PSYC 024: Chapter 4 (Physical Development In Infancy)

By 18-24 months Toddlers can

- Walk quickly - Balance on their feet - Walk backward and stand and kick a ball

Growth about ______ per month during the first year

1 inch

Typical newborn sleeps approx.

18 hours a day

Shaken babies syndrome is

Brain swelling and hemorrhaging

_______ motor develops more quickly in boys and _____ motor develops more quickly in girls.

Large (muscles) Fine (talking)

helicoptering is

a style of parents who are over focused on their children

Electroencephalogram (EEG) help learn about the brains __________ in infancy

development

When they do start eating, infants needs to have a diet that includes ______ and _______.

fruits and veggies

Palmer grasp

infant grasps object tightly, present at birth

Cultural variations do what to infant sleeping patterns?

influenced them

Early experience in the brain everything is ____

new

Infants sleep-related problem

night-time walking

By 13-18 months Toddlers can

pull a toy or climb stairs

Pincer grasp

using the fore-finger and the thumb in opposition to pick up small objects

Marasmus

wasting away of body tissues in infants first year * caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency

SIDS is likely in infants who

1. Abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter 2. With sleep apnea and low birth weight 3. Who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep 4. Whose siblings have died of SIDS 5. Lower socioeconomic groups 6. Who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke 7. Share the same bed with parents or sleep on soft bedding

Benefits of breast feeding outcomes for children are

1. Lower Gastrointestinal infections 2. Lower respiratory tract infections 3. No evidence reduction in the risk of allergies 4. Protects against wheezing in babies, but whether it prevents asthma in older children is unclear.

Malnutrition in infancy

1. Marasmus 2. Kwashiorkor

Visual perception's are

1. Perception of occluded objects 2. Depth perception

The brain contains approximately _________ neurons at birth.

100 billion

The average American newborn is ___ inches long a weighs ____ pounds

20 7

By 2 years of age: Infants weigh approx. ____ to _____ pounds and average ____ to _____ inches in height.

26 to 32 lbs. 32 to 35 in.

_________ months the baby should be sleeping on its own

4 - 6

Infants should consume approximately ________ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

50

Infants should stop breastfeeding at ____ months old. Add in solid food slowly for the next _____ months. After ____ year the baby should be done breastfeeding.

6 6 1

Most of the newborns are ____ to _____ inches long and weigh between ___ to ____ pounds

8 to 22 in. 5 and 10 lbs.

Breast vs. bottle feeding, what is better?

Breast feeding

Kwashiorkor

Caused by severe protein deficiency * Childs abdomen and feet become swollen with water * Appears between 1 and 3 years of age

cephalocaudal pattern

Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head - with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

REM sleep

Eyes flutter beneath closed lids *approximately half of an infants sleep in REM sleep *dreaming

Moro reflex

Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night *Suddenly dies without an apparent cause.

Types of grasps

Palmer grasp Pincer grasp

neuroconstructivist view

Perspective holding that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and development of the brain and cognitive development are closely linked.

Shared sleeping

Share the same bed with parents/other people

lateralization

Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other. Ex: Right hemisphere ------> creativity and the arts, Left hemisphere -------> logic, such as in science and mathematics

TRUE or FALSE Children in deprived environment may have depressed brain activity

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Most of the time 10 lb. newborns are to overweight mothers.

TRUE

dynamic system theory

The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.

proximodistal Pattern

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.

plasticity

ability to be molded

Electroencephalogram (EEG) measure of the

brains electrical activity

Early experience with children is more about ______ with our caregivers and _______.

contact talking

Brain (early) demonstrates both _______ and _______.

flexibility and resilience.

Kids are the happiest if they see their parents _____ and ____

relaxed and normal

Gross motor skills develop in the ______ year

second

In the second year toddlers become more _____ and ______

skilled and mobile

As motor skills improve, infants change from using _____ and ______ movement to ___ and _____ movements with semisolid and then complex foods.

suck and swallow chew and swallow