PSYC 1004 EXAM 2
developmental vs childhood psychology
devlelopmental - investigate the influence of multiple factors on how people change physically, mentally, and socially at every stage of life.
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate, parallel conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____ processing.
dual
As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.
effortful processing
The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables BEST illustrates: Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.
effortful processing.
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood Whenever Mindy experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Mindy's experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.
serial position effect
ur tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
Prolonged and excessive drinking can shrink the brain most intensely in ________ who have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.
women, more
Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline that does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.
working
_____ memory is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory.
working memory
Stages of Prenatal Development
zygote, embryo (5thweek), fetus
Devices for studying sleep
EEG, EOG, EMG
explicit vs implicit memory
Explicit memory - consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info. Ex. trying to remember a list of words you just saw. Implicit memory - recalling/recognizing info w/out consciously being aware of doing so. Ex. remembering meanings of words as you read without trying
distintion between manifest content and latent content is central to ___ theory of dreams
Freud's wish-fulfillment manifest content - literal subject matter latent content - underlying meaning of these symbols
The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by:
Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
maturation
the orderly sequence of biological growth one type of development
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
the spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
measures of retention
A method of measuring the amount of information retained in memory. The 3 measures are recall, recognition and relearning. proposed by Atkinson and Sgiffrin
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
teratogen
A teratogen is an environmental agent or toxin that can harm a developing organism.
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
emphasised by developmental psychologists
continuity n' stages stability n' change nature n' nurture
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
conditioning
the general process of forming accociations
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system .3s
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events from early childhood ~4 yrs
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:
the misinformaiton effect
flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
Criteria for rating levels of substance use disorders
# of criteria: criteria list:
up to _% report near death experiences
15
# sperm
250M, produce 1000/sec
Freud
5 psychosexual stages Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure for mouth such as sucking and chewing. Anal (18-36 months)Pleasure on bowel and bladder elmination. Struggles with demands for control. Phallic (3-6yrs) Pleasure for the genitals and coping with incenstuos sexual feelings for mother/father. Latency (6-pubery) Dormant sexual feelings Genital (puberty on) Maturation of sexual feelings
Emerging Adulthood (18-25)
Phase of life distinct from adolescence and adulthood; in some ways an adult, in some ways not
primacy vs recency effect
Primacy is remembered because it is the beginning and recency is remembered because it s the ending.
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by decreasing the amount of time spent in _____ sleep.
REM
retrograde vs anterograde amnesia
Retrograde —> loss of previously formed memories Anterograde —> inability to form new memories
Piaget
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months old Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial and error. Object permanence (peekaboo) Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Development of language, memory, and imagination. Intelligence is both egocentric and intuitive. Symbolic thought Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old More logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. Less egocentric, and more aware of the outside world and events. conservation Operational thought Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Use of symbols to relate to abstract concepts. Able to make hypotheses and grasp abstract concepts and relationships. Abstract concepts
A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.
Major active ingredient in marijuana
THC
LTM
The capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless.
You just realized that you conceived a child about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about what is happening. Which of the following does the book say is occurring around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate.
Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?
The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).
Stage Theory
Theory that depicts development as a series of relatively discrete periods (stages).
alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)
_____ disorder entails alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic drinking.
Schema
a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect:
a maturing newvois sysstem
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories-of facts and events-for storage.
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Accomodation vs. Assimilation
aCComodation (Changes/Creates sChema) aSSimilation (schema Stays Same)
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten 7+-2 30s
stms have short life without
active processing
theory of mind
age 4-5 stage people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in a cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:
Memories of emotional events are often initiated by activation of the:
amygdala
adolescents impulsive, emotional, and prone to risky behavior w/o weighing the consequences is due to
an underdeveloped frontal lobe
With respect to parenting style, coercive is to confrontative as _____ is to _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
When one hears a familiar word in one's native language, it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:
automatic processing
Lev Vygotsky
believed cognitive development more strongly influenced by those more intellectually advanced and social interactions. Children learn more from instructional interactions; especially in their zone; aim slightly ahead of what children should know ; 3 stages of development of speech
Dr. Avery has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Avery is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.
cerrebellum
misinformaiton effect highlights the
changability of memory
Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist BEST known for his influential theory that:
children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.
cognition
Our awareness of ourselves and of our environment is called:
consciousness
Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hairstyle. At her latest hair appointment she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hairstyle until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may NOT have noticed the difference because of a(n):
encoding failure.
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.
encoding specificity prinicple
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory).
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory).
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.
explicit; implicit
The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.
fetal
Theories of dreams
freud- wish fulfillment cartwright- problem solving view Hobson- activation synthesis model-side effects-o Dreams are a reflection of the brain's activity but in more general terms than what cartwright suggested
Five-year-old Lilah is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to neural networks sprouting in her _____ lobe.
frontal
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:
glutamate
NTs to know
glutamate
hypnagogic hallucinations
hallucinations that occur when going to sleep; seen in narcolepsy feel that falling down the stairs
Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.
hippocampus
Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.
iconic
rigid attachment some babies form
imprinting
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
In the strange situation, an infant with _____ attachment will remain distressed when its mother returns after a brief absence.
insecure
nicotine withdrawal symptoms
insomnia anxiety irritability
Sleep disorders
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors
Assuming that one has a typical sleep pattern, research shows that the BEST time of the day to exercise is:
late afternoon or early evening
episodic memory
memory for one's personal past experiences "first kiss"
Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
misinformation
sleep affects
mood, concentration, energy level
recognition
multiple choice test
mornign pepople more punctual A researcher develops a self-report questionnaire assessing "morningness." High scores indicate the tendency toward being a "lark," or "morning person," whereas low scores indicate the tendency toward being a "night owl." Based on the textbook's discussion, the researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of openness, and a ______ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.
negativee; positive
older v younger americans
older experience more positive feelings, supported by enhanced emotional control and the subsiding of negative feelings
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list
proactive vs retroactive interference
p interference- disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info r interference- disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
amnesia
partial or total loss of memory
Consciousness is considered an important topic of study by _____ perspective, _____ perspective.
psychologists of the cognitive; but not by those of the behaviorist
A multiple-choice question asks students to select the brain area most involved in emotion from among several possibilities. Such a question is a _____ test of _____ memory.
recognition; explicit
It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:
reconsolidation
When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:
reconsolidation
Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So, Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.
rehearsal
According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.
repressing
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
The ability to rebound from adversity and go on to lead a better life is called _____.
resilience
A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:
retrieval cue
Stages of Development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
3 stage processing model
sensory, STM, LTM Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's _____ memory.
short-term
Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.
stranger