely to a. prefer independence. b. be intensely motivated. c. prefer complex problems. d. be experts in their field. e. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

________ bias refers to a way of thinking that ignores or overlooks information that disagrees with people's beliefs

Confirmation

Which of the following is true of creativity? a. Creative people have unique personality flaws. b. Creativity first involves becoming an expert in a specific field. c. Low motivation can facilitate creativity. d. A person can become an expert after a year of creative study. e. Creative achievement requires great leap of imagination.

Creativity first involves becoming an expert in a specific field.

Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from

France

. ________ refers to a situation where a person cannot consider alternate uses for a familiar object.

Functional fixedness

. In the original Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the intelligence quotient (IQ) was calculated as

IQ = MA/CA * 100

On an IQ test, a child scores a mental age of seven years. What is their IQ score

IQ scores cannot be calculated from the information that is provided.

Which of the following is true of intelligence? a. It can be directly measured in a test. b. Intelligence scores do not predict school performance. c. It can be thought of as the ability to solve problems. d. Intelligence is an absolute term. e. B and D are correct

It can be thought of as the ability to solve problems.

________ are clusters of knowledge that provide general conceptual frameworks regarding certain topics, events, and situations.

Schemas

Jada keeps spanking her children when they misbehave, even though it is obvious that this is not an effective form of punishment for her children. Why does Jada keep spanking?

She has a mental set.

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Which of the following is true of prototypes?

They are formed on the basis of commonly experienced features.

Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people? a. They tend to be willing to restructure a given problem. b. They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks. c. They tend to have an intense interest in the problems they are attempting to solve. d. They value their independence. e. They have a preference for complexity in problems

They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks.

Which of the following is NOT true of highly creative people? a. They are very interested in the problem. b. They prefer to work in large groups. c. They prefer more complex problems. d. They enjoy interacting with other creative thinkers. e. They question how problems are presented.

They prefer to work in large groups.

Which of the following events was a factor that led to mass intelligence testing in the United States?

World War I

A person who persists in solving a problem in the same way every time would be said to show

a mental set.

A(n) ________ is a formula for solving a problem that is likely to be successful.

algorithm

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that it is applied properly?

algorithmic method

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call

algorithms

An advantage of algorithms over heuristic is that

algorithms guarantee a correct answer.

Many of the "flaws" in our reasoning abilities caused by our use of heuristics are the by-product of

an adaptive strategy.

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

an algorithm

The use of ________ in problem solving guarantees success, but using a(n) ________ does not guarantee success.

an algorithm; heuristic

A person who is a fine guitar player would be said to have a(n) ________ for playing the guitar.

aptitude

Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter "k" than there are with the letter "k" in the third position due to the

availability bias

A "feathered biped" is the artificial concept of a(n)

bird

Which problem-solving strategy did the Wright brothers use to solve the challenge of powered human flight?

breaking the problem into its component parts

Consider the following concept hierarchy-food, desserts, chocolates, ________. The last term should be

brownies

Concepts

cannot be directly observed by researchers.

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

car

(n) ________ is a cognitive representation of a physical space. a. chunk b. spatial heuristic c. algorithm d. cognitive map e. confirmation bias

cognitive map

When you give someone verbal directions on how to find a classroom in a building, you are using a

cognitive map.

A(n) ________ involves arranging concepts from general to specific.

concept hierarchy

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called

concepts

What are mental categories representing objects, ideas, or experiences that share some common characteristics?

concepts

When a child understands that dogs and cats are quite different, the child has formed

concepts

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

confirmation bias

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating

confirmation bias.

The odd feeling of recognition you get when you visit a new place is known as

deja vu.

The purpose of the Binet-Simon approach was to

determine which children needed remedial help.

In a set of scores that are normally distributed,

few people score very high or very low and most people score near the average.

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that

follows the normal curve.

The brain region believed to be associated with "hunches," "intuition," and the emotional component of thinking is located in the

frontal lobes just above the eyes.

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

functional fixedness

Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip?

functional fixedness

A person who uses a drop of superglue to seal a paper cut on their finger has overcome the obstacle to effective problem solving called

functional fixedness.

Rob is preparing Chicken Baskini for Patty when he realizes that the chicken is supposed to be pounded out. So, he goes to the store to buy a cooking mallet. Rob never thought of using his rolling pin to flatten the chicken because of

functional fixedness.

Compared to artificial concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be

fuzzy with unclear boundaries.

According to Terman's original computation of intelligence quotient, if Ralph's computed IQ score is 75, then

he might be a 12-year-old who is as smart as the average nine-year-old.

Which of the following is NOT a hypothetical construct? a. height b. brilliance c. happiness d. intelligence e. anger

height

Working backward, searching for analogies, and breaking a problem down into smaller parts are all examples of

heuristic strategies.

In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to

heuristics

You believe that a test is going to turn out badly, but then you get an A on that test. If you then tell friends that you knew all along that you would do well on the test, you are showing

hindsight bias

After the outcome is known, people often have distorted thinking about their original expectations due to

hindsight bias.

Brad is home when all of his lights suddenly go out. His thought that "this is what happens when a fuse is blown" would be said to be

identifying the problem.

What group of people were often labeled "morons," "idiots," or "imbeciles" by early intelligence tests because they had limited English skills?

immigrants to the United States

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe

information that agrees with our thinking

A key problem with Terman's original formula for computing IQs is that it

made it seem as if people grow less intelligent with age.

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called

mental set.

A hypothetical construct cannot be

observed

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit?

olive

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the

prototype

The most representative or ideal example of a category is called a(n)

prototype

A heuristic is BEST described as a

rule of thumb.

On the first day of class you are likely to do all of the following: find a desk, sit down, listen to the teacher talk about her syllabus, take out a pen, start taking notes, and not speak very much. These activities are part of your ________ about the first day of class.

script

Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is

the ability to reason and acquire knowledge.

Alex and Barbara are asked to estimate the size of a crowd. Alex is asked whether the crowd is bigger or smaller than 10,000 whereas Barbara is asked whether the crowd is bigger or smaller than 2,000. The fact that Alex would give a larger estimate could best be explained by

the anchoring bias

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is that

the heuristic can be quicker.

John learns about Michelle, a student at a state university in NY, who has blond hair, enjoys the summer, and likes the beach. John assumes she is from California (given the stereotypes about women from California) despite the fact that over 85% of students at this state university are from NY. This is best explained by

the representativeness bias

The Binet-Simon approach to the assessment of school abilities was unique in that

they only measured current performance.

The process involved in forming a new mental representation by manipulating available information is known as

thinking

Results from neuroimaging studies suggest that

thought occurs in widely distributed areas of the brain.

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to

walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it.

One of the reasons that people use algorithms is that these

will always work if used properly.

When solving a maze, some people start at the end. This strategy is known as

working backward

Which one of the following is NOT an artificial concept? a. the dictionary definition of the word "truth" b. Einstein's theory of relativity c. your mental image of the Statue of Liberty d. the lyrics to "New York, New York" e. how to determine the radius of a circle

your mental image of the Statue of Liberty