PSY521 Physiological Psychology: Exam 2
humans use pheromones
may be present in bodily secretions such as urine, semen or vaginal secretions, breast milk and potentially also saliva and breath, yet most attention thus far has been directed toward axillary sweat.
Skin conductance
measure of sympathetic nervous system activity obtained by recording changes in skin's electrical conductance during sweat gland activation
carnivore
meat-eating animals
prefrontal cortex
moderates aggression with regard to the amygdala.
Ghrelin
orexigenic peptide hormone synthesized in the stomach and released into bloodstream during fasting.
estrus
ovulation period
incentive theory
people motivated by external stimuli, not just internal needs.
fasting phase of digestion
period in which blood glucose drops and the body falls back on its energy stores.
Hypofrontality
reduced activity in frontal regions that control working memory, behavioral inhibition, and response to environment.
Motivation
set of factors that initiate, sustain, and direct behaviors.
Homosexual behavior in animals
sexual or mating behavior among non-human species that is interpreted as homosexual or bisexual.
Methadone
synthetic opioid used to treat opioid addiction.
Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine System
system consisting of ventral tegmental area and the brain regions receiving its dopaminergic projections, including nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus.
sex
the biological differences that distinguish males from females
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy output is the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) life-sustaining function.
absorptive phase of digestion
the few hours after a meal when the body lives off the nutrients arriving from the digestive system.
Regulating Body Temperature
the hypothalamus regulates your body temperature, responding to internal and external stimuli and making adjustments to keep the body within one or two degrees of 98.6 degrees.
Homeostasis
the state in which any particular system is in balance or equilibrium.
Hormones and abilities
your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs.
Withdrawal symptoms
•Withdrawal: negative reaction when drug use is stopped. •Dependence: need to keep taking a drug to avoid withdrawal. •Physical dependence. •Psychological dependence. •Tolerance: more of the drug required to produce same effects.
Long-term exposure to cortisol
increased risk of many health problems, including: Anxiety. Depression.
Osmotic thirst
Thirst that occurs when the fluid content is low inside the body's cells.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A condition caused by the mother's use of alcohol during the third trimester of pregnancy; neurons fail to migrate properly, often resulting in intellectual disability; leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western world.
Stimulants
A drug that activates the nervous system to produce arousal, increased alertness, and elevated mood. Cocaine, Amphetamines (bath salts), nicotine, caffeine
Memories of during use
Alcohol affects short-term memory by slowing down how nerves communicate with each other in a part of the brain called the hippocampus.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which the person restricts food intake to maintain weight at a level so low that it is threatening to health.
bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder involving bingeing on food, followed by purging by vomiting or using laxatives.
Effects of anxiolytics
Anxiety reducing
Depressants
Drugs that reduce CNS activity. •Sedative. •Anxiolytic. •Hypnotic. Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
Müllerian ducts
Early structures that in the female develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and inner vagina.
primary neural instigator of aggression
Hypothalamus
famous ablatio penis case
In the mid-1960s, psychologist John Money encouraged the gender reassignment of David Reimer, who was born a biological male but suffered irreparable damage to his penis as an infant. Born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during infancy due to a failed circumcision.
Effects of analgesics
Pain relieving
Effects of Hypnotic
Sleep inducing
heredity of aggression
The MAOA gene -located in the X chromosome- is also known as the warrior gene, since abnormal versions of the gene often result in aggressive behaviors.
Wolffian ducts
The early structures that in the male develop into the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens.
transgender individuals brain structures
Third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH3): structure that is larger in men than in women; thought to be the human counterpart of the sexually dimorphic nucleus. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST): brain structure also larger in males than females; closely connected to amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Both INAH3 and BNST have been reported to be cis female-sized in MtF transgender individuals and closer to cis male-sized in FtM transgender individuals.
gender dissatisfaction
When the baby is not the hoped-for daughter or son, some people experience mild to extreme disappointment, grief, and even depression.
illness
a disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind.
Affective aggression
aggression characterized by its impulsiveness and emotional arousal.
Type 2 Alcoholism
alcoholics have the opposite qualities; they are considered high novelty with low levels of harm avoidance and reward-seeking behavior.
Type 1 Alcoholism
alcoholics want to avoid harm and seek social rewards; countered by low novelty.
animal sexual behavior studies
an excessive preoccupation with sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors that is difficult to control, causes you distress, or negatively affects your health, job, relationships or other parts of your life.
omnivore
animals that eat both meat and plants.
Methylation
attachment of a methyl group to DNA, which suppresses a gene's activity.
learned taste aversion
avoidance of foods associated with illness or poor nutrition.
gender
behavioral characteristics associated with being male or female.
Cognitive Theory
belief that identity of an emotion is based on cognitive assessment of a situation.
sex differences
biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape
anterior cingulate cortex
brain structure best known for roles in attention, decision-making, and impulse control.
Symptoms of addiction
compulsion, obsession, loss of control, negative consequences, denial
Stress
condition in environment that makes unusual demands on an organism.
hypovolemic thirst
condition of thirst occurring when blood volume drops due to loss of extracellular water.
Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle
desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution
binge eating disorder
eating disorder where individuals frequently eat large amounts of food during a short period of time, wherein they feel they cannot control what or how much they eat.
James-Lange theory
emotional experience results from physiological arousal that precedes it.
Mirror Neurons
fire both when we engage in a specific act and while observing that act in others.
androgen insensitivity syndrome
form of 46,XY intersex caused by genetic absence of androgen receptors, resulting in insensitivity to androgen.
Genetics for BMI
genetically predisposed people are at greater risk of a higher BMI and that genetic predisposition interacts with the obesogenic environment resulting in the higher BMI in recent decades