PSYC 1001 General Psychology Ciccarelli White Fourth Edition Ch. 1-15, some redundancy

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Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- Reliving dangerous and stressful events in dreams, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.

Sensation seeking motive

- Require a high level of arousal to feel satisfied.

Drive reduction theory

- Requirements essential for survival.

Ego

- Resides in the conscious level, is governed by the reality principle.

Superego

- Resides in the preconscious, is governed by the morality principle.

Sympathetic System

- Responds to stressful events.

Parasympathetic System

- Restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased.

Conflict

- Result of an individual being pulled by two or more goals.

Responses to frustration

- Result of feeling frustration.

Euestress

- Results from positive events.

Structure of the brain

- Reticular formation.

Hallucination

- Seeing and hearing things that aren't there

Oedipus complex

- Son's sexual attraction towards his mother.

James Lange's Theory of Emotion

- Stimulus leads to bodily arousal.

Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory

- Stimulus leads to bodily arousal.

Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion

- Stimulus leads to brain activity and the thalamus sends a message to the cerebral cortex + sympathetic nervous system.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

- Surgical procedure used to treat several disabling neurological symptoms—most commonly the debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems.

Projective tests

- Tests that were constructed so as to tap the unconscious aspects of a person's personality.

Id

- The childlike, infantile aspect of one's personality, governed by the pleasure principle.

Unconscious

- The level of mind in which it is revealed through dreams, slips of tongue, remains hidden at all times.

Conscious

- The level of mind in which it is the awareness of here and now.

Preconscious

- The level of mind where all information is kept, but the person is not aware of it.

Self-efficacy

- The person's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance and more so in accomplishing a goal.

Biomedical therapy

- Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

- Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts

Sublimation

- Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior.

Aaron Beck's rational emotive therapy

- Type of cognitive behavior therapy

Scientific method

1. Perceiving the Question

Identity v. Role Confusion

13 to early 20s; adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult.

Lewis Terman

1877-1956. Cognitive psychologist well known for his longitudinal study of gifted children, affectionately referred to as Terman's Termites

Spearman's G Factor

2 factors:

States of sleep

2 kinds of sleep. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep

Embryonic Period

2 weeks to 8 after conception; once attached to the uterus, embryo begins to form.

Type C personality

- Pleasant people that find it difficult to express their negative emotions.

Projection

- Putting the blame of one's unacceptable thoughts on others.

Inventories

- Questionnaires, requiring specific responses in the form of "yes" or "no."

Yerkes Dodson Law

- Relation between task performance and arousal.

Language

A system for combining symbols ( such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.

Overlap

A technique in which the illusion of depth is created by placing one object in front of another. (MC) https://farm1.staticflickr.com/94/212339449_2b4bd484a3_m.jpg

Drive-reduction Theory

A theory that proposes a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior. Composed of primary and secondary drives.

Deviation IQ Score

A type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

behavior therapies

action based rather than insight based, aimed to change behavior

working memory

active system that processes the information in short-term memory

Instints

biological and innate patterns of behavior (mating, safety)

Heroin

Narcotic drug derived from opium, that is extremely addictive.

Morphine

Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.

Hallucinogens

cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations and can cause sensory distortions

Color blindnes

caused by defective cones in the retina of the eye

Neuratransmission

caused via chemicals suspended in fluid

Mescaline

Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.

Psilocybin

Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.

Descriptive Methods

Naturalistic Observation

Descriptive data collection

Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, survey.

Descriptive data colletion

Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, survey.

Need for affiliation (nAff)

Need to have friends

Burnout

Negative thoughts emotions, and behavior

Peripheral Nervous Sustem

Nerves and neurons not located in the brain

Smell

Nerves at the top of the nasal passages

Giftedness

Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points above average (at about 130 IQ points)

spatial neglect

condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

Extinction

Presentation of the CS (conditioned response) in the absence of the UCS (unconditioned response) lead to reduction in the CR (conditioned response).

Night terrors

Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.

Continuity

Rule of perception; objects that form a continuous form (such as a trail or geometric figure) are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

Closure

Rule of perception; tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. https://o.quizlet.com/wOwQRDbiJkvElqxA6kycQw_m.jpg

Proximity

Rule of perception; tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as a part of the same grouping.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.

Measuring intelligence

Stamford-Binet: IQ=MA/CAx100

Altered states of consciousness

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Waking consciousness

State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear, organized and the person feels alert.

Hypnosis

State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.

Amphetamines

Stimulants that are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature.

Position emission Tomography (P.E.T.)

Used for imaging function; involves injection of a radioactive tracer that binds to glucose, records activity of cells that use radioactive glucose.

Psychological dependence

User believes drug is needed to function.

Afterimage

A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed (green and yellow flag). https://o.quizlet.com/UV0rxtHJwp4iUlIFwt5Rrg_m.png

Size Constancy

Ability of the visual perceptual system to recognize that an object remains constant in size regardless of its distance from the observer or the size of its image on the retina. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4049/5132242358_42134a1434_m.jpg

Depth perception

Ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. Made possible by differential information from the eyes.

Glands

Are organs in the body that secrete chemicals; some affect functioning of the body but not behavior; others have widespread influence on the body and behavior.

Neurotansmitters

Are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body.

Taste buds

Are the common name for the taste receptor cells, special kinds of neurons found in the mouth that are responsible for the sense of taste, or gustation.

Sound waves

Are the vibration of the molecules of air that surround us. Sound waves do have the same properties of light waves though-wavelength, amplitude, and purity.

Critical Period

As soon as embryo receives nourishment from placenta, it is at risk of contracting any diseases mothers may have, as well as toxins, and drug dependency and damage.

Surveys

Ask questions about topic researchers are studying via telephone, internet, or a questionnaire.

Instinct

Biologically determined innate patterns of behavior

Trust v. Mistrust

Birth to 1 year; Infant learns a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met.

Physical Dependence

Body becomes unable to function normally without the drug - addicted

Theta waves

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

Alpha waves

Brain waves that indicates a state of relaxation or light sleep

Microsleeps

Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

Brain

True core of the nervous system: takes information from senses, processes it, make decisions, sends commands to rest of the body.

Germinal Period

Two-week period when zygote begins dividing and moving down to the uterus, then attaching to the uterine wall.

Intrinsic Motivation

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because of the act itself is rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner.

Divergent Thinking

Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.

Convergent Thinking

Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer using previous knowledge and logic.

Gene

Unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring. Held to determine some characteristics of offspring.

Catastrophe

Unpredictable events that happen on a large scale

Pressure

Urgent demands coming from and outside source (can have a negative impact on ability to be creative

Cognitive perspective

With its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem-solving, language, and learning has become a major force in psychology.

neuroscience

a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structures and functions of neurons, nerves, and nervous system

Narcotics

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Positive Reinforcement

a pleasurable consequence (reward) that will increase the likelihood of a response being repeated

Convergent Thinking

a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer

convergent thinking

a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer

Disorganized Disoriented

Child finds it difficult to decide on a reaction to the mother's presence or their return. Even afraid to make eye contact with mother.

Sensorimotor Stage

First stage of CD; birth to 2 years; children explore their senses and their ability to move; develop object permanence; concepts and mental images begin to represent objects, people, and events.

... provide constructive feedback about effort.

According to Dweck, the best parenting advice one can give to help children succeed is ...

three components of attitude

Affective (feeling)

3 types of needs

Affiliation: people seek to be liked by others

Teratogen

Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect.

Emotion

Feeling aspect of consciousness.

Case studies

Individual is studied in greater detail, researchers try to learn everything they can about the individual.

Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Mental Images

Mental representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture-like quality

gestalt therapy

form of directive, insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing.

latency stage

fourth stage occurring in the school years, in which sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

infantile amnesia

inability to remember events from early life

retrograde amnesia

inability to retrieve memories from the past

Chromosome disorders

include Down syndrome (an extra chromosome in the 21st pair

Stimulants

increase functioning of nervous system. Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine.

borderline personality disorder

maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

testosterone

male hormone or androgen that is released due to a gene on the y chromosome causing the wolffian ducts to develop into male sex organs

androgens

male hormones

State 3 - Delt waves roll in

deepest sleep, referred to as slow-wave sleep - growth hormones are released and the body is at its lowest level of functioning.

Barbiturates

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.

postpartum depression

depression occurring within a year after giving birth in about 10 percent of women and that includes intense worry about the baby, thoughts of suicide, and fears of harming the baby

4 Goals of Psychology

describe, explain, predict, and control

Primary goals of Psychology are 4:

describe, explain, predict, and control

Psychology 4 primary goals are

description, ecplanation, prediction and control.

norms

determined by the standardization group selected by the researchers and should be a representative sample of the population who will be taking the test.

Secondary sex characteristics

develop during puberty and only indirectly involved in human reproduction

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

developed first formal test for intelligence, used to determine a child's mental age.

conditioned taste aversions

development of a nausea or aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

Cultural bias

different cultures may perceive data differently (language skills)

cognitive dissonance

discomfort or distress that occurs when one's behavior does not correspond to one's attitudes

amnesia

disorder characterized by severe memory

generalized anxiety disorder

disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more

antisocial personality disorder

disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

obsessive-compulsive disorder

disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion)

panic disorder

disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life

dissociative identity disorder

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalitites within one body

culture-bound syndromes

disorders found only in particular cultures

personality disorders

disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

mood disorders

disorders in which mood is severely disturbed

anxiety disorders

disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

dissociative disorder

disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination

depersonalization disorder

dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

Depressants

downers

Activation -symthesis hypothesis

dreams are the product of random signals, with brain forming explanation of signals based on memories and other information.

Stage 2 - Sleep Spindles

drift further into sleep, heart slows down and body temp decreases

antianxiety drugs

drug to relieve symptoms of anxiety

Anphetamines

drugs that are synthesized in the lab

Benzodiazepines

drugs that lower anxiety and reduces stress.

Broca's aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

Wernicke's aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

Sleep apnea

consists of loud snoring and stopped breathing.

Narcolepsy

consists of sudden onset of REM sleep during otherwise walking hours.

Pineal gland

controls several biological rhythms

Right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

Pancreas

controls the level of blood sugar

Left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

hallucinations

false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist

myelin

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

claustrophobia

fear of being in a small, enclosed space

acrophobia

fear of heights

social phobia

fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative consequence

panic disorder with agoraphobia

fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events

estrogens

female hormones

recall

filling in the blanks for retrieval

Measuring intelligence

first format test created by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to help identify French students who needed more help with learning

oral stage

first stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict

psychosexual stages

five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

psychodynamic therapy

focus more on transference, it's shorter in duration that traditional psychoanalysis

Functionalism

focus on how the mind allows people to function in the world - how people work, play and adapt to their surroundings.

Structuralism

focus on the structure of the mind - every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.

Biopsychological perspective

focuses on influences of hormones, brain structures and chemicals, disease, etc;

Sociocultural perspective

focuses on the behavior of individuals as the result of the presence (real or imagined) of other individuals, as part of groups of a larger culture.

Evolutionary Perspetive

focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans exhibit.

prejudice

negative unsupported attitude about members of a particular group

motor pathway

nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons

sensory pathway

nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow

mirror neurons

neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another

Note

not all chage in behavior is accomplished through learning

token economy

objects known as tokens giving when behaving correctly (a child gets a sticker to get ice cream)

vicarious conditioning

observation of other's actions and reactions

diffusion of responsibility

person fails to take responsibility d/t the presence of others who are seen to share the responsibility

pleasure principle

principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

Mental Sets

problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

trial and error (mechanical solution)

problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.

Conductive Hearin Impairment

problems with the mechanics of the ear / sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum

reuptake

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

enzymatic degradation

process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor

problem solving

process of cognition that occurs when a goal just be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

consolidation

process of physically storing a memory in your brain

retrieval

process of pulling memories out of long term memory

MDMA (ecstasy)

produces a mixture of psycho-motor stimulants and hallucinogenic effects - Can cause depression, raised body temperature, and dehydration

Howard Gardner

proposed that at least nine different kinds of intelligence exist, proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Charles Spearman

proposed that intelligence was split between two abilities; g-factor and s-factor. Believed that intelligence could be measured using standardized tests.

altruism

prosocial behavior done with no expectation of reward

cognitive psychologists

psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information

Secundaty Reinforcer

something that gets its reinforcement through association with primary reinforcers (money)

Punishment by application

someting unpleasant is added to the situation.

stem cells

special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaces due to damage or wear and tear

Neuron

specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within the system

Sensory Receptors

specialized forms of neurons, the cells that make up the nervous system.

hermaphroditism

the condition of possessing both male and female sexual organs

semantics

the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Human development

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

secondary sex characteristics

the sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction

primary sex characteristics

the sexual organs present at birth and directly involved in human reproducation

Sensory Thresholds

the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is determinable.

resting potential

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior

Long -term Memory

the system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

long term memory

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

syntax

the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforce after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

reliability

the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people

misinformation effect

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

all-or-nothing thinking

the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

minimization

the tendency to give little or no importance to one's success or positive events and traits

overgeneralization

the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never ending pattern of defeat and failure

magnification

the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

axon

tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells

olfactory bulbs

two bulb-like projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose

flashbulb memories

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

psychological defense mechanisms

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduces stress and anxiety

causes for Intellectual disability

unhealthy living conditions can affect brain development- lead poisoning, mercury, malnutrition

aversion therapy

use unpleasant stimulus every time the client does what they are trying to stop

automatic encoding

used to describe the memory process when we aren't actively paying attention to the information

Physical dependence

user's body needs a drug to function; drug tolerance and withdrawal are warning signs/symptoms.

Wechsler Tests (WAIS)

uses a variety of verbal and performance subtest to provide and overall score of intelligence and index scores related to four specific cognitive domains

behavior modification

using learning techniques to change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

eclectic

using more than one treatment approach

character

value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior

Brain

core of the nervous system - part that makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body.

hippocampus

curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

commitment

decisions one makes about the relationship

Evolutionary perspective

focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, the universality of fear, and why we enjoy things like music and dance.

Gestalt Psychology

focuses on the study of sensation and perception. Gestalt is a German word meaning "an organized whole"

... basal metabolic rate.

- BMR stands for ...

Incentives

Things that attract or lure people to act.

Assimilation

-minority person gives up the old cultural identity

the choices for reducing dissonance

1) change conflicting behavior

Freud's psycho-sexual stage

1. Oral

... personality.

Longevity is linked to one's ...

CT Scam - Computer Tomography

series of X-rays

nurture

the role a person's environment plays in his or her development

Insight

"Aha" moment when a solution seems to appear in a flash, usually based on reorganization of information.

Military

"Signature Wound" is and injury that is suffered by a substantial number of veterans in a particular war- "shell shock" from WWI &PTSD from Vietnam

Milgram study

"Teacher" administered shocks to "learner"

The building blocks of development

"genetics" is the science of heredity

Sleepwalking

(Somnambulism) occurs in 20% of the population and is partially due to heredity

Intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

Soloman Asch study (1951)

(would participants change response in order to fit in with the group?)

Memory retrieval Problems

* Misinformation Effect

Structure of the ear

* Outer

2 kinds of Punishment

* Punishment by Application - something unpleasant is applied (spanking)

Effects of Sleep - Exercise - Diet on Memory

* Sleep deprivation interferes with memory

Stanford-Binet

* Terman (researcher at Stanford translated and revised Binet's test

Cognitive development

* cognitive skills often highest in 20s; processing and reaction time slow in middle age but are often compensated by greater life and situational knowledge

Cognitive development

* continued maturation of the frontal lobes allows cognitive advances (e.g., abstract thought/Piaget's formal operations)

Language development

* cooing

giftedness

* criteria : IQ >130 (2 SD above mean)

Building block of development

* genetics

Test construction

* good test are both valid and reliable

Physical development

* increase in height and changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

* neurodevelopment disorder that involves issues in thinking, feeling, language, and social interactions.

Moral development

* understanding of what is "right" and "wrong"

3 processes of memory

*Putting it in - Encoding

causes of intellectual disability

*environmental: toxics such as lead or mercury

Prenatal development

*fertilization, the zygote, and twinning

Physical development

*young adulthood, few changes

Tardive dyskinesia

- A condition affecting the nervous system, often caused by long-term use of some psychiatric drugs.

Personality disorders

- A disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

Contingency contract

- A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated.

Roger's client-centered therapy

- A non-directive insight therapy in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.

Lack of love and developing faulty patterns of dealing with others.

- According to Karen Horney, what causes us to develop a neurotic personality?

Discrimination

- Acting out on the basis of prejudice is called discrimination.

Type H personality

- Also known as Hardy personality.

Type A personality

- Ambitious, workaholics, competitive, feel pressured to do several things at once, and are prone to heart disease.

Rating Scales

- Assessor assigns a numerical rating for specific behaviors.

Archetypes

- Collective, universal human memories

Cultural Relativity

- Considering the unique aspects of the culture in which a person with a disorder was raised to be able to correctly diagnose the disorder and treat it.

Trephining

- Cutting holes in the skull to release the demons inside.

Pressure

- Demands to work harder from within for an external result.

Defense mechanism of rationalization

- Denial, rationalization, repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, identification, compensation, sublimation.

Regression

- During stress resorting to childish patterns of behavior.

Type B personality

- Easy going, relaxed, at peace.

Secondary appraisal

- Estimating the resources needed to deal with stress.

Primary appraisal

- Estimating the stress and assessing if it is a threat, a challenger or a loss that one has incurred.

Bipolar disorder

- Experiencing major depressive episodes to experiencing severe manic episodes with depressive phase which gives way to manic phase that lasts usually for a few weeks to few months.

Displacement

- Expressing feelings on to a weaker target.

Aversion conditioning

- Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.

Reaction formation

- Forming an attitude that is directly opposite of one's threatening thoughts.

Foot-in-the-door technique

- Giving an easy prize in order to influence achieving a harder prize.

Altruism

- Helping others without expecting anything in return.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

- Helps treat severe depression.

Leptin hormone

- Hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food.

criteria of intellectual disability

- IQ <70(2 SD bellow mean)

Usefulness of IQ tests

- IQ tests are generally valid for predicting academic success and job performance

Identification

- Identifying with others to overcome one's anxiety.

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

- In what way is compliance different from conformity?

Obsessive compulsive disorder

- Individual has persistent thoughts, and engages in ritualistic repetitive actions.

Hofstede's theory of cultural personality

- Individualism/collectivism

Sternberg's types of love

- Intimacy (emotional ties)

Phobia

- Irrational fear

Severe depression and bipolar disorder

- Lithium is prescribed in the treatment of which disorder?

Delusions

- Loss of contact with reality and perceptual filtering.

Groupthink

- Maintaining group unity and cohesiveness.

Maslow's need hierarchy

- Maslow's hierarchical arrangement of needs in the shape of a pyramid.

Freud's theory

- Mind is divided into preconscious, conscious, and unconscious.

Anti-anxiety drugs

- Minor tranquilizers that reduce anxiety.

Intrinsic motivation

- Motivation coming from within rather from an external environment.

Prejudice

- Negative attitudes towards members of a particular social group.

Social loafing

- Not doing your portion of the assigned work.

Emotion-focused coping

- One may view the problem not as a threat, but as a challenge.

Problem-focused coping

- One tries to reduce the effects of stress by meeting the problem head on and trying to solve it.

OCEAN

- Openness (willingness to try new things)

Fundamental attribution error

- Overestimate the influence of dispositional causes and undermine situational causes.

Anxiety, depression, anger, and frustration

- What are mental symptoms of stress?

Stressors, events that cause stress.

- What are the sources of stress?

Causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

- What is the criteria of abnormal behavior?

Playing violent video games is linked to increased aggression.

- What is the relation between aggression and playing violent video games?

Acculturative stress

- When one has to adapt oneself to a new culture.

Cognitive dissonance

- When your attitude to something doesn't match your behavior.

Western culture

- Which culture considers mental illness as shameful?

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine.

- Which neurotransmitters are implicated in mood disorders?

Hippocrates

- Who gave the explanation of an imbalance in the bodily fluids as causing mental disorders?

An individual with a particular set of religious or philosophical beliefs which are not in consonance with he mainstream groups.

- Who is most likely a candidate to join a cult?

Shortage of money, dangerous/unhealthy living situations, inferiority, not being in control of life.

- Why is living in poverty stressful?

concepts

- are ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities

Stereotypes

- members of a social category are believed to share a set of characteristics.

Free-floating anxiety

- nxiety that is unrelated to any

problem solving and decision making

- thinking and behaving in certain way to reach a goal

insight

-"aha" moments when solution seems to appear in a flash

Structuralism

-Expanded by Wundt's original ideas; believes every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations.

Functionalism

-Influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection- focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world.

Acculturation

-Process of adapting to a new or different culture

Problem-focused coping

-Strategies eliminate the source of stress

mental images

-are representations for objects or events used in mental activities.

creativity

-consists of new ways of combining ideas or behavior

primary effect

-first impression one has about a person

Marginalization

-not affiliated with dominant or original culture

Emotional a focused coping

-strategies that change the impact if a stressor

Neuron Fire

...

factors in persuasion

1) source of the message

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

1-3 years; toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions.

4 key steps of Hypnosis

1. focus on what is being said.

Alcohol

10 to 20 millions people un the U.S. are alcoholics

formal operations

12 years to adulthood

Adolescence

12-20 years

Intimacy v. Isolation

20s to 30s; young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in an ongoing, close, personal relationship.

Initiative v. Guilt

3-5 years; Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control.

receptor sites

3-dimentinal proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

Generativity v. Stagnation

40s to 50s; the focus of this task is to find a way to be creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation.

Nicotine

430,000 people in the U.S. die from smoking illnesses every​ year

Chromosomes

46 are found in the nucleos of a cell- 23 come from the mother's egg and 23 from the father's sperm. Female is X and Male is Y

Stages of Death and dying

5 styles:

Industry v. Inferiority

5-12 years; school aged child must learn new skills in both the academic world and the social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure.

Ego Integrity v. Despair

60s and beyond; the task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been.

Fetal Period

8 weeks until birth-date (of fetus). Tremendous growth happens.

Figure-ground Relationships

A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background. https://o.quizlet.com/t71BR7hSR9klukNYVSwV6A_m.jpg

Functional Fixedness

A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.

Menopause

A later stage in a woman's life when the levels of the female estrogen decline as the body's reproductive system prepares to cease that function. (40s and onward)

Yerkes-Dodson Theory

A law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance, when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal are better for performance.

DNA

A molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Linear Perspective

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. (MC) https://farm1.staticflickr.com/202/524122349_43de627201_m.jpg

Texture Gradient

A monocular cue in which an object appears closer to the viewer because it has a more detailed, distinct texture. https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2114/2133417156_ae3d02d331_m.jpg

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100.

Sensation Seeker

A person who seems to need more complex and varied sensory experiences than others.

Consciousness

A person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior.

Perceptual Set

A predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way, based off of experiences or expectations. https://o.quizlet.com/ffn.l5DFfBg1-Jf-ESNzWQ_m.jpg

Erik Erikson

A psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality.

REM behavior disorder

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

Night terrors

A rare disorder, are more likely in children and also likely to disappear as the child grows older.

Need

A requirement of some material that is essential for the survival of the organism.

Mental Age

Alfred Binet decided that the key element to be tested was ___ or the average age at which children could successfully answer specific levels of questions.

Intellectual Disability

Also known as developmental delay. IQ score of 70 or lower, 3% of the US. Condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are at the same chronological age, may also be referred to as developmentally decayed. This condition was formerly known as mental retardation

Display Rules

Although emotions may appear to be universal, when, where and how those emotions are expressed may be determined by culture.

Absotute threshold

An absolute threshold is the lower level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

Heuristic

An educated guess based on the experiences that help narrow down the ;possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb".

Basic Level Type

An example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog", "cat" or "pear"

Moon Illusion

An illusion in which the moon appears to be larger when it is on or near the horizon than when it is high in the sky. https://o.quizlet.com/EQBjAGWL84v4uQhIfIZAFw_m.png

Sleep deprivation

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in concentration and irritability.

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

Any stages of sleep that do not include REM

Behaviorism

Associated with work of John B. Watson, who was greatly influenced by Ivan Pavlov's work in conditioning/learning.

Neuropsychology

Athletics

4 Elements

Attention - Memory - Imitation - Desire

social catagorization

Automatic, occurs without conscious awareness

Self-determination theory (STD)

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness

Nightmare

Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Based from Darwin; the idea suggesting that facial expressions and other behaviors provide feedback to the brain that can cause or intensify a specific emotion.

Computed Tomography (CT Scam)

Based on X-ray technology; good for imaging brain structure, especially when there is metal in the body.

Humanistic Approaches

Bases on Maslow's theory of self-actualization, which is a process of satisfying the lower needs to achieve ones full human potential (seldom achieved)

Extinction

Behavior ceases after lack of stimuli

Nightmares or REM behavior disorder

Being able to act out one's dreams, especially nightmares.

Cornea

Bends light waves to the image can be focused on the retina.

Stimulus

Can be defined as any object, event or experience that causes a response

Somatic Nervous System

Cell bodies which carry messages from the nerves to control the senses and voluntary muscles.

Fovea

Central area of retina; greatest density of photo receptors (cone cells).

Lens

Changes shape to bring objects into focus.

Sociocultural Perspective

Combines 2 areas of study -social psychology (study of social roles) & cultural psychology (study of cultural norms)

The Peripheral Nervous System

Comprised of the nerves and neurons not contained in the brain and spinal cord; allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems and to control the muscles and glands of the body; divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Natural concepts

Concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world.

Formal Concepts

Concepts that are defined by specific rules or features.

Athletics

Concussions are 9% of sports related injuries in high school-increasing in colleges

Physical dependence

Condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Conduction Hearing impairment

Conduction hearing impairment, or conductive hearing loss, refers to problems with the mechanics of the outer or middle ear and means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea.

Avoidance-avoidance confluct

Conflict around choosing between two undisarable goals

Approach- approach conflict

Conflict over choic between two desirable goals

(Most stressful)

Conflict over choice with one goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Central Nervous System

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

Retina

Contains photo receptor cells (rods & cones); responsible for absorbing and processing light information.

Hunger

Controlled by hormonal influences; insulin & glucagon; leptin; influenced by social cues and convention.

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls all other body functions- organ, glands, involuntary muscles

Autonomic nervous system

Controls automatic functions of the body (organs, glands, involuntary muscles.

Somatic nervous system

Controls the voluntary muscles of the body; involves the sensory pathway (sensory neurons carrying information to spinal cord and /or brain) and the motor pathway (nerves that carry information to voluntary skeletal muscles).

Hassle

Daily annoyances that are good predictors or short term illness. The perception of the hassle is more important than the hassle itself

N3 State 3 and 4

Deepest stage of sleep; delta activity makes up 20% to more than 50% of EEG activity; the body is at the lowest level of functioning and people are hard to awaken; sleep disorders such as sleepwalking and night terrors occur in this stage.

Kübler-Ross' Stages of Death and Dying

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

Monocular Cues

Depth cues that are based on one eye.

Binocular Cues

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes

Longitudinal Design

Design used in development; in which one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.

MDMA (Ecstasy or X)

Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.

Cross-sequential Design

Development design; a combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design.

Cross-sectional Design

Development design; several different age groups are studied at once.

Gestalt psychology

Did not believe that psychological events could be broken down into smaller elements, could only be understood as a whole, entire event; has influenced field of cognitive psychology and a form of psychological therapy. Gestalt therapy

Sleep apnea

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or so.

Conflict

Distress over choice between two different and incompatible or opposing goals

R (R&K REM)

Dreaming occurs, including nightmares, eye move rapidly under the eyelids and EEG indicates the presence of beta, but the body is typically still, due to sleep paralysis, REM behavior disorder occurs when the body is not still or acts out dreams, usually seen in men over 60.

Acquired (Secondary) Drive

Drive learned through experience or conditioning.

Primary Drive

Drive that involves survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst. Maintaining homeostasis

Hallucinogenics

Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.

Psychoactive drugs

Drugs that alter thinking, perception and memory.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.

Depressants

Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.

Stimulants

Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

Stimulatory hallucinogenics

Drugs that produce a mixed of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

N2 State 2

EEG sleep spindles appear, theta activity is predominant, body temperature continues to drop, heart rate and breathing slow.

Jean Piaget

Early researcher who developed the four stages of cognitive development from his detailed observations with infants and children. Suggested that they form mental concepts of schemes as they experience new situations or events.

Group think

Emphasis on maintaining group cohesiveness,

Lateral hypothalamus

Encourages eating when glucose levels decreased.

Development of self-concept

Erikson: 8 stages of psychosocial development

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory, or how easy it is for us to think of related examples.

Secondary appraisal

Estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

Primary appraisal

Estimating the severity of a stressor.

Distress

Experience unpleasant stressors

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how people think, remember, store and use information (1960's).

Structuralism

Founded by Edward Titchener.

Gestalt psychology

Founded by Max Wertheimer.

Functionalism

Founded by Willian James.

Formal Operations Stage

Fourth stage of CD; 12-adulthood; at this age person can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events, think about logical possibilities, and use abstract analogies.

Dreams

Freud believed that dreams are a kind of wish fulfillment - with hidden meanings

Problem w/problem solving

Functional fixedness

The middle ear

Hammer, anvil and stirrup. The three tiny bones in the middle ear are known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, each name stemming from the shape of the respective bone.

Psychologist

Has a doctorate degree and works with either humans or animals.

Psychiatric social worker

Has training in areas of social work and often has a professional license to practice.

Depressants

Have sedative effect. Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, alcohol, narcotics like morphine, heroin, methadone.

Means-end analysis

Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference.

Leptin

Hormone that controls appetite.

Stress is on accomplishing a common goal through unified and collective action.

How does jigsaw classroom operate?

Lazarus cognitive appraisal approach

How stressors is thought about influences how stressful that stressor will become

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanistic theory in which Abraham Maslow proposed that there a several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment.

Concepts

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities. Ranked from general to specific by applying the terms superordinate, basic level type, and subordinate.

Law of effect

If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If the action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Relative Size

If two objects are the same size, the one with the smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away. (MC) https://o.quizlet.com/g.rx.o9LR332RV4XEjTM0w_m.jpg

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Image brain function through tracking changes in blood oxygen levels; increase in oxygen levels associated with increased functioning.

Physical Development

Immediately after birth, body systems start to function. (Respiratory, circulatory, temperature, digestion)

Avoidant

In contrast to secure, children are somewhat willing to explore, and indifferent to the mother or stranger's presence.

Grasping Reflex

In infancy when a child grasps to anything that makes contact with his or her hand.

Startle Reflex

In infancy when a child's body becomes stiff due to startling sounds, or a hunch that they might fall.

Rooting Reflex

In infancy when you touch a baby's cheek it will turn toward your hand.

Sucking Reflex

In infancy, its the child's instinct to search for its mother for nourishment.

Nerve hearing impairment

In nerve hearing impairment, or sensorineural hearing loss, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical area of the brain.

Generativity

In parenting, providing guidance to one's children or the next generation. Also contributing to the well-being of children through career and volunteer work.

Extrinsic Motivation

In this motivation, a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome separate from the person (money, fame, praise, etc).

Sleep disorders

Include a variety of problems that can interfere with sleep.

REM rebound

Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.

Secure

Infants labeled as _____, were willing to get down from their mother's lap soon after entering the room with them.

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Inhibits eating when glucose levels increased.

Extremes of Intelligence

Intellectual Disability

Lazarus' cognitive-mediational theory

Interpretation of the stimulus is an important aspect of emotional reaction.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Pupil

Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Is a developmental disorder involving behavioral and cognitive aspects of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

The nervous system

Is a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

Self Actualization

Is a point that is seldom reached, at which people have satisfied lower needs and reached their full human potential. Maslow term.

Color blindness

Is a total lack of color perception, whereas color-deficient vision refers to color perception that is limited primarily to yellows and blues or reds and greens only.

Learning

Is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Sleep

Is one of the body's daily biological rhythms; sleep-wake cycle controlled by the brain including the hypothalamus and the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Neuroscience

Is the field of study that deals with the structure of the brain and components of the nervous system.

Motivation

Is the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

Neuron

Is the specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system.

What is Psychology?

It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Nervous System

Its composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Iris

Its muscles control the size of the pupil.

Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist working with dogs who saw that unrelated stimuli could be associated with a reflex ( an involuntary action) and make a dog salivate.

Taste buds

Known as the taste receptor cells - neurons in the mouth (most are located on the tongue).

Uncontrollability

Less control, greater degree of stress

Spinal Cord

Long bundle of neurons that carries information to and away from the brain, helps control pain responses.

Delta waves

Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.

Absolute Threshold

Lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation

Integration

Maintaining one's original cultural identity

Gardner's multiple Intelligence

Measures intelligence by 9 factors

Psychiatrist

Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication.

Psychiotrist

Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication.

Cognition (thinking)

Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.

Schemes

Mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations or events.

Meditation

Mental exercises to refocus attention

Ambivalent

Mixed feelings; clinging to mothers and unwilling to explore, upset by the presence of the stranger. Hard to soothe when mother is absent.

Stimulus Motive

Motive that appears unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation. (Curiosity, playing, exploration)

Primary motives

Motives that are absolutely essential for a person to satisfy.

Acquired motives

Motives that are shaped through experiences and are unique to each person.

Maladaptive Eating

Obesity: body weight is 20% more than ideal; anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; binge-eating disorder.

Aerial Perspective

Objects that are farther away appear to be blurred or hazy. (MC) https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7206/6776113034_63b8925f21_m.jpg

Shape Constancy

Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas, but we know the shape of an object remains constant. https://o.quizlet.com/.V.waV3VRtdxUj-QSRe4.g_m.jpg

Laboratory Observation

Observation in a laboratory/created environment

Naturalistic Observation

Observation in the normal environment

Laboratory observation

Observe people or animals in laboratory setting

Naturalistic observation

Observe people or animals in natural environment.

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep.

Colorblindness

Occurs if any of the cone types are dysfunctional. https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8446/7789974052_c027f517b0_m.jpg

Frustration

Occurs when blocked or prevented from achieving goal or fulfilling need

Sensation

Occurs when special receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds) are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals to the brain.

Habituation

Occurs when the brain ignores a constant stimulus.

Sensory adaptation

Occurs when the sensory receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus.

Altered states of consciousness

Occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity. Can be produced by drugs, trauma, meditation, fatigue, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and/or mental disorders.

Blind Spot

Optic disc; Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no photo receptors (rod & cone cells).

Sleep deprivation

Or lost of sleep. Can lead to serious changes in the body and mental functioning.

Pain disorders

Pain functions as a worning system on the body

Pain gate control theory

Pain signal must pass through a "gate" located in the spinal cord. Provides a simulation of how pain signals travel along the spinal cord

Dendrites

Part of the neuron that receive messages from other cells are called the dendrites. The name dendrite means "tree-like" or "branch", and this structure does indeed look like the branches of a tree.

Dendrite

Part of the neuron that recieves messages.

The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive

Pavlov basic principles

Psychological Professionals

People working in the field of psychology have a variety of training experiences and different focuses.

withdrawal

Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.

Stress

Physical, emotional,cognitive, and behavioral responses to events appraised as threatening or challenging

Emotion

Physiological arousal of an individual.

Cognitive development

Piaget-4 Stages of development

Misinformation Effect

Police keep crime eyewitnesses apart

Eustress

Positive events requiring the body to adapt or change

LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide)

Powerful synthetic hallucinogen.

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Previously neutral stimulus that begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response when paired.

Drive reduction theory

Primary drives: those that involve survival needs of the body (hunger & thirst)

Light Adaptation

Process in which pupil contraction decreases to adapt to increased illumination.

Dark Adaptation

Process in which pupil contraction increases to adapt to decreased illumination.

Right hemisphere

Processes information in a more global sense (perception; visualization; spatial perception; recognition of patterns, faces, and emotional expression)

Profesional

Psychologist doctorate degree, not medical.

The Scientific Methodology

Psychology uses the scientific to try to determine facts and reduce uncertainty.

REM

Rapid Eye Movement

Forgetting

Reasons why:

Human Development

Refers to the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception, until death.

... colds and headaches.

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ...

Retrieval of Long-Term Memories

Retrievla cues - Recall & Recognition

Activation-information-mode model (AIM)

Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have influence on the synthesis of dreams.

Chromosomes

Rod structured sequence where genes are located. Found in nucleus of the cell.

Convergence

Rotation of two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object. (BC) https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2493/3757553179_1a1ce49712_m.jpg

Similarity

Rule of perception; tendency to perceive things that look similar as part of the same group (10 people wearing red are categorized as a group). https://o.quizlet.com/i/4W1cSlfGI1BM9rdCKN5YvQ_m.jpg

Contiguity

Rule of perception; the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

Pre-operational Stage

Second stage of CD; 2-7 years; child can now represent or refer to objects and events with words or pictures; can't logically reason.

Attachment Styles

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized disoriented.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Self replicating material present in all living organisms. Carrier of genetic information.

Optic Nerve

Sends visual information to the brain.

Language development

Several stages of development

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud was a noted physician in Austria. Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push or repress all of our threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created the nervous disorders in his patients.

Adaptive behavior

Skills that allow people to live independently, such as being able to work a job, communicate with others, and being able to get dressed, eat and bathe with little or no help.

Narcolepsy

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

Beta Waves

Smaller faster brain waves typically indicating mental activity

Sleep apnea

Snoring - usually occurs when breathing passages (nose or throat) get blocked

SRRS

Social readjustment rating scale: Measure change and adjustment to stress

Pain disorders

Somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause.

Genes

Some are dominant and some are recessive; Blond is a recessive hair gene which shows up only if each parent has a blond hair gene

The Cerebral Hemispheres

Some brain functions governed by one hemisphere more than the other; differences found due to work of various researchers

Cone Cells

Special photo receptor cell; responsible for color vision

Rod Cells

Special photo receptor cell; responsible for peripheral vision/detail.

Left hemisphere

Specializes in tasks that involve sequence and analysis (language, speech, handwriting, math)

Stressor

Stress causing events

Major life changes

Stress in present in ordinary life experiences

Need for achievement (nAch)

Strong desire to excel and avoid failure.

Biopsychological Perspective

Study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes - human behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body.

Opium

Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived from

Schacter-Singer Theory

Suggests that physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion itself is experienced.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Superior spatial resolution for structure.

The five basic taste

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami

PCP

Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

Easy (Temperament)

Temperament style, babies are regular in their schedule of waking, sleeping and eating and are adaptable to change.

Difficult (Temperament)

Temperament style, babies tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind.

Slow to Warm Up

Temperament style; babies that are less grumpy, quieter, and are less difficult but slow to adapt to change.

phychosocial development

Temperament: identified by a child's behavioral and emotional characteristics

Attitude

Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward person,object, idea, or situation

Incentive Approaches

Term in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewards.

Gifted

The 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above

Creative Intelligence

The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.

Intelligence

The ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

G Factor

The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence

Depth Perception

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. Consists of monocular & binocular cues.

Motion Parallax

The apparent movement of stationary objects relative to one another that occurs when the observer changes position. https://o.quizlet.com/qPvdVHDMVYWEYBWXz3bNSg_m.jpg

Drive

The arousal that motivates an organism to act in order to reduce the tension that comes from a need.

Emotional Intelligence

The awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel and socially skilled

Temperament

The behavioral and emotional characteristics that are established at one's birth.

Visual Accommodation

The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are close or far away.

Binocular Disparity

The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects. (BC) https://o.quizlet.com/lMLsELwKnXlOxMwda-6cGg_m.jpg

Attachment

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary care-giver.

Recessive Gene

The gene that only appears with pairings.

Dominant Gene

The gene that will always be expressed.

Trichromatic Theory

The idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors: blue, green, and red.

Self-concept

The image you have of yourself and is based off of the interactions you have with the important people in your life.

Irreversibility

The inability of a young child to mentally reverse and action.

Insomnia

The inability to get to sleep , stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.

Egocentrism

The inability to see the world through anyone's eyes but one's own. Present in pre-operational stage.

Object Permanence

The knowledge that an object exists even when not in sight. Developed in the sensorimotor stage.

The Cortex

The outermost, wrinkled layer of the brain; comprised of the left and right hemispheres, connected by corpus callosum; each hemisphere can be further divided into four lobes.

Puberty

The physical changes in both primary sex characteristics. Sexual development reaches its peak.

the outer ear

The pinna is the visible, external part of the ear that serves as a kind of concentrator, funneling the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear.

Motivation

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or physiological needs are met.

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Accommodation

The process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences.

Creativity

The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.

Learning

The process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the world around us - any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate in which the body burns energy when a person is resting.

Acquisition

The repeated pairing of the Neural stimulus and (UCS) is usually called _____ because the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.

Cerebral Hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum.

Genetics

The science of heredity.

Opponent Process Theory

The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white) If one sensor is stimulated, its pair is inhibited from firing. (explains afterimage and color blindness) https://o.quizlet.com/kp1hsQpPrXZjw0jrRfAY5g_m.jpg

Morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning within a language.. Ex Playing has 2, "Play" and "ing"

Grammar

The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

Mental Set

The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

The theory of thought processes and concepts controlled by language

Subjective Experience

The third element of emotion where one interprets a subjective experience or feeling by giving it a label.

Perception

The use of sensory information and pre-existing knowledge to create a functional representation of the world. https://o.quizlet.com/.UcjDd7qv1K3ggj9fRZR5Q_m.jpg

Habituation

The way the brain deals with unchanging information in the environment

Social influence

The ways behavior can be affected by other people

social cognition

The ways people think about other people

Weight Set Point

The weight that the body tries to maintain that is affected by the hypothalamus.

Arousal Theory

Theory in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension, where arousal is at the right level to perform tasks well. Too high or too low tension may cause task performance to suffer.

Adaptive theory

Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.

Restorative Theory

Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.

Cognitive Universalism

Theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language

Operant conditioning

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing: involuntary and voluntary.

Concrete Operations Stage

Third stage of CD; 7-12 years; child can conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of many characteristics. Can think logically, and understand analogies (of concrete events).

Motor Development

This development is related to many factors, such as nutrition, care, and health. Related to movement. (0-2 Years where rapid growth occurs)

The inner ear

This membrane is called the oval window, and its vibrations set off an-other chain reaction within the inner ear.

Peak Experiences

Times in a person's life in which self-actualization is achieved (temporarily).

Sensory Development

Touch, taste and smell are developed. Hearing is somewhat functional, vision is least developed.

Ivan Pavlov

Was a Russian physiologist, who discovered one of the simplest forms of learning called, classical conditioning. Used dogs.

Brightness Constancy

We perceive objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes. https://o.quizlet.com/qOzuoPqFbvoUsew4oLwgWw_m.png

Ex. DHEA

What is the effect of stress on the immune system?

Reinforcement

What was one of Skinner's major contributions to behaviorism

Assimilation

When children try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess.

N1 State 1

While awake, primarily beta activity, more alpha as one relaxes onset of sleep in N1 is associated with alpha being replaced by theta.

reflex

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.

ADHD - Attention -Deficti/Hyperactivity Disorder

a developmental disorder involving behavioral and cognitive aspects of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity - most commonly diagnosed in children.

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep

menarche

a female's first menstrual cycle

contingency contract

a formal agreement between the client and the therapist in which both parties goals and responsibilities are stated

limbic system

a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

Spinal Cord

a long bundle of neurons

spinal cord

a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes

Caffeine

a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances.

parallel distributed model

a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

Cocaine

a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant.

Cocaine

a natural drug found in the coca plant leaves - highly addictive

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.

Austism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a neuro-developent disorder that actually encompasses a whole range of disorders - it involves issues in thinking, feeling, language and social interactions, causes are still being investigated

interneuron

a neuron found in the center of the spinal cored that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons [make up the bulk of neurons in the brain]

afferent (sensory) neuron

a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

efferent (motor) neuron

a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

Extrinsis motivation

a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from that person (money)

Divergent Thinking

a person starts at one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities for solution

REM - Rapid Eye Movement

a psychologically active type of sleep when most dreams (90%) take place - voluntary muscles are inhibited. Can be promoted by emotionally stressful day activities.

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

a psychotherapy developed to address depression

delusional disorder

a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions

postpartum psychosis

a rare and severe form of depression that occurs in women just after giving birth and includes delusional thinking and hallucinations

electroencephalogram (EEG)

a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes

Primary Reinforcer

a reinforce taht fulgills a basic need (candy)

mental set

a tendency to permit in using problem-solving patterns that have worked in the past

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

confirmation bias

a tendency to search fro evidence that fits your beliefs while ignoring evidence to the contrary (never wrong)

systematic desensitization

a therapist guides the client through a series of steps meant to reduce fear and anxiety

action therapy

a therapy that is directed more at changing behavior than providing insights into the reason of that behavior

PCP

a veterinary tranquilazer

elaborative rehearsal

a way of transferring by making it meaningful

cocktail party effect

ability to head your name in a conversation across the room

phobia

an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

Possitive reinforcer

addition, or experiencing of, a pleasurable stimulus.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

Hallucinogens

alter brain's interpretation of sensations.

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

an action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which in turn will impact their behavior.

Working Memory

an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory

memory

an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it, and then retrieves information from storage

reticular formation (RF)

an area of the neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal

Fertilization

an egg and a sperm unite

prototype

an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.

nervous system

an extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body

unconditioned response (UCR)

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Normal Reflex

an unlearned, involuntary response (salivation)

Memory

and active learning system that receives information from the senses, puts the information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

free-floating anxiety

anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source

operant

any behavior that is voluntary

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Reinforcement

any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again.

reinforcers

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

psychological disorders

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Definition of learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

maladaptive

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

Reinforcement

anything, that when following a response, causes that response to be more than likely to happen again.

Creativity

approaching a problem with an entirely new way of looking at the problem and using unusual, inventive solutions

Nightmares

are bad dreams, and some nightmares can be utterly terrifying.

Genetic disorders

are carried by 2 recessive genes: Cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, tay-sacks disorder, PKU(white hair and skin)

Subliminal stimuli

are stimuli presented just below the level of conscious awareness, and subliminal perception has been demonstrated in the laboratory.

somatosensory cortex

area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body positions, and possibly taste

frontal lobes

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

temporal lobes

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

association areas

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

Surveys

ask a series of questions

foot-in -door technique

asking for a small commitment after gain compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

door-in-the-face technique

asking for large commitment and being refused.

pragmatics

aspects of language involving the practical way of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language

Social-cognitive theory of Hypnosis

assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of the situation

representative heuristic

assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

persuasion

attempt to change the belief, opinion, position or course of another person

Nightmares or REM Behavior Disorder

bad dreams, more common in children - may cause thrashing around

situational cause

behavior attributed to external factors

dispositional cause

behavior attributed to internal factors

aggression

behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

Incentive Apprroaches

behavior is explained in terms of external stimuli and its rewarding properties

exposure therapies

behavioral therapies that exposes individuals to anxiety or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning,

Psychological dependence

belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being; which increases with continued drug use

Taste & smell

both are chemical senses

amygdala

brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

positron emission tomography (PET)

brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar in injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain

computed tomography (CT)

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience

branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

axon terminals

branches at the end of the axon

dendrites

branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons

Microsleep

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only seconds.

Microsleep

brieg sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

nerves

bundles of axons coated in myelin that travels together through the body

Depth Perception

capability to see in 3 dimensions to judge distance

glial cells

cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influences the generation of new neurons

obedience

changing one's behavior at the COMMAND of an authority figure

conformity

changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

neurotransmitter

chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

Influence of Psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory or some combination of those abilities

antagonists

chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

agonists

chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

hormones

chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

Conditioned Emotional Response

children learn through observation of adults (fear of dogs, spiders)

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

intimacy

close emotional ties psychological, not physical

Phillip Zimbardo prison experiment

college students simulated prison

Marijuana

comes from the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant / Hashish is a concentrated form by scraping resin from the leaves. Produces a feeling of well-being, mild sensory distortions or hallucinations

bystander affect

effects the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help

subjective discomfort

emotional distress or emotional pain

conditional emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Conditioned emotional responses (RATS)

emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur in response to learned stimuli; based on work of John B. Watson; helps explain development of phobias.

state dependent learning

emotional state aids as a retrieval cue

free association

encourages patients to talk freely and say whatever came to their mind, without fear of being insulted.

thyroid gland

endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism

pineal gland

endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin

pancreas

endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood

adrenal glands

endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sexual changes that occur during adolescence

attribution

explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

stress-vulnerability model

explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress

psychoanalysis

freud designed a therapy technique to help his patients feel more relaxed, open, and able to explore their innermost feelings without fear

Thinking or cognition

from a Latin word-meaning "to Know" - can be defined as mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information- organizing it, understanding it, and communicating it to others.

Secondary reinforcers

gain reinforcing properties through previous associations with primary reinforcers.

Genetic

genetics disorders carried thy recessive genes are expressed when a child gets two recessive genes.

Lowball technique

getting a commitment from a person, then raise the cost of that commitment

retrieval

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

Placebo Effect

give one the drug and the other a fake drug.

pituitary gland

gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

group therapy

group of clients with similar problem get together to discuss

manic

having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability

cognitive therapy

helping people change their way of thinking

Effects of aging on health

high blood pressure, skin cancer, heart problems, arthritis, and obesity.

storage

holding onto information for some period of time

Psychoanalysis

ideas put forth by Sigmund Freud

Concepts

ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities

Decision Making

identifying, evaluating and choosing among several alternatives

Law of Effect

if an action is followed by pleasant consequences, it will tend to be repeated

Short-tem Memory

if an incoming message is important enough the enter consciousness, that message will move from the sensory memory to the next stage of memory (unlike sensory memory - short term memories are held for up to 30 seconds or more.

Perceptual Illusions

illusions can be bases on sensory processes or assumptions made by the brain's visual system (example: water rasing over a hot road)

Physical development

important process is the development of reflexes, motor development & brain development

Arausal Approaches

in arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension-athletics /mental focus

transference

in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.

affect

in psychology, a term indicating "emotion" or "mood"

Stimulants

increase levels of functioning (uppers)

development of self-concept

infants begin life without understanding that they are separate from their surroundings, and also from the other people in their social world.

recency effect

information at the end is still in our memory due to short term memory

deep lesioning

insertion of a thin, insulated wire into brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

Sternberg's triarchic theory

intelligence comprises three different aspects

Speaman's G factor (theory)

intelligence comprises two different abilities

three components of love

intimacy, passion, commitment

Psychosocial development

involves development of personality, relationships, and a sense of being male or female; process begins in infancy and continues into adulthood.(temperament, attachment)

Recognition

involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory

psychotherapy

involves one, couple, or small group working directly with a therapist to discus problems/concerns

funtional fixedness

involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical use.

Intellectual disability

is a neurodevelopmental disorder and is defined in several ways.

Need

is a requirement of some material that is essential for survival of the organism (such as water or food)

Hypnosis

is a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion.

Language

is a system for combining symbols for communication with others

Psychology

is not the study of weird people and odd behavior - it is the study of how each of us thinks, feels and acts in everyday life.

Insomnia

is the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep.

Intrinsic motivation

is the type of motivation in which a person performs and action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner

Cromosomes

issue may also occur if chromosomes having and extra or a missing pair.

History of psychology

it is approximately 130 years old -1879 in Germany with Willian Wundt (attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind.

Embryonic period

lasts from 2 weeks until 8 weeks after conception during this critical period a baby risks diseases, drugs and other toxins from the mother

Fetal Period

lasts from 8 weeks after conception to birth

law of effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.

conditioned response (CR)

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

modeling

learning through observation and imitation of others.

Classical Conditioning

learning to elicit an involuntary response

classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to as stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally reduces the reflex.

Classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it.

unconscious mind

level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

interpersonal attraction

liking or desire to have a relationship with someone else

Pituitry gland

located in the brain - identidies as the master gland with many fuctions.

decay

loss of memory due to the passage of time

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

Sleep deprivation

loss of sleep - impairs memory and thought processes

electroencephalograph

machine designed to record the electroencephalogram

Correlation

measure the relationship beween 2 or more variables

Recall

memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form.

procedural memories

memories for skills and habits or things that people do

declarative memories

memories of facts or things people know

semantic memory

memory for meanings of words and concepts

episodic memory

memory of events or episodes

thinking (cognition)

mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others. Includes verbal and nonverbal processes. Examples: mental images, concepts.

synapse (synaptic gap)

microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

Marijuana

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers or a particular type of hemp plant.

biological model

model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body

levels-of-processing model

model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the

information-processing model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory

five-factor model (Big Five)

model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions page 511

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

intersexed or intersexual

modern term for a hermaphrodite, a person who possesses ambiguous sexual organs

cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical condition is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

Night terrors

more common in children, likely to disappear as a child grows older

MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

more detailed imaging

Nerve Hearing Impairment

most common, problem usually with the inner ear

recognition

multiple choice questions and the answer needs to be recognized for retrieval

Alzheimer's Disease

nearly 5.3 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease - the most common type of dementia in adults & elderly - accounting for 60 to 80 percent of all cases of dementia. 1 of every 8 people over 65 has Alzheimer's disease

Narcolepsy

occurs in 1 of every 2,000 persons - when a person slips suddenly into REM sleep during the day - especially when a person is experiencing strong emotions.

Sleepwalking

occurs in about 20% of the population. more frequently in boys than girls.

Problem Solving

occurs when a goal most be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

proactive interference

occurs when information from the past disrupts newly learned information

encoding failure

occurs when the information does not make it past the initial encoding process

retroactive interference

occurs when the newly learned information with the memories of the information from the past

Damage to the central nervous system

once thought to be permanent. In recent years, great strides have been made in repairing spinal cord damage.

Case Studies

one individual studied in great detail

Disociation

one part of the mind is aware of actions/activities taking place, while the "hypnotized" part is not.

Alzheimer's disease

one type of dementia that is associated with severe memory loss

Consciousness

ones awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including your thoughts, sensations, and feelings

functional fixedness

only thinking about objects in terms of their typical uses (tunnel vision)

spermarche

onset of the production of sperm in males

divergent thinking

opposite of convergent thinking. Here a person starts at one point and comes up with many differnt, or divergent, ideas or possibitities based on that point.

stimulus substitution

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

original, natural occurring stimulus that ordinarily leads to an involuntary response.

Conciousness

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.

cortex

outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

Gardner's multiple intelligence (theory)

overall intelligence comprises nine different types (table 7.2)

Myths about immunization

page 326

frustration

pain can lead to aggression toward available target

sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)

part of the ANS that is responsible for the reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

parasympathetic division

part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

cerebellum

part of the brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

thalamus

part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper areas

central nervous system (CNS)

part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

id

part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

superego

part of the personality that acts as a moral center

ego

part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical

conscience

part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is

social role

pattern of behavior expected of in a particular social position

digit span memory test

people can hold 5 to 9 chunks of information in their short term memory, George Miller

compliance

people change behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change

elaboration likelihood model

people elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it

Adolescence

period of life from about age 13 to early 20s

Adulthood

period of life from early 20s until old age and death; age of onset can vary by culture.

sociocultural perspective

perspective in which abnormal behavior (like normal behavior) is seen as the product of the learning and shaping of behavior within the context of the family, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exist

biopsychosocial model

perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences

that's-not-all technique

persuader makes offer, then adds something extra make offer look better before the target person can make a decision

passion

physical aspect of love, not just sex

rules governing interpersonal attraction

physical attractiveness

memory trace

physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

conditional positive regard

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

unconditional positive regard

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

maintenance rehearsal

practice of saying some information to be remember over and over in one's head to maintain it in short term memory

realistic conflict theory

prejudice and discrimination increase between groups in conflict over a limited resource

reality principle

principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

Randomization

random selection of participants

Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a previously extinguished CR (Conditioned response)

Electroencephalogramm - EEG

records electrical activity in the brain

all-or-none

referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

learning/performance distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.

constructive processing

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

biological prepardness

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain association, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairing due to the survival value of the learning.

Nature

refers to heredity and the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, growth, intellect, social skills, etc..; behavioral genetics is relatively new field that attempts to identify genetic basis of behavior.

Nature

refers to heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Nurture

refers to influences of the environment on inherited traits including parenting styles, socioeconomic status, physical surroundings, etc.

Thinking congnition

refers to mental activities that occur in the brain when processing, organizing, understanding, or communicating information to others.

Behavior Modification

refers to the application of operant conditioning ( and sometimes classical conditioning) to bring about behavior changes

Nurture

refers to the influence of the environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within the person.

reflection

reflecting what the patient just said

Stimulation of the pain receptor cells

releases a neuromodulator called substance P (for "pain," naturally).

Negative Reinforcement

removal of something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated

Negative reinforcer

removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus.

chunking

reorganizing information into meaningful units

Effects of Concussions

repeated concussions can cause men=mory problems, changes in personality, etc. and may not be evident for may years

Mantal Images

representations that stand in for objects

Conditioned response (CR)

response that is given to the CS.

synaptic knob

rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals

stnaptic vesicles

saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals

Primary reinforcers

satisfy basic biological needs (e.g. huger, thirst, touch)

fixed interval schedule of reinforcemnet

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule or reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

social psychology

scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influened by others

anal stage

second stage occurring from about 1 or 1 and a half years of age, in which the anus in the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict

Endocrine glands

secrete chemicals called hormones into bloodstream; affect behavior and emotions by influencing the activity of the brain and by controlling muscles and organs such as the heart, pancreas, and sex organs.

Adrenal grands

secrete hormones to control stress

Thyroid gland

secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism

occipital lobe

section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

motor cortex

section of the frontal lobe located at the back responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

parietal lobes

sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

Models of Memory: Information Processing model

sees memory as a sequencing process of the 3 processes / stages

stereotype

set of characteristics believed to be all members of a particular social catagory

encoding

set of mental operations people perform on sensory information to convert it into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems

major depression

severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause

schizophrenia

severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality

bipolar disorder

severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

Gonads

sex glands - ovaries & testes

gonads

sex glands; secretes hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

Positron Emission Tomography - PET

shows the structure and changes of blood oxygen levels

atribution theory

situational cause

Sleep

sleep is one of the bodies biological rhythms, natural cycles of activity that the body must go through

Tranqulizers

sleeping pills

successive approximations

small steps n behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

Shaping

small steps towards an ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal is reached

hypothalamus

small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

out groups

social groups a person does not identify with "THEY"

in groups

social groups a person identifies with "US"

situational context

social or environmental setting of a person's behavior

pro-social behavior

socially desirable behavior that benefits others

Emotional Intelligence

some people have a lot of book smarts but no much common sense

false positive

someone recognizes a piece of information as memory even though it did not happen

Retrieval Cues

something associated with a memory (sound of a word or phrase, smell ......)

Punishment by removal

something pleasurable is removed.

Walking consciousness

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

Caffeine

stimulant found in coffee, tea, sodas, chocolate, and many over the counter drugs

Gate- control Theory of Pain

stimulation of pain receptor cells release a neuromodulator substance called substance P (for Pain) into the spinal cord which activates other neurons that send messages through spinal gates.

retrieval cue

stimulus that aids in the process of remembering

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

Neuropsychology

study or the brain trauma

primacy effect

stuff at the beginning remembered due to rehearsal

panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

false memory syndrome

suggestions from others create false or inaccurate memories

semantic network model

suggests that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other

Social-cognitive theory

suggests that people assume roles based on expectation for a given situation.

Narcotics

suppress the sensation of pain

5 Basic tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production

Withdrawal

symptoms when deprived of the drug - headaches, nausea, irritability to severe pain, cramping, shaking, and dangerously high blood pressure

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

synthesized from a grain fungus which commonly grows on ray grain. First manufactured in 1938 - one of the most powerful hallucinogens.

Erikson's table

table 8.4 page 333

flooding

technique for treating phobias and other stress related disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

scape-goating

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out group members who have little social power or influence

attribution bias

tendency to overestimate influence of internal factors in determining behavior of others

psychotic

term applied to a person who is no longer able to perceive what is real and what is fantasy

humanistic perspective

the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

gonads

the 2 organs that develop in the embryo at about 5 weeks - neither male nor female

eidetic imagery

the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

analytical intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.

Neuroplaticity

the ability to change both the structure and function of the many cells in the brain

Neuroplasticity

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma.

s factor

the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence

Selective Attention

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

selective attention

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

intelligent

the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively

Olfaction

the ability to smell odors.

practical intelligence

the ability to use information to get along in life and become sucessful

neuroplasticity

the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and the function to many cells in response to experience or trauma

Nicotine

the active ingredient in tobacco.

neuron

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system

phonemes

the basic units of sound in language

Primary Sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.

echoic memory

the brief memory of something a person has just heard.

soma

the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

Alcohol

the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.

gender roles

the culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture

validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

temperament

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

encoding specificity

the environment aids as a retrieval cue

scrotum

the external sac that holds the testes

Psychological dependence

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.

ovaries

the female gonads

ovaries

the female sexual glands

medulla

the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

Sensory Memory

the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems - eyes, ears........

prostate gland

the gland that secretes most of the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm

mammary glands

the glands within the breast tissue that produce milk when a woman gives birth to an infant

latent content

the hidden symbolic meaning of those events that would, if correctly interpreted, reveal the unconscious conflicts that were creating the nervous disorder

REM paralysis

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.

Insomia

the inability to sleep

gender identity

the individual's sense of being male or female

Operant Conditioning

the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior (classical is automatic, involuntary behavior)

pons

the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, lefty-right body coordination, and arousal

Observational Learning

the learning of new behavior through watching the action of a model (someone who is doing that behavior)

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

testes

the male gonads

testes

the male sex glands

short term memory

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

menstrual cycle

the monthly shedding of the blood and tissue that line the uterus in preparation for pregnancy when conception does not occur

subordinate concept

the most general form of type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"; superordinate refers to highest in status or standing.

cultural relativity

the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

Drive

the notivation or action to satisfy a need

Punishment in Operant Conditioning

the opposite of reinforcement - any event or stimulus that when following a response causes that response to be less likely to happen again

penis

the organ through which males urinate and which delivers the male sex cells or sperm

person centered therapy

the patient is the center of the process

puberty

the period of physiological change that takes place in the sexual organs and reproductive system during late middle childhood and adolescence

resistance

the point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about certain topic

social interaction

the positive and negative aspects of people relating to others

gender typing

the process of acquiring gender-role characteristics

gender

the psychological aspects of identifying oneself as male or female

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of an pleasurable stimulus.

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasure stimulus.

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

continuous reinforcemnt

the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

therapeutic alliance

the relationship between the client and therapist

action potential

the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon

vagina

the tube that leads from the outside of the female's body to the opening of the womb

cerebral hemispheres

the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

personality

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

cerebrum

the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

psychopharmacology

the use of drugs to control o relieve the symptoms of a psychological disorder

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

sensory memory

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

Sound waves

the vibration of molecules of air that surround us.

uterus

the womb in which the baby grows during pregnancy

Lazarus's Cognitive Mediational Theory of Emotion

theory of emotion, a stimulus causes an immediate appraisal. The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

Cannon-Bard Theory

theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.

Common sense theory

theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system.

James-Lang Theory

theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.

insight therapy

therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts and feelings.

unconditional positive regard

therapist creates a warm, accepting, uncritical atmosphere with the people they work with

authenticity

therapist must show.. a genuine, open, honest response to individual

empathy

therapist needs to be able to see the world through the patients eyes, being understanding about what they are feeling

directive

therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behaviors or actions.

cyberthreapy

therapy offered online

nondirective

therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client.

biomedical therapy

therapy with use of drug, surgery, etc.

corpus callosum

thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

phallic stage

third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings

Wechsler test

this intelligence test is preferred in the US. IQ scores based on individual deviation IQ scores rather than a ratio. These tests are designed for specific age groups and can be administered individually.

Stanford-Binet test

this test used a ratio of mental age to chronological age to determine and individual's intelligence quotient or IQ

dissociative fugue

traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information

discrimination

treating people differently do to prejudice toward their social group

therapy

treatments aimed to make people feel better and function more effectively

evidence based treatment

treatments that have already been proven to work

algorithms

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.

iconic memory

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second, George Sperling

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

wanted psychology to focus on the things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one's own destiny page 507-508

serial position effect

we remember stuff more towards the beginning and end of a list

Spontaneous Recovery

when a conditioned response briefly reappears

Insight

when a solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind. -the mind may be reorganizing a problem while a person is thinking about something else.

Altered state of consciousness

when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of our mental activity - thoughts become fussy or disorganized (dreams, drunk, drugs)

Stage 1 - Light Sleep

when your body can jerk

Waking consciousness

when your thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized and they feel alert.

Optimist

• expect positive outcomes

Type B personality

•Relaxed and laid back

Stress coping strategies

•actions that master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors

Type A personality

•ambitious time conscious, hardworking

(Type H)

•challenges are not overwhelming

Pessimists

•expect negative outcomes

Type C personality

•pleasant but repressed


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