PSYC 1001 General Psychology Ciccarelli White Fourth Edition Ch. 1-15, some redundancy
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Reliving dangerous and stressful events in dreams, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.
Sensation seeking motive
- Require a high level of arousal to feel satisfied.
Drive reduction theory
- Requirements essential for survival.
Ego
- Resides in the conscious level, is governed by the reality principle.
Superego
- Resides in the preconscious, is governed by the morality principle.
Sympathetic System
- Responds to stressful events.
Parasympathetic System
- Restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased.
Conflict
- Result of an individual being pulled by two or more goals.
Responses to frustration
- Result of feeling frustration.
Euestress
- Results from positive events.
Structure of the brain
- Reticular formation.
Hallucination
- Seeing and hearing things that aren't there
Oedipus complex
- Son's sexual attraction towards his mother.
James Lange's Theory of Emotion
- Stimulus leads to bodily arousal.
Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory
- Stimulus leads to bodily arousal.
Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion
- Stimulus leads to brain activity and the thalamus sends a message to the cerebral cortex + sympathetic nervous system.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- Surgical procedure used to treat several disabling neurological symptoms—most commonly the debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems.
Projective tests
- Tests that were constructed so as to tap the unconscious aspects of a person's personality.
Id
- The childlike, infantile aspect of one's personality, governed by the pleasure principle.
Unconscious
- The level of mind in which it is revealed through dreams, slips of tongue, remains hidden at all times.
Conscious
- The level of mind in which it is the awareness of here and now.
Preconscious
- The level of mind where all information is kept, but the person is not aware of it.
Self-efficacy
- The person's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance and more so in accomplishing a goal.
Biomedical therapy
- Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
Sublimation
- Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior.
Aaron Beck's rational emotive therapy
- Type of cognitive behavior therapy
Scientific method
1. Perceiving the Question
Identity v. Role Confusion
13 to early 20s; adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult.
Lewis Terman
1877-1956. Cognitive psychologist well known for his longitudinal study of gifted children, affectionately referred to as Terman's Termites
Spearman's G Factor
2 factors:
States of sleep
2 kinds of sleep. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep
Embryonic Period
2 weeks to 8 after conception; once attached to the uterus, embryo begins to form.
Type C personality
- Pleasant people that find it difficult to express their negative emotions.
Projection
- Putting the blame of one's unacceptable thoughts on others.
Inventories
- Questionnaires, requiring specific responses in the form of "yes" or "no."
Yerkes Dodson Law
- Relation between task performance and arousal.
Language
A system for combining symbols ( such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.
Overlap
A technique in which the illusion of depth is created by placing one object in front of another. (MC) https://farm1.staticflickr.com/94/212339449_2b4bd484a3_m.jpg
Drive-reduction Theory
A theory that proposes a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior. Composed of primary and secondary drives.
Deviation IQ Score
A type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15
behavior therapies
action based rather than insight based, aimed to change behavior
working memory
active system that processes the information in short-term memory
Instints
biological and innate patterns of behavior (mating, safety)
Heroin
Narcotic drug derived from opium, that is extremely addictive.
Morphine
Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.
Hallucinogens
cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations and can cause sensory distortions
Color blindnes
caused by defective cones in the retina of the eye
Neuratransmission
caused via chemicals suspended in fluid
Mescaline
Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
Psilocybin
Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.
Descriptive Methods
Naturalistic Observation
Descriptive data collection
Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, survey.
Descriptive data colletion
Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, survey.
Need for affiliation (nAff)
Need to have friends
Burnout
Negative thoughts emotions, and behavior
Peripheral Nervous Sustem
Nerves and neurons not located in the brain
Smell
Nerves at the top of the nasal passages
Giftedness
Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points above average (at about 130 IQ points)
spatial neglect
condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field
Extinction
Presentation of the CS (conditioned response) in the absence of the UCS (unconditioned response) lead to reduction in the CR (conditioned response).
Night terrors
Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.
Continuity
Rule of perception; objects that form a continuous form (such as a trail or geometric figure) are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.
Closure
Rule of perception; tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. https://o.quizlet.com/wOwQRDbiJkvElqxA6kycQw_m.jpg
Proximity
Rule of perception; tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as a part of the same grouping.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.
Measuring intelligence
Stamford-Binet: IQ=MA/CAx100
Altered states of consciousness
State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.
Waking consciousness
State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear, organized and the person feels alert.
Hypnosis
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.
Amphetamines
Stimulants that are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature.
Position emission Tomography (P.E.T.)
Used for imaging function; involves injection of a radioactive tracer that binds to glucose, records activity of cells that use radioactive glucose.
Psychological dependence
User believes drug is needed to function.
Afterimage
A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed (green and yellow flag). https://o.quizlet.com/UV0rxtHJwp4iUlIFwt5Rrg_m.png
Size Constancy
Ability of the visual perceptual system to recognize that an object remains constant in size regardless of its distance from the observer or the size of its image on the retina. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4049/5132242358_42134a1434_m.jpg
Depth perception
Ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. Made possible by differential information from the eyes.
Glands
Are organs in the body that secrete chemicals; some affect functioning of the body but not behavior; others have widespread influence on the body and behavior.
Neurotansmitters
Are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body.
Taste buds
Are the common name for the taste receptor cells, special kinds of neurons found in the mouth that are responsible for the sense of taste, or gustation.
Sound waves
Are the vibration of the molecules of air that surround us. Sound waves do have the same properties of light waves though-wavelength, amplitude, and purity.
Critical Period
As soon as embryo receives nourishment from placenta, it is at risk of contracting any diseases mothers may have, as well as toxins, and drug dependency and damage.
Surveys
Ask questions about topic researchers are studying via telephone, internet, or a questionnaire.
Instinct
Biologically determined innate patterns of behavior
Trust v. Mistrust
Birth to 1 year; Infant learns a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met.
Physical Dependence
Body becomes unable to function normally without the drug - addicted
Theta waves
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
Alpha waves
Brain waves that indicates a state of relaxation or light sleep
Microsleeps
Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Brain
True core of the nervous system: takes information from senses, processes it, make decisions, sends commands to rest of the body.
Germinal Period
Two-week period when zygote begins dividing and moving down to the uterus, then attaching to the uterine wall.
Intrinsic Motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because of the act itself is rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner.
Divergent Thinking
Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.
Convergent Thinking
Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer using previous knowledge and logic.
Gene
Unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring. Held to determine some characteristics of offspring.
Catastrophe
Unpredictable events that happen on a large scale
Pressure
Urgent demands coming from and outside source (can have a negative impact on ability to be creative
Cognitive perspective
With its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem-solving, language, and learning has become a major force in psychology.
neuroscience
a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structures and functions of neurons, nerves, and nervous system
Narcotics
a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.
Positive Reinforcement
a pleasurable consequence (reward) that will increase the likelihood of a response being repeated
Convergent Thinking
a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer
convergent thinking
a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer
Disorganized Disoriented
Child finds it difficult to decide on a reaction to the mother's presence or their return. Even afraid to make eye contact with mother.
Sensorimotor Stage
First stage of CD; birth to 2 years; children explore their senses and their ability to move; develop object permanence; concepts and mental images begin to represent objects, people, and events.
... provide constructive feedback about effort.
According to Dweck, the best parenting advice one can give to help children succeed is ...
three components of attitude
Affective (feeling)
3 types of needs
Affiliation: people seek to be liked by others
Teratogen
Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect.
Emotion
Feeling aspect of consciousness.
Case studies
Individual is studied in greater detail, researchers try to learn everything they can about the individual.
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Mental Images
Mental representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture-like quality
gestalt therapy
form of directive, insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing.
latency stage
fourth stage occurring in the school years, in which sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
infantile amnesia
inability to remember events from early life
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve memories from the past
Chromosome disorders
include Down syndrome (an extra chromosome in the 21st pair
Stimulants
increase functioning of nervous system. Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine.
borderline personality disorder
maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
testosterone
male hormone or androgen that is released due to a gene on the y chromosome causing the wolffian ducts to develop into male sex organs
androgens
male hormones
State 3 - Delt waves roll in
deepest sleep, referred to as slow-wave sleep - growth hormones are released and the body is at its lowest level of functioning.
Barbiturates
depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.
postpartum depression
depression occurring within a year after giving birth in about 10 percent of women and that includes intense worry about the baby, thoughts of suicide, and fears of harming the baby
4 Goals of Psychology
describe, explain, predict, and control
Primary goals of Psychology are 4:
describe, explain, predict, and control
Psychology 4 primary goals are
description, ecplanation, prediction and control.
norms
determined by the standardization group selected by the researchers and should be a representative sample of the population who will be taking the test.
Secondary sex characteristics
develop during puberty and only indirectly involved in human reproduction
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
developed first formal test for intelligence, used to determine a child's mental age.
conditioned taste aversions
development of a nausea or aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.
Cultural bias
different cultures may perceive data differently (language skills)
cognitive dissonance
discomfort or distress that occurs when one's behavior does not correspond to one's attitudes
amnesia
disorder characterized by severe memory
generalized anxiety disorder
disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more
antisocial personality disorder
disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior
obsessive-compulsive disorder
disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion)
panic disorder
disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life
dissociative identity disorder
disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalitites within one body
culture-bound syndromes
disorders found only in particular cultures
personality disorders
disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
mood disorders
disorders in which mood is severely disturbed
anxiety disorders
disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
dissociative disorder
disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination
depersonalization disorder
dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands
Depressants
downers
Activation -symthesis hypothesis
dreams are the product of random signals, with brain forming explanation of signals based on memories and other information.
Stage 2 - Sleep Spindles
drift further into sleep, heart slows down and body temp decreases
antianxiety drugs
drug to relieve symptoms of anxiety
Anphetamines
drugs that are synthesized in the lab
Benzodiazepines
drugs that lower anxiety and reduces stress.
Broca's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
Wernicke's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language
Sleep apnea
consists of loud snoring and stopped breathing.
Narcolepsy
consists of sudden onset of REM sleep during otherwise walking hours.
Pineal gland
controls several biological rhythms
Right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial
Pancreas
controls the level of blood sugar
Left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math
delusions
false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
myelin
fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
claustrophobia
fear of being in a small, enclosed space
acrophobia
fear of heights
social phobia
fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative consequence
panic disorder with agoraphobia
fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public
specific phobia
fear of objects or specific situations or events
estrogens
female hormones
recall
filling in the blanks for retrieval
Measuring intelligence
first format test created by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to help identify French students who needed more help with learning
oral stage
first stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict
psychosexual stages
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
psychodynamic therapy
focus more on transference, it's shorter in duration that traditional psychoanalysis
Functionalism
focus on how the mind allows people to function in the world - how people work, play and adapt to their surroundings.
Structuralism
focus on the structure of the mind - every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.
Biopsychological perspective
focuses on influences of hormones, brain structures and chemicals, disease, etc;
Sociocultural perspective
focuses on the behavior of individuals as the result of the presence (real or imagined) of other individuals, as part of groups of a larger culture.
Evolutionary Perspetive
focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans exhibit.
prejudice
negative unsupported attitude about members of a particular group
motor pathway
nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons
sensory pathway
nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow
mirror neurons
neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another
Note
not all chage in behavior is accomplished through learning
token economy
objects known as tokens giving when behaving correctly (a child gets a sticker to get ice cream)
vicarious conditioning
observation of other's actions and reactions
diffusion of responsibility
person fails to take responsibility d/t the presence of others who are seen to share the responsibility
pleasure principle
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Mental Sets
problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
trial and error (mechanical solution)
problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.
Conductive Hearin Impairment
problems with the mechanics of the ear / sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum
reuptake
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
enzymatic degradation
process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor
problem solving
process of cognition that occurs when a goal just be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
consolidation
process of physically storing a memory in your brain
retrieval
process of pulling memories out of long term memory
MDMA (ecstasy)
produces a mixture of psycho-motor stimulants and hallucinogenic effects - Can cause depression, raised body temperature, and dehydration
Howard Gardner
proposed that at least nine different kinds of intelligence exist, proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Charles Spearman
proposed that intelligence was split between two abilities; g-factor and s-factor. Believed that intelligence could be measured using standardized tests.
altruism
prosocial behavior done with no expectation of reward
cognitive psychologists
psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information
Secundaty Reinforcer
something that gets its reinforcement through association with primary reinforcers (money)
Punishment by application
someting unpleasant is added to the situation.
stem cells
special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaces due to damage or wear and tear
Neuron
specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within the system
Sensory Receptors
specialized forms of neurons, the cells that make up the nervous system.
hermaphroditism
the condition of possessing both male and female sexual organs
semantics
the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Human development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
secondary sex characteristics
the sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction
primary sex characteristics
the sexual organs present at birth and directly involved in human reproducation
Sensory Thresholds
the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is determinable.
resting potential
the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
psychopathology
the study of abnormal behavior
Long -term Memory
the system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
long term memory
the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
syntax
the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforce after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.
reliability
the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
misinformation effect
the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself
all-or-nothing thinking
the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.
minimization
the tendency to give little or no importance to one's success or positive events and traits
overgeneralization
the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never ending pattern of defeat and failure
magnification
the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
axon
tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells
olfactory bulbs
two bulb-like projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose
flashbulb memories
type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.
psychological defense mechanisms
unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduces stress and anxiety
causes for Intellectual disability
unhealthy living conditions can affect brain development- lead poisoning, mercury, malnutrition
aversion therapy
use unpleasant stimulus every time the client does what they are trying to stop
automatic encoding
used to describe the memory process when we aren't actively paying attention to the information
Physical dependence
user's body needs a drug to function; drug tolerance and withdrawal are warning signs/symptoms.
Wechsler Tests (WAIS)
uses a variety of verbal and performance subtest to provide and overall score of intelligence and index scores related to four specific cognitive domains
behavior modification
using learning techniques to change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
eclectic
using more than one treatment approach
character
value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior
Brain
core of the nervous system - part that makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body.
hippocampus
curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects
commitment
decisions one makes about the relationship
Evolutionary perspective
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, the universality of fear, and why we enjoy things like music and dance.
Gestalt Psychology
focuses on the study of sensation and perception. Gestalt is a German word meaning "an organized whole"
... basal metabolic rate.
- BMR stands for ...
Incentives
Things that attract or lure people to act.
Assimilation
-minority person gives up the old cultural identity
the choices for reducing dissonance
1) change conflicting behavior
Freud's psycho-sexual stage
1. Oral
... personality.
Longevity is linked to one's ...
CT Scam - Computer Tomography
series of X-rays
nurture
the role a person's environment plays in his or her development
Insight
"Aha" moment when a solution seems to appear in a flash, usually based on reorganization of information.
Military
"Signature Wound" is and injury that is suffered by a substantial number of veterans in a particular war- "shell shock" from WWI &PTSD from Vietnam
Milgram study
"Teacher" administered shocks to "learner"
The building blocks of development
"genetics" is the science of heredity
Sleepwalking
(Somnambulism) occurs in 20% of the population and is partially due to heredity
Intellectual disability
(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
Soloman Asch study (1951)
(would participants change response in order to fit in with the group?)
Memory retrieval Problems
* Misinformation Effect
Structure of the ear
* Outer
2 kinds of Punishment
* Punishment by Application - something unpleasant is applied (spanking)
Effects of Sleep - Exercise - Diet on Memory
* Sleep deprivation interferes with memory
Stanford-Binet
* Terman (researcher at Stanford translated and revised Binet's test
Cognitive development
* cognitive skills often highest in 20s; processing and reaction time slow in middle age but are often compensated by greater life and situational knowledge
Cognitive development
* continued maturation of the frontal lobes allows cognitive advances (e.g., abstract thought/Piaget's formal operations)
Language development
* cooing
giftedness
* criteria : IQ >130 (2 SD above mean)
Building block of development
* genetics
Test construction
* good test are both valid and reliable
Physical development
* increase in height and changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
* neurodevelopment disorder that involves issues in thinking, feeling, language, and social interactions.
Moral development
* understanding of what is "right" and "wrong"
3 processes of memory
*Putting it in - Encoding
causes of intellectual disability
*environmental: toxics such as lead or mercury
Prenatal development
*fertilization, the zygote, and twinning
Physical development
*young adulthood, few changes
Tardive dyskinesia
- A condition affecting the nervous system, often caused by long-term use of some psychiatric drugs.
Personality disorders
- A disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
Contingency contract
- A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated.
Roger's client-centered therapy
- A non-directive insight therapy in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.
Lack of love and developing faulty patterns of dealing with others.
- According to Karen Horney, what causes us to develop a neurotic personality?
Discrimination
- Acting out on the basis of prejudice is called discrimination.
Type H personality
- Also known as Hardy personality.
Type A personality
- Ambitious, workaholics, competitive, feel pressured to do several things at once, and are prone to heart disease.
Rating Scales
- Assessor assigns a numerical rating for specific behaviors.
Archetypes
- Collective, universal human memories
Cultural Relativity
- Considering the unique aspects of the culture in which a person with a disorder was raised to be able to correctly diagnose the disorder and treat it.
Trephining
- Cutting holes in the skull to release the demons inside.
Pressure
- Demands to work harder from within for an external result.
Defense mechanism of rationalization
- Denial, rationalization, repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, identification, compensation, sublimation.
Regression
- During stress resorting to childish patterns of behavior.
Type B personality
- Easy going, relaxed, at peace.
Secondary appraisal
- Estimating the resources needed to deal with stress.
Primary appraisal
- Estimating the stress and assessing if it is a threat, a challenger or a loss that one has incurred.
Bipolar disorder
- Experiencing major depressive episodes to experiencing severe manic episodes with depressive phase which gives way to manic phase that lasts usually for a few weeks to few months.
Displacement
- Expressing feelings on to a weaker target.
Aversion conditioning
- Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.
Reaction formation
- Forming an attitude that is directly opposite of one's threatening thoughts.
Foot-in-the-door technique
- Giving an easy prize in order to influence achieving a harder prize.
Altruism
- Helping others without expecting anything in return.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Helps treat severe depression.
Leptin hormone
- Hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food.
criteria of intellectual disability
- IQ <70(2 SD bellow mean)
Usefulness of IQ tests
- IQ tests are generally valid for predicting academic success and job performance
Identification
- Identifying with others to overcome one's anxiety.
Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
- In what way is compliance different from conformity?
Obsessive compulsive disorder
- Individual has persistent thoughts, and engages in ritualistic repetitive actions.
Hofstede's theory of cultural personality
- Individualism/collectivism
Sternberg's types of love
- Intimacy (emotional ties)
Phobia
- Irrational fear
Severe depression and bipolar disorder
- Lithium is prescribed in the treatment of which disorder?
Delusions
- Loss of contact with reality and perceptual filtering.
Groupthink
- Maintaining group unity and cohesiveness.
Maslow's need hierarchy
- Maslow's hierarchical arrangement of needs in the shape of a pyramid.
Freud's theory
- Mind is divided into preconscious, conscious, and unconscious.
Anti-anxiety drugs
- Minor tranquilizers that reduce anxiety.
Intrinsic motivation
- Motivation coming from within rather from an external environment.
Prejudice
- Negative attitudes towards members of a particular social group.
Social loafing
- Not doing your portion of the assigned work.
Emotion-focused coping
- One may view the problem not as a threat, but as a challenge.
Problem-focused coping
- One tries to reduce the effects of stress by meeting the problem head on and trying to solve it.
OCEAN
- Openness (willingness to try new things)
Fundamental attribution error
- Overestimate the influence of dispositional causes and undermine situational causes.
Anxiety, depression, anger, and frustration
- What are mental symptoms of stress?
Stressors, events that cause stress.
- What are the sources of stress?
Causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
- What is the criteria of abnormal behavior?
Playing violent video games is linked to increased aggression.
- What is the relation between aggression and playing violent video games?
Acculturative stress
- When one has to adapt oneself to a new culture.
Cognitive dissonance
- When your attitude to something doesn't match your behavior.
Western culture
- Which culture considers mental illness as shameful?
Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine.
- Which neurotransmitters are implicated in mood disorders?
Hippocrates
- Who gave the explanation of an imbalance in the bodily fluids as causing mental disorders?
An individual with a particular set of religious or philosophical beliefs which are not in consonance with he mainstream groups.
- Who is most likely a candidate to join a cult?
Shortage of money, dangerous/unhealthy living situations, inferiority, not being in control of life.
- Why is living in poverty stressful?
concepts
- are ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities
Stereotypes
- members of a social category are believed to share a set of characteristics.
Free-floating anxiety
- nxiety that is unrelated to any
problem solving and decision making
- thinking and behaving in certain way to reach a goal
insight
-"aha" moments when solution seems to appear in a flash
Structuralism
-Expanded by Wundt's original ideas; believes every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations.
Functionalism
-Influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection- focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world.
Acculturation
-Process of adapting to a new or different culture
Problem-focused coping
-Strategies eliminate the source of stress
mental images
-are representations for objects or events used in mental activities.
creativity
-consists of new ways of combining ideas or behavior
primary effect
-first impression one has about a person
Marginalization
-not affiliated with dominant or original culture
Emotional a focused coping
-strategies that change the impact if a stressor
Neuron Fire
...
factors in persuasion
1) source of the message
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
1-3 years; toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions.
4 key steps of Hypnosis
1. focus on what is being said.
Alcohol
10 to 20 millions people un the U.S. are alcoholics
formal operations
12 years to adulthood
Adolescence
12-20 years
Intimacy v. Isolation
20s to 30s; young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in an ongoing, close, personal relationship.
Initiative v. Guilt
3-5 years; Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control.
receptor sites
3-dimentinal proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters
Generativity v. Stagnation
40s to 50s; the focus of this task is to find a way to be creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation.
Nicotine
430,000 people in the U.S. die from smoking illnesses every year
Chromosomes
46 are found in the nucleos of a cell- 23 come from the mother's egg and 23 from the father's sperm. Female is X and Male is Y
Stages of Death and dying
5 styles:
Industry v. Inferiority
5-12 years; school aged child must learn new skills in both the academic world and the social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure.
Ego Integrity v. Despair
60s and beyond; the task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been.
Fetal Period
8 weeks until birth-date (of fetus). Tremendous growth happens.
Figure-ground Relationships
A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background. https://o.quizlet.com/t71BR7hSR9klukNYVSwV6A_m.jpg
Functional Fixedness
A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.
Menopause
A later stage in a woman's life when the levels of the female estrogen decline as the body's reproductive system prepares to cease that function. (40s and onward)
Yerkes-Dodson Theory
A law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance, when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal are better for performance.
DNA
A molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Linear Perspective
A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. (MC) https://farm1.staticflickr.com/202/524122349_43de627201_m.jpg
Texture Gradient
A monocular cue in which an object appears closer to the viewer because it has a more detailed, distinct texture. https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2114/2133417156_ae3d02d331_m.jpg
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100.
Sensation Seeker
A person who seems to need more complex and varied sensory experiences than others.
Consciousness
A person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior.
Perceptual Set
A predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way, based off of experiences or expectations. https://o.quizlet.com/ffn.l5DFfBg1-Jf-ESNzWQ_m.jpg
Erik Erikson
A psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality.
REM behavior disorder
A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.
Night terrors
A rare disorder, are more likely in children and also likely to disappear as the child grows older.
Need
A requirement of some material that is essential for the survival of the organism.
Mental Age
Alfred Binet decided that the key element to be tested was ___ or the average age at which children could successfully answer specific levels of questions.
Intellectual Disability
Also known as developmental delay. IQ score of 70 or lower, 3% of the US. Condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are at the same chronological age, may also be referred to as developmentally decayed. This condition was formerly known as mental retardation
Display Rules
Although emotions may appear to be universal, when, where and how those emotions are expressed may be determined by culture.
Absotute threshold
An absolute threshold is the lower level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.
Heuristic
An educated guess based on the experiences that help narrow down the ;possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb".
Basic Level Type
An example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog", "cat" or "pear"
Moon Illusion
An illusion in which the moon appears to be larger when it is on or near the horizon than when it is high in the sky. https://o.quizlet.com/EQBjAGWL84v4uQhIfIZAFw_m.png
Sleep deprivation
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in concentration and irritability.
Non-REM (NREM) sleep
Any stages of sleep that do not include REM
Behaviorism
Associated with work of John B. Watson, who was greatly influenced by Ivan Pavlov's work in conditioning/learning.
Neuropsychology
Athletics
4 Elements
Attention - Memory - Imitation - Desire
social catagorization
Automatic, occurs without conscious awareness
Self-determination theory (STD)
Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness
Nightmare
Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Based from Darwin; the idea suggesting that facial expressions and other behaviors provide feedback to the brain that can cause or intensify a specific emotion.
Computed Tomography (CT Scam)
Based on X-ray technology; good for imaging brain structure, especially when there is metal in the body.
Humanistic Approaches
Bases on Maslow's theory of self-actualization, which is a process of satisfying the lower needs to achieve ones full human potential (seldom achieved)
Extinction
Behavior ceases after lack of stimuli
Nightmares or REM behavior disorder
Being able to act out one's dreams, especially nightmares.
Cornea
Bends light waves to the image can be focused on the retina.
Stimulus
Can be defined as any object, event or experience that causes a response
Somatic Nervous System
Cell bodies which carry messages from the nerves to control the senses and voluntary muscles.
Fovea
Central area of retina; greatest density of photo receptors (cone cells).
Lens
Changes shape to bring objects into focus.
Sociocultural Perspective
Combines 2 areas of study -social psychology (study of social roles) & cultural psychology (study of cultural norms)
The Peripheral Nervous System
Comprised of the nerves and neurons not contained in the brain and spinal cord; allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems and to control the muscles and glands of the body; divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Natural concepts
Concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world.
Formal Concepts
Concepts that are defined by specific rules or features.
Athletics
Concussions are 9% of sports related injuries in high school-increasing in colleges
Physical dependence
Condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
Conduction Hearing impairment
Conduction hearing impairment, or conductive hearing loss, refers to problems with the mechanics of the outer or middle ear and means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea.
Avoidance-avoidance confluct
Conflict around choosing between two undisarable goals
Approach- approach conflict
Conflict over choic between two desirable goals
(Most stressful)
Conflict over choice with one goal that has both positive and negative aspects
Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Retina
Contains photo receptor cells (rods & cones); responsible for absorbing and processing light information.
Hunger
Controlled by hormonal influences; insulin & glucagon; leptin; influenced by social cues and convention.
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls all other body functions- organ, glands, involuntary muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Controls automatic functions of the body (organs, glands, involuntary muscles.
Somatic nervous system
Controls the voluntary muscles of the body; involves the sensory pathway (sensory neurons carrying information to spinal cord and /or brain) and the motor pathway (nerves that carry information to voluntary skeletal muscles).
Hassle
Daily annoyances that are good predictors or short term illness. The perception of the hassle is more important than the hassle itself
N3 State 3 and 4
Deepest stage of sleep; delta activity makes up 20% to more than 50% of EEG activity; the body is at the lowest level of functioning and people are hard to awaken; sleep disorders such as sleepwalking and night terrors occur in this stage.
Kübler-Ross' Stages of Death and Dying
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
Monocular Cues
Depth cues that are based on one eye.
Binocular Cues
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes
Longitudinal Design
Design used in development; in which one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
MDMA (Ecstasy or X)
Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.
Cross-sequential Design
Development design; a combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design.
Cross-sectional Design
Development design; several different age groups are studied at once.
Gestalt psychology
Did not believe that psychological events could be broken down into smaller elements, could only be understood as a whole, entire event; has influenced field of cognitive psychology and a form of psychological therapy. Gestalt therapy
Sleep apnea
Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or so.
Conflict
Distress over choice between two different and incompatible or opposing goals
R (R&K REM)
Dreaming occurs, including nightmares, eye move rapidly under the eyelids and EEG indicates the presence of beta, but the body is typically still, due to sleep paralysis, REM behavior disorder occurs when the body is not still or acts out dreams, usually seen in men over 60.
Acquired (Secondary) Drive
Drive learned through experience or conditioning.
Primary Drive
Drive that involves survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst. Maintaining homeostasis
Hallucinogenics
Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.
Psychoactive drugs
Drugs that alter thinking, perception and memory.
Hallucinogens
Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
Drugs that produce a mixed of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.
N2 State 2
EEG sleep spindles appear, theta activity is predominant, body temperature continues to drop, heart rate and breathing slow.
Jean Piaget
Early researcher who developed the four stages of cognitive development from his detailed observations with infants and children. Suggested that they form mental concepts of schemes as they experience new situations or events.
Group think
Emphasis on maintaining group cohesiveness,
Lateral hypothalamus
Encourages eating when glucose levels decreased.
Development of self-concept
Erikson: 8 stages of psychosocial development
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory, or how easy it is for us to think of related examples.
Secondary appraisal
Estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
Primary appraisal
Estimating the severity of a stressor.
Distress
Experience unpleasant stressors
Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on how people think, remember, store and use information (1960's).
Structuralism
Founded by Edward Titchener.
Gestalt psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer.
Functionalism
Founded by Willian James.
Formal Operations Stage
Fourth stage of CD; 12-adulthood; at this age person can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events, think about logical possibilities, and use abstract analogies.
Dreams
Freud believed that dreams are a kind of wish fulfillment - with hidden meanings
Problem w/problem solving
Functional fixedness
The middle ear
Hammer, anvil and stirrup. The three tiny bones in the middle ear are known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, each name stemming from the shape of the respective bone.
Psychologist
Has a doctorate degree and works with either humans or animals.
Psychiatric social worker
Has training in areas of social work and often has a professional license to practice.
Depressants
Have sedative effect. Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, alcohol, narcotics like morphine, heroin, methadone.
Means-end analysis
Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference.
Leptin
Hormone that controls appetite.
Stress is on accomplishing a common goal through unified and collective action.
How does jigsaw classroom operate?
Lazarus cognitive appraisal approach
How stressors is thought about influences how stressful that stressor will become
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Humanistic theory in which Abraham Maslow proposed that there a several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment.
Concepts
Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities. Ranked from general to specific by applying the terms superordinate, basic level type, and subordinate.
Law of effect
If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If the action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
Relative Size
If two objects are the same size, the one with the smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away. (MC) https://o.quizlet.com/g.rx.o9LR332RV4XEjTM0w_m.jpg
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Image brain function through tracking changes in blood oxygen levels; increase in oxygen levels associated with increased functioning.
Physical Development
Immediately after birth, body systems start to function. (Respiratory, circulatory, temperature, digestion)
Avoidant
In contrast to secure, children are somewhat willing to explore, and indifferent to the mother or stranger's presence.
Grasping Reflex
In infancy when a child grasps to anything that makes contact with his or her hand.
Startle Reflex
In infancy when a child's body becomes stiff due to startling sounds, or a hunch that they might fall.
Rooting Reflex
In infancy when you touch a baby's cheek it will turn toward your hand.
Sucking Reflex
In infancy, its the child's instinct to search for its mother for nourishment.
Nerve hearing impairment
In nerve hearing impairment, or sensorineural hearing loss, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical area of the brain.
Generativity
In parenting, providing guidance to one's children or the next generation. Also contributing to the well-being of children through career and volunteer work.
Extrinsic Motivation
In this motivation, a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome separate from the person (money, fame, praise, etc).
Sleep disorders
Include a variety of problems that can interfere with sleep.
REM rebound
Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.
Secure
Infants labeled as _____, were willing to get down from their mother's lap soon after entering the room with them.
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Inhibits eating when glucose levels increased.
Extremes of Intelligence
Intellectual Disability
Lazarus' cognitive-mediational theory
Interpretation of the stimulus is an important aspect of emotional reaction.
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Pupil
Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Is a developmental disorder involving behavioral and cognitive aspects of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
The nervous system
Is a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.
Self Actualization
Is a point that is seldom reached, at which people have satisfied lower needs and reached their full human potential. Maslow term.
Color blindness
Is a total lack of color perception, whereas color-deficient vision refers to color perception that is limited primarily to yellows and blues or reds and greens only.
Learning
Is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Sleep
Is one of the body's daily biological rhythms; sleep-wake cycle controlled by the brain including the hypothalamus and the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Neuroscience
Is the field of study that deals with the structure of the brain and components of the nervous system.
Motivation
Is the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
Neuron
Is the specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system.
What is Psychology?
It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Nervous System
Its composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
Iris
Its muscles control the size of the pupil.
Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist working with dogs who saw that unrelated stimuli could be associated with a reflex ( an involuntary action) and make a dog salivate.
Taste buds
Known as the taste receptor cells - neurons in the mouth (most are located on the tongue).
Uncontrollability
Less control, greater degree of stress
Spinal Cord
Long bundle of neurons that carries information to and away from the brain, helps control pain responses.
Delta waves
Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.
Absolute Threshold
Lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation
Integration
Maintaining one's original cultural identity
Gardner's multiple Intelligence
Measures intelligence by 9 factors
Psychiatrist
Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication.
Psychiotrist
Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication.
Cognition (thinking)
Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.
Schemes
Mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations or events.
Meditation
Mental exercises to refocus attention
Ambivalent
Mixed feelings; clinging to mothers and unwilling to explore, upset by the presence of the stranger. Hard to soothe when mother is absent.
Stimulus Motive
Motive that appears unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation. (Curiosity, playing, exploration)
Primary motives
Motives that are absolutely essential for a person to satisfy.
Acquired motives
Motives that are shaped through experiences and are unique to each person.
Maladaptive Eating
Obesity: body weight is 20% more than ideal; anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; binge-eating disorder.
Aerial Perspective
Objects that are farther away appear to be blurred or hazy. (MC) https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7206/6776113034_63b8925f21_m.jpg
Shape Constancy
Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas, but we know the shape of an object remains constant. https://o.quizlet.com/.V.waV3VRtdxUj-QSRe4.g_m.jpg
Laboratory Observation
Observation in a laboratory/created environment
Naturalistic Observation
Observation in the normal environment
Laboratory observation
Observe people or animals in laboratory setting
Naturalistic observation
Observe people or animals in natural environment.
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep.
Colorblindness
Occurs if any of the cone types are dysfunctional. https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8446/7789974052_c027f517b0_m.jpg
Frustration
Occurs when blocked or prevented from achieving goal or fulfilling need
Sensation
Occurs when special receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds) are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals to the brain.
Habituation
Occurs when the brain ignores a constant stimulus.
Sensory adaptation
Occurs when the sensory receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus.
Altered states of consciousness
Occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity. Can be produced by drugs, trauma, meditation, fatigue, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and/or mental disorders.
Blind Spot
Optic disc; Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no photo receptors (rod & cone cells).
Sleep deprivation
Or lost of sleep. Can lead to serious changes in the body and mental functioning.
Pain disorders
Pain functions as a worning system on the body
Pain gate control theory
Pain signal must pass through a "gate" located in the spinal cord. Provides a simulation of how pain signals travel along the spinal cord
Dendrites
Part of the neuron that receive messages from other cells are called the dendrites. The name dendrite means "tree-like" or "branch", and this structure does indeed look like the branches of a tree.
Dendrite
Part of the neuron that recieves messages.
The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive
Pavlov basic principles
Psychological Professionals
People working in the field of psychology have a variety of training experiences and different focuses.
withdrawal
Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
Stress
Physical, emotional,cognitive, and behavioral responses to events appraised as threatening or challenging
Emotion
Physiological arousal of an individual.
Cognitive development
Piaget-4 Stages of development
Misinformation Effect
Police keep crime eyewitnesses apart
Eustress
Positive events requiring the body to adapt or change
LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide)
Powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Previously neutral stimulus that begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response when paired.
Drive reduction theory
Primary drives: those that involve survival needs of the body (hunger & thirst)
Light Adaptation
Process in which pupil contraction decreases to adapt to increased illumination.
Dark Adaptation
Process in which pupil contraction increases to adapt to decreased illumination.
Right hemisphere
Processes information in a more global sense (perception; visualization; spatial perception; recognition of patterns, faces, and emotional expression)
Profesional
Psychologist doctorate degree, not medical.
The Scientific Methodology
Psychology uses the scientific to try to determine facts and reduce uncertainty.
REM
Rapid Eye Movement
Forgetting
Reasons why:
Human Development
Refers to the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception, until death.
... colds and headaches.
Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ...
Retrieval of Long-Term Memories
Retrievla cues - Recall & Recognition
Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have influence on the synthesis of dreams.
Chromosomes
Rod structured sequence where genes are located. Found in nucleus of the cell.
Convergence
Rotation of two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object. (BC) https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2493/3757553179_1a1ce49712_m.jpg
Similarity
Rule of perception; tendency to perceive things that look similar as part of the same group (10 people wearing red are categorized as a group). https://o.quizlet.com/i/4W1cSlfGI1BM9rdCKN5YvQ_m.jpg
Contiguity
Rule of perception; the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.
Pre-operational Stage
Second stage of CD; 2-7 years; child can now represent or refer to objects and events with words or pictures; can't logically reason.
Attachment Styles
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized disoriented.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Self replicating material present in all living organisms. Carrier of genetic information.
Optic Nerve
Sends visual information to the brain.
Language development
Several stages of development
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud was a noted physician in Austria. Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push or repress all of our threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created the nervous disorders in his patients.
Adaptive behavior
Skills that allow people to live independently, such as being able to work a job, communicate with others, and being able to get dressed, eat and bathe with little or no help.
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
Beta Waves
Smaller faster brain waves typically indicating mental activity
Sleep apnea
Snoring - usually occurs when breathing passages (nose or throat) get blocked
SRRS
Social readjustment rating scale: Measure change and adjustment to stress
Pain disorders
Somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause.
Genes
Some are dominant and some are recessive; Blond is a recessive hair gene which shows up only if each parent has a blond hair gene
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Some brain functions governed by one hemisphere more than the other; differences found due to work of various researchers
Cone Cells
Special photo receptor cell; responsible for color vision
Rod Cells
Special photo receptor cell; responsible for peripheral vision/detail.
Left hemisphere
Specializes in tasks that involve sequence and analysis (language, speech, handwriting, math)
Stressor
Stress causing events
Major life changes
Stress in present in ordinary life experiences
Need for achievement (nAch)
Strong desire to excel and avoid failure.
Biopsychological Perspective
Study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes - human behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body.
Opium
Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived from
Schacter-Singer Theory
Suggests that physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion itself is experienced.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Superior spatial resolution for structure.
The five basic taste
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami
PCP
Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.
Easy (Temperament)
Temperament style, babies are regular in their schedule of waking, sleeping and eating and are adaptable to change.
Difficult (Temperament)
Temperament style, babies tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind.
Slow to Warm Up
Temperament style; babies that are less grumpy, quieter, and are less difficult but slow to adapt to change.
phychosocial development
Temperament: identified by a child's behavioral and emotional characteristics
Attitude
Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward person,object, idea, or situation
Incentive Approaches
Term in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewards.
Gifted
The 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above
Creative Intelligence
The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.
Intelligence
The ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.
G Factor
The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence
Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. Consists of monocular & binocular cues.
Motion Parallax
The apparent movement of stationary objects relative to one another that occurs when the observer changes position. https://o.quizlet.com/qPvdVHDMVYWEYBWXz3bNSg_m.jpg
Drive
The arousal that motivates an organism to act in order to reduce the tension that comes from a need.
Emotional Intelligence
The awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel and socially skilled
Temperament
The behavioral and emotional characteristics that are established at one's birth.
Visual Accommodation
The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are close or far away.
Binocular Disparity
The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects. (BC) https://o.quizlet.com/lMLsELwKnXlOxMwda-6cGg_m.jpg
Attachment
The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary care-giver.
Recessive Gene
The gene that only appears with pairings.
Dominant Gene
The gene that will always be expressed.
Trichromatic Theory
The idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors: blue, green, and red.
Self-concept
The image you have of yourself and is based off of the interactions you have with the important people in your life.
Irreversibility
The inability of a young child to mentally reverse and action.
Insomnia
The inability to get to sleep , stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.
Egocentrism
The inability to see the world through anyone's eyes but one's own. Present in pre-operational stage.
Object Permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when not in sight. Developed in the sensorimotor stage.
The Cortex
The outermost, wrinkled layer of the brain; comprised of the left and right hemispheres, connected by corpus callosum; each hemisphere can be further divided into four lobes.
Puberty
The physical changes in both primary sex characteristics. Sexual development reaches its peak.
the outer ear
The pinna is the visible, external part of the ear that serves as a kind of concentrator, funneling the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear.
Motivation
The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or physiological needs are met.
Sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Accommodation
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Accommodation
The process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences.
Creativity
The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
Learning
The process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the world around us - any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The rate in which the body burns energy when a person is resting.
Acquisition
The repeated pairing of the Neural stimulus and (UCS) is usually called _____ because the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.
Cerebral Hemispheres
The right and left halves of the cerebrum.
Genetics
The science of heredity.
Opponent Process Theory
The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white) If one sensor is stimulated, its pair is inhibited from firing. (explains afterimage and color blindness) https://o.quizlet.com/kp1hsQpPrXZjw0jrRfAY5g_m.jpg
Morphemes
The smallest unit of meaning within a language.. Ex Playing has 2, "Play" and "ing"
Grammar
The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
Mental Set
The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
The theory of thought processes and concepts controlled by language
Subjective Experience
The third element of emotion where one interprets a subjective experience or feeling by giving it a label.
Perception
The use of sensory information and pre-existing knowledge to create a functional representation of the world. https://o.quizlet.com/.UcjDd7qv1K3ggj9fRZR5Q_m.jpg
Habituation
The way the brain deals with unchanging information in the environment
Social influence
The ways behavior can be affected by other people
social cognition
The ways people think about other people
Weight Set Point
The weight that the body tries to maintain that is affected by the hypothalamus.
Arousal Theory
Theory in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension, where arousal is at the right level to perform tasks well. Too high or too low tension may cause task performance to suffer.
Adaptive theory
Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
Restorative Theory
Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.
Cognitive Universalism
Theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
Operant conditioning
There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing: involuntary and voluntary.
Concrete Operations Stage
Third stage of CD; 7-12 years; child can conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of many characteristics. Can think logically, and understand analogies (of concrete events).
Motor Development
This development is related to many factors, such as nutrition, care, and health. Related to movement. (0-2 Years where rapid growth occurs)
The inner ear
This membrane is called the oval window, and its vibrations set off an-other chain reaction within the inner ear.
Peak Experiences
Times in a person's life in which self-actualization is achieved (temporarily).
Sensory Development
Touch, taste and smell are developed. Hearing is somewhat functional, vision is least developed.
Ivan Pavlov
Was a Russian physiologist, who discovered one of the simplest forms of learning called, classical conditioning. Used dogs.
Brightness Constancy
We perceive objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes. https://o.quizlet.com/qOzuoPqFbvoUsew4oLwgWw_m.png
Ex. DHEA
What is the effect of stress on the immune system?
Reinforcement
What was one of Skinner's major contributions to behaviorism
Assimilation
When children try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess.
N1 State 1
While awake, primarily beta activity, more alpha as one relaxes onset of sleep in N1 is associated with alpha being replaced by theta.
reflex
an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.
ADHD - Attention -Deficti/Hyperactivity Disorder
a developmental disorder involving behavioral and cognitive aspects of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity - most commonly diagnosed in children.
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep
menarche
a female's first menstrual cycle
contingency contract
a formal agreement between the client and the therapist in which both parties goals and responsibilities are stated
limbic system
a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation
flat affect
a lack of emotional responsiveness
Spinal Cord
a long bundle of neurons
spinal cord
a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes
Caffeine
a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances.
parallel distributed model
a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections
Cocaine
a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant.
Cocaine
a natural drug found in the coca plant leaves - highly addictive
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.
Austism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a neuro-developent disorder that actually encompasses a whole range of disorders - it involves issues in thinking, feeling, language and social interactions, causes are still being investigated
interneuron
a neuron found in the center of the spinal cored that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons [make up the bulk of neurons in the brain]
afferent (sensory) neuron
a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system
efferent (motor) neuron
a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Extrinsis motivation
a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from that person (money)
Divergent Thinking
a person starts at one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities for solution
REM - Rapid Eye Movement
a psychologically active type of sleep when most dreams (90%) take place - voluntary muscles are inhibited. Can be promoted by emotionally stressful day activities.
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
a psychotherapy developed to address depression
delusional disorder
a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions
postpartum psychosis
a rare and severe form of depression that occurs in women just after giving birth and includes delusional thinking and hallucinations
electroencephalogram (EEG)
a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes
Primary Reinforcer
a reinforce taht fulgills a basic need (candy)
mental set
a tendency to permit in using problem-solving patterns that have worked in the past
Confirmation Bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
a tendency to search fro evidence that fits your beliefs while ignoring evidence to the contrary (never wrong)
systematic desensitization
a therapist guides the client through a series of steps meant to reduce fear and anxiety
action therapy
a therapy that is directed more at changing behavior than providing insights into the reason of that behavior
PCP
a veterinary tranquilazer
elaborative rehearsal
a way of transferring by making it meaningful
cocktail party effect
ability to head your name in a conversation across the room
phobia
an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
Possitive reinforcer
addition, or experiencing of, a pleasurable stimulus.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself
Hallucinogens
alter brain's interpretation of sensations.
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
an action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which in turn will impact their behavior.
Working Memory
an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory
memory
an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it, and then retrieves information from storage
reticular formation (RF)
an area of the neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal
Fertilization
an egg and a sperm unite
prototype
an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.
nervous system
an extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
unconditioned response (UCR)
an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.
Normal Reflex
an unlearned, involuntary response (salivation)
Memory
and active learning system that receives information from the senses, puts the information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
free-floating anxiety
anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source
operant
any behavior that is voluntary
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
reinforcement
any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.
Reinforcement
any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again.
reinforcers
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.
psychological disorders
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Definition of learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.
maladaptive
anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life
Reinforcement
anything, that when following a response, causes that response to be more than likely to happen again.
Creativity
approaching a problem with an entirely new way of looking at the problem and using unusual, inventive solutions
Nightmares
are bad dreams, and some nightmares can be utterly terrifying.
Genetic disorders
are carried by 2 recessive genes: Cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, tay-sacks disorder, PKU(white hair and skin)
Subliminal stimuli
are stimuli presented just below the level of conscious awareness, and subliminal perception has been demonstrated in the laboratory.
somatosensory cortex
area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body positions, and possibly taste
frontal lobes
areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech
temporal lobes
areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
association areas
areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing
Surveys
ask a series of questions
foot-in -door technique
asking for a small commitment after gain compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
door-in-the-face technique
asking for large commitment and being refused.
pragmatics
aspects of language involving the practical way of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
Social-cognitive theory of Hypnosis
assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of the situation
representative heuristic
assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category
persuasion
attempt to change the belief, opinion, position or course of another person
Nightmares or REM Behavior Disorder
bad dreams, more common in children - may cause thrashing around
situational cause
behavior attributed to external factors
dispositional cause
behavior attributed to internal factors
aggression
behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
Incentive Apprroaches
behavior is explained in terms of external stimuli and its rewarding properties
exposure therapies
behavioral therapies that exposes individuals to anxiety or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning,
Psychological dependence
belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being; which increases with continued drug use
Taste & smell
both are chemical senses
amygdala
brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
positron emission tomography (PET)
brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar in injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain
computed tomography (CT)
brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience
branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning
axon terminals
branches at the end of the axon
dendrites
branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons
Microsleep
brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only seconds.
Microsleep
brieg sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
nerves
bundles of axons coated in myelin that travels together through the body
Depth Perception
capability to see in 3 dimensions to judge distance
glial cells
cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influences the generation of new neurons
obedience
changing one's behavior at the COMMAND of an authority figure
conformity
changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others
neurotransmitter
chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
Influence of Psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory or some combination of those abilities
antagonists
chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters
agonists
chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell
hormones
chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
Conditioned Emotional Response
children learn through observation of adults (fear of dogs, spiders)
vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.
intimacy
close emotional ties psychological, not physical
Phillip Zimbardo prison experiment
college students simulated prison
Marijuana
comes from the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant / Hashish is a concentrated form by scraping resin from the leaves. Produces a feeling of well-being, mild sensory distortions or hallucinations
bystander affect
effects the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help
subjective discomfort
emotional distress or emotional pain
conditional emotional response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.
Conditioned emotional responses (RATS)
emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur in response to learned stimuli; based on work of John B. Watson; helps explain development of phobias.
state dependent learning
emotional state aids as a retrieval cue
free association
encourages patients to talk freely and say whatever came to their mind, without fear of being insulted.
thyroid gland
endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism
pineal gland
endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin
pancreas
endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood
adrenal glands
endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sexual changes that occur during adolescence
attribution
explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
stress-vulnerability model
explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress
psychoanalysis
freud designed a therapy technique to help his patients feel more relaxed, open, and able to explore their innermost feelings without fear
Thinking or cognition
from a Latin word-meaning "to Know" - can be defined as mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information- organizing it, understanding it, and communicating it to others.
Secondary reinforcers
gain reinforcing properties through previous associations with primary reinforcers.
Genetic
genetics disorders carried thy recessive genes are expressed when a child gets two recessive genes.
Lowball technique
getting a commitment from a person, then raise the cost of that commitment
retrieval
getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used
Placebo Effect
give one the drug and the other a fake drug.
pituitary gland
gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)
endocrine glands
glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
group therapy
group of clients with similar problem get together to discuss
manic
having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
cognitive therapy
helping people change their way of thinking
Effects of aging on health
high blood pressure, skin cancer, heart problems, arthritis, and obesity.
storage
holding onto information for some period of time
Psychoanalysis
ideas put forth by Sigmund Freud
Concepts
ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities
Decision Making
identifying, evaluating and choosing among several alternatives
Law of Effect
if an action is followed by pleasant consequences, it will tend to be repeated
Short-tem Memory
if an incoming message is important enough the enter consciousness, that message will move from the sensory memory to the next stage of memory (unlike sensory memory - short term memories are held for up to 30 seconds or more.
Perceptual Illusions
illusions can be bases on sensory processes or assumptions made by the brain's visual system (example: water rasing over a hot road)
Physical development
important process is the development of reflexes, motor development & brain development
Arausal Approaches
in arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension-athletics /mental focus
transference
in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.
affect
in psychology, a term indicating "emotion" or "mood"
Stimulants
increase levels of functioning (uppers)
development of self-concept
infants begin life without understanding that they are separate from their surroundings, and also from the other people in their social world.
recency effect
information at the end is still in our memory due to short term memory
deep lesioning
insertion of a thin, insulated wire into brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire
Sternberg's triarchic theory
intelligence comprises three different aspects
Speaman's G factor (theory)
intelligence comprises two different abilities
three components of love
intimacy, passion, commitment
Psychosocial development
involves development of personality, relationships, and a sense of being male or female; process begins in infancy and continues into adulthood.(temperament, attachment)
Recognition
involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory
psychotherapy
involves one, couple, or small group working directly with a therapist to discus problems/concerns
funtional fixedness
involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical use.
Intellectual disability
is a neurodevelopmental disorder and is defined in several ways.
Need
is a requirement of some material that is essential for survival of the organism (such as water or food)
Hypnosis
is a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
Language
is a system for combining symbols for communication with others
Psychology
is not the study of weird people and odd behavior - it is the study of how each of us thinks, feels and acts in everyday life.
Insomnia
is the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep.
Intrinsic motivation
is the type of motivation in which a person performs and action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner
Cromosomes
issue may also occur if chromosomes having and extra or a missing pair.
History of psychology
it is approximately 130 years old -1879 in Germany with Willian Wundt (attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind.
Embryonic period
lasts from 2 weeks until 8 weeks after conception during this critical period a baby risks diseases, drugs and other toxins from the mother
Fetal Period
lasts from 8 weeks after conception to birth
law of effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.
conditioned response (CR)
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.
observational learning
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.
modeling
learning through observation and imitation of others.
Classical Conditioning
learning to elicit an involuntary response
classical conditioning
learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to as stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally reduces the reflex.
Classical conditioning
learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it.
unconscious mind
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
interpersonal attraction
liking or desire to have a relationship with someone else
Pituitry gland
located in the brain - identidies as the master gland with many fuctions.
decay
loss of memory due to the passage of time
dissociative amnesia
loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete
Sleep deprivation
loss of sleep - impairs memory and thought processes
electroencephalograph
machine designed to record the electroencephalogram
Correlation
measure the relationship beween 2 or more variables
Recall
memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form.
procedural memories
memories for skills and habits or things that people do
declarative memories
memories of facts or things people know
semantic memory
memory for meanings of words and concepts
episodic memory
memory of events or episodes
thinking (cognition)
mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others. Includes verbal and nonverbal processes. Examples: mental images, concepts.
synapse (synaptic gap)
microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell
Marijuana
mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers or a particular type of hemp plant.
biological model
model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
levels-of-processing model
model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the
information-processing model
model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory
five-factor model (Big Five)
model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions page 511
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.
intersexed or intersexual
modern term for a hermaphrodite, a person who possesses ambiguous sexual organs
cognitive perspective
modern theory in which classical condition is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.
Night terrors
more common in children, likely to disappear as a child grows older
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
more detailed imaging
Nerve Hearing Impairment
most common, problem usually with the inner ear
recognition
multiple choice questions and the answer needs to be recognized for retrieval
Alzheimer's Disease
nearly 5.3 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease - the most common type of dementia in adults & elderly - accounting for 60 to 80 percent of all cases of dementia. 1 of every 8 people over 65 has Alzheimer's disease
Narcolepsy
occurs in 1 of every 2,000 persons - when a person slips suddenly into REM sleep during the day - especially when a person is experiencing strong emotions.
Sleepwalking
occurs in about 20% of the population. more frequently in boys than girls.
Problem Solving
occurs when a goal most be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
higher-order conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.
proactive interference
occurs when information from the past disrupts newly learned information
encoding failure
occurs when the information does not make it past the initial encoding process
retroactive interference
occurs when the newly learned information with the memories of the information from the past
Damage to the central nervous system
once thought to be permanent. In recent years, great strides have been made in repairing spinal cord damage.
Case Studies
one individual studied in great detail
Disociation
one part of the mind is aware of actions/activities taking place, while the "hypnotized" part is not.
Alzheimer's disease
one type of dementia that is associated with severe memory loss
Consciousness
ones awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including your thoughts, sensations, and feelings
functional fixedness
only thinking about objects in terms of their typical uses (tunnel vision)
spermarche
onset of the production of sperm in males
divergent thinking
opposite of convergent thinking. Here a person starts at one point and comes up with many differnt, or divergent, ideas or possibitities based on that point.
stimulus substitution
original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
original, natural occurring stimulus that ordinarily leads to an involuntary response.
Conciousness
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
cortex
outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
Gardner's multiple intelligence (theory)
overall intelligence comprises nine different types (table 7.2)
Myths about immunization
page 326
frustration
pain can lead to aggression toward available target
sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
part of the ANS that is responsible for the reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal
parasympathetic division
part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands
cerebellum
part of the brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
thalamus
part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper areas
central nervous system (CNS)
part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
id
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious
superego
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
ego
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical
conscience
part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is
social role
pattern of behavior expected of in a particular social position
digit span memory test
people can hold 5 to 9 chunks of information in their short term memory, George Miller
compliance
people change behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change
elaboration likelihood model
people elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it
Adolescence
period of life from about age 13 to early 20s
Adulthood
period of life from early 20s until old age and death; age of onset can vary by culture.
sociocultural perspective
perspective in which abnormal behavior (like normal behavior) is seen as the product of the learning and shaping of behavior within the context of the family, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exist
biopsychosocial model
perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences
that's-not-all technique
persuader makes offer, then adds something extra make offer look better before the target person can make a decision
passion
physical aspect of love, not just sex
rules governing interpersonal attraction
physical attractiveness
memory trace
physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
conditional positive regard
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
unconditional positive regard
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
maintenance rehearsal
practice of saying some information to be remember over and over in one's head to maintain it in short term memory
realistic conflict theory
prejudice and discrimination increase between groups in conflict over a limited resource
reality principle
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Randomization
random selection of participants
Spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a previously extinguished CR (Conditioned response)
Electroencephalogramm - EEG
records electrical activity in the brain
all-or-none
referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all
learning/performance distinction
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.
constructive processing
referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information
biological prepardness
referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain association, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairing due to the survival value of the learning.
Nature
refers to heredity and the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, growth, intellect, social skills, etc..; behavioral genetics is relatively new field that attempts to identify genetic basis of behavior.
Nature
refers to heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
Nurture
refers to influences of the environment on inherited traits including parenting styles, socioeconomic status, physical surroundings, etc.
Thinking congnition
refers to mental activities that occur in the brain when processing, organizing, understanding, or communicating information to others.
Behavior Modification
refers to the application of operant conditioning ( and sometimes classical conditioning) to bring about behavior changes
Nurture
refers to the influence of the environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within the person.
reflection
reflecting what the patient just said
Stimulation of the pain receptor cells
releases a neuromodulator called substance P (for "pain," naturally).
Negative Reinforcement
removal of something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated
Negative reinforcer
removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus.
chunking
reorganizing information into meaningful units
Effects of Concussions
repeated concussions can cause men=mory problems, changes in personality, etc. and may not be evident for may years
Mantal Images
representations that stand in for objects
Conditioned response (CR)
response that is given to the CS.
synaptic knob
rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals
stnaptic vesicles
saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals
Primary reinforcers
satisfy basic biological needs (e.g. huger, thirst, touch)
fixed interval schedule of reinforcemnet
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule or reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.
social psychology
scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influened by others
anal stage
second stage occurring from about 1 or 1 and a half years of age, in which the anus in the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict
Endocrine glands
secrete chemicals called hormones into bloodstream; affect behavior and emotions by influencing the activity of the brain and by controlling muscles and organs such as the heart, pancreas, and sex organs.
Adrenal grands
secrete hormones to control stress
Thyroid gland
secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
occipital lobe
section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain
motor cortex
section of the frontal lobe located at the back responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system
parietal lobes
sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
Models of Memory: Information Processing model
sees memory as a sequencing process of the 3 processes / stages
stereotype
set of characteristics believed to be all members of a particular social catagory
encoding
set of mental operations people perform on sensory information to convert it into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems
major depression
severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause
schizophrenia
severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality
bipolar disorder
severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
Gonads
sex glands - ovaries & testes
gonads
sex glands; secretes hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction
Positron Emission Tomography - PET
shows the structure and changes of blood oxygen levels
atribution theory
situational cause
Sleep
sleep is one of the bodies biological rhythms, natural cycles of activity that the body must go through
Tranqulizers
sleeping pills
successive approximations
small steps n behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.
Shaping
small steps towards an ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal is reached
hypothalamus
small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex
out groups
social groups a person does not identify with "THEY"
in groups
social groups a person identifies with "US"
situational context
social or environmental setting of a person's behavior
pro-social behavior
socially desirable behavior that benefits others
Emotional Intelligence
some people have a lot of book smarts but no much common sense
false positive
someone recognizes a piece of information as memory even though it did not happen
Retrieval Cues
something associated with a memory (sound of a word or phrase, smell ......)
Punishment by removal
something pleasurable is removed.
Walking consciousness
state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert
Caffeine
stimulant found in coffee, tea, sodas, chocolate, and many over the counter drugs
Gate- control Theory of Pain
stimulation of pain receptor cells release a neuromodulator substance called substance P (for Pain) into the spinal cord which activates other neurons that send messages through spinal gates.
retrieval cue
stimulus that aids in the process of remembering
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.
Neuropsychology
study or the brain trauma
primacy effect
stuff at the beginning remembered due to rehearsal
panic attack
sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
false memory syndrome
suggestions from others create false or inaccurate memories
semantic network model
suggests that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other
Social-cognitive theory
suggests that people assume roles based on expectation for a given situation.
Narcotics
suppress the sensation of pain
5 Basic tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami
positive symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking
negative symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production
Withdrawal
symptoms when deprived of the drug - headaches, nausea, irritability to severe pain, cramping, shaking, and dangerously high blood pressure
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
synthesized from a grain fungus which commonly grows on ray grain. First manufactured in 1938 - one of the most powerful hallucinogens.
Erikson's table
table 8.4 page 333
flooding
technique for treating phobias and other stress related disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.
instinctive drift
tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
scape-goating
tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out group members who have little social power or influence
attribution bias
tendency to overestimate influence of internal factors in determining behavior of others
psychotic
term applied to a person who is no longer able to perceive what is real and what is fantasy
humanistic perspective
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
gonads
the 2 organs that develop in the embryo at about 5 weeks - neither male nor female
eidetic imagery
the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.
Neuroplaticity
the ability to change both the structure and function of the many cells in the brain
Neuroplasticity
the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma.
s factor
the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence
Selective Attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
selective attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
intelligent
the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively
Olfaction
the ability to smell odors.
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become sucessful
neuroplasticity
the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and the function to many cells in response to experience or trauma
Nicotine
the active ingredient in tobacco.
neuron
the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system
phonemes
the basic units of sound in language
Primary Sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.
echoic memory
the brief memory of something a person has just heard.
soma
the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Alcohol
the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
gender roles
the culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture
validity
the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).
temperament
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
encoding specificity
the environment aids as a retrieval cue
scrotum
the external sac that holds the testes
Psychological dependence
the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.
ovaries
the female gonads
ovaries
the female sexual glands
medulla
the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
Sensory Memory
the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems - eyes, ears........
prostate gland
the gland that secretes most of the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm
mammary glands
the glands within the breast tissue that produce milk when a woman gives birth to an infant
latent content
the hidden symbolic meaning of those events that would, if correctly interpreted, reveal the unconscious conflicts that were creating the nervous disorder
REM paralysis
the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.
Insomia
the inability to sleep
gender identity
the individual's sense of being male or female
Operant Conditioning
the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior (classical is automatic, involuntary behavior)
pons
the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, lefty-right body coordination, and arousal
Observational Learning
the learning of new behavior through watching the action of a model (someone who is doing that behavior)
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.
testes
the male gonads
testes
the male sex glands
short term memory
the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.
menstrual cycle
the monthly shedding of the blood and tissue that line the uterus in preparation for pregnancy when conception does not occur
subordinate concept
the most general form of type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"; superordinate refers to highest in status or standing.
cultural relativity
the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place
Drive
the notivation or action to satisfy a need
Punishment in Operant Conditioning
the opposite of reinforcement - any event or stimulus that when following a response causes that response to be less likely to happen again
penis
the organ through which males urinate and which delivers the male sex cells or sperm
person centered therapy
the patient is the center of the process
puberty
the period of physiological change that takes place in the sexual organs and reproductive system during late middle childhood and adolescence
resistance
the point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about certain topic
social interaction
the positive and negative aspects of people relating to others
gender typing
the process of acquiring gender-role characteristics
gender
the psychological aspects of identifying oneself as male or female
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of an pleasurable stimulus.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasure stimulus.
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
continuous reinforcemnt
the reinforcement of each and every correct response.
shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.
therapeutic alliance
the relationship between the client and therapist
action potential
the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
vagina
the tube that leads from the outside of the female's body to the opening of the womb
cerebral hemispheres
the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
personality
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
cerebrum
the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them
psychopharmacology
the use of drugs to control o relieve the symptoms of a psychological disorder
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.
sensory memory
the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.
Sound waves
the vibration of molecules of air that surround us.
uterus
the womb in which the baby grows during pregnancy
Lazarus's Cognitive Mediational Theory of Emotion
theory of emotion, a stimulus causes an immediate appraisal. The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.
Cannon-Bard Theory
theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.
Common sense theory
theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system.
James-Lang Theory
theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
insight therapy
therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts and feelings.
unconditional positive regard
therapist creates a warm, accepting, uncritical atmosphere with the people they work with
authenticity
therapist must show.. a genuine, open, honest response to individual
empathy
therapist needs to be able to see the world through the patients eyes, being understanding about what they are feeling
directive
therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behaviors or actions.
cyberthreapy
therapy offered online
nondirective
therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client.
biomedical therapy
therapy with use of drug, surgery, etc.
corpus callosum
thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
phallic stage
third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings
Wechsler test
this intelligence test is preferred in the US. IQ scores based on individual deviation IQ scores rather than a ratio. These tests are designed for specific age groups and can be administered individually.
Stanford-Binet test
this test used a ratio of mental age to chronological age to determine and individual's intelligence quotient or IQ
dissociative fugue
traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information
discrimination
treating people differently do to prejudice toward their social group
therapy
treatments aimed to make people feel better and function more effectively
evidence based treatment
treatments that have already been proven to work
algorithms
very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.
iconic memory
visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second, George Sperling
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
wanted psychology to focus on the things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one's own destiny page 507-508
serial position effect
we remember stuff more towards the beginning and end of a list
Spontaneous Recovery
when a conditioned response briefly reappears
Insight
when a solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind. -the mind may be reorganizing a problem while a person is thinking about something else.
Altered state of consciousness
when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of our mental activity - thoughts become fussy or disorganized (dreams, drunk, drugs)
Stage 1 - Light Sleep
when your body can jerk
Waking consciousness
when your thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized and they feel alert.
Optimist
• expect positive outcomes
Type B personality
•Relaxed and laid back
Stress coping strategies
•actions that master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors
Type A personality
•ambitious time conscious, hardworking
(Type H)
•challenges are not overwhelming
Pessimists
•expect negative outcomes
Type C personality
•pleasant but repressed
