PSY309 CHP3

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To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?

Construct validity and external validity

Which of the following validities is NOT examined in all research claims?

Internal validity

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for

Margin of error estimate

What is an association/corellation claim How can it be distinguished

a variable is likely to be associated with another must have at least 2 variables variables measured not manipulated

What are conceptual variables/constructs? Provide an example

abstract concepts such as shyness/intelligence

What are the 3 types of claims FAC

association causal frequency

Why don't researchers attempt to achieve all 4 of the validities at once

based on the research and goals it sometimes may be impossible to achieve a specific validity also it may not be necessary

What is a type 2 error

conclude that there is no association when there may be one

What are the four types of validities

construct external statical internal

To evaluate how well a study supports an association claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?

construct statistical external

To evaluate how well a study supports a causal claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?

construct statistical external internal- very important

What are the 3 requirements for a causal claim? TIC

covariance- cause variable and outcome variable must be correlated-cannot have a 0 correlation temporal precedence-must show the causal variable came first internal validity/third variable rulet- must show no other explanations exist for the relationship/ change in a variable

Which variable is the measured variable

dependent variable

What is a frequency claim How can it be distinguished

describes a rate or degree of a variable, typically uses percentages or ratio freq. claims only focus on 1 variable variables are always measured, never manipulated 79% think re-gifting is acceptable

How is statistical validity assessed as it relates to frequency claims

extent to which a study's statistical conclusions are accurate

What is a type 1 error

false positive results show that there is an association but there is no association

How is construct validity assessed as it relates to frequency claims

how well a conceptual variable is operationalized/ how well researchers measure variable

How is external validity assessed as it relates to frequency claims

how well can the results be generalized to the rest of the population

What are causal claims?

one variable causes a change in the other 2 variables ex- music lessons enhance IQ

What are the three types of associations

positive association/correlation negative association/correlation zero correlation

What type of assignment can be used to increase internal validity

random assignment

What does internal validity assess

relationship between variables and determining whether a confounding variable is present

Why does the process of manipulating one variable and measuring another help with causal claims

temporal precedence- manipulating the causal variable ensures that it comes first ensure internal validity

What does external validity assess

the extent to which results from a study can generalize to a larger population

What does statistical validity assess

the strength of an effect and its statistical significance- the prob. that results could have been obtained by chance if there is no effect

What does it mean to operationalize variables?

turn a concept into a measured/manipulated variable example operationalize shyness as a set of structured questions used by a trained therapist to diagnose shy/not shy or weight gain- by weighing

What two errors can statistical validity identify in association claims

type 1 error type 2 error

What is a measured variable? Provide an example

variables whose levels are observed and recorded example-IQ, height gender

What kind of study can satisfy all 3 criteria for casual claims

well designed experiment where one variable is manipulated and the other is measured

What does construct validity assess

how well variables in a study are measured or manipulated

Which variable is the manipulated variable

independent variable


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