Psyc 110 final

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Agreeableness

Which of the following is a projective test?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

What is a definition of social contagion?

spread of emotion, behavior, and ideas

Which psychological disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania—an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state?

Bipolar disorder

_____ is a psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and by marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

What are defense mechanisms in general and what are the definitions/descriptions of the different types of defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanism- reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality; not necessarily unhealthy Repression- forget the unacceptable Rationalization- claim different motive Displacement- shift feelings to new object Sublimation- transform vile to valuable Projection- attribute own faults to others Reaction Formation- convert to opposite emotion Denial- disbelieve present reality Regression- refer to earlier, "safer" period

A self-report test is also known as a(n)

objective test

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development, girls experience penis envy in the

phallic stage

What is a definition of social comparison?

process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people

Dissociative disorders are

psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories.

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.

social phobia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and by marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts?

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Which psychological disorder is characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress?

Dissociative amnesia

What strategy/technique helps individuals to resist persuasion?

Inoculation

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test?

It does not meet the criteria of reliability and validity

Which of the following is true of koro, a culture-related disorder?

It involves the terrifying belief that one's genitalia are retracting into one's abdomen.

Identify a true statement about sociology.

It is interested in human social behavior on the group level

Which theoretical view/perspective emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

Psychodynamic Perspectives

What are definitions of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness?

Unconditional Positive Regard- Rogers's constructs referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior. Empathy- involves being a sensitive listener and understanding another's true feelings Genuineness- being open with one's feelings and dropping all pretenses facades

The _____ identifies two pathways of persuasion—a central route and a peripheral route.

elaboration likelihood model

The main criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is that it

mainly reflects the medical model

What is a definition of fundamental attribution error?

overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external traits

Dr. McCall found that student performance was poor when students worked in groups compared to when each student worked on an individual project. In the context of group influence, this difference in performance can be best explained with the concept of

social loafing

What are definitions of altruism and egoism?

Altruism- an unselfish interest in helping someone else Egoism- helping others for personal enhancement (e.g., to ensure reciprocity)

According to the elaboration likelihood model, what are the different routes of persuasion?

Central route- engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument Peripheral route- engaging the audience with the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

Which projective tests is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

What is a definition of personality?

a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

What is a definition of intimacy motivation/intimacy motive?

an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake; revealed in the warm, positive interpersonal imagery in the stories people tell

What is a definition of obedience?

behavior that compiles with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

What is a definition of attitudes?

beliefs about people, places, and ideas

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is an essential ingredient of healthy human relations?

genuineness

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

groupthink

Which of the following is an essential feature of bipolar personality disorder (BPD)?

unstable affect

What are the elements of persuasion?

- The Communicator (credibility) - Medium (television versus print) - The Target (age, attitude strength) - Message (rational versus emotional strategy)

Which psychological disorder is commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: a lack of concentration, excitability, and impulsivity?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

What are the criteria that are used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?

Criteria of Abnormality -statistical rarity -Personal distress -Deviance from social norms

What are empirically keyed tests?

Empirically-keyed test- a type of test that presents a host of questionnaire items to groups of people who are already known to differ in some central way (such as individuals with a psychological disorder versus mentally healthy individuals). -Test takers do not know what is being measured -Test items are not related to the purpose of the test

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?

He is addicted to smoking cigarettes.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what are the personality structures?

ID- instincts and reservoir of psychic energy; pleasure principle Ego- deals with the demands of reality; reality principle Superego- moral branch of personality; "conscience"; morality principle

Tanya makes impulse purchases. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Tanya's impulsive shopping is driven by the

Id

_____, a brain chemical that plays a role in brain metabolism, is elevated in individuals with panic disorder.

Lactate

Which of the following statements is true of specific phobia?

Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Which psychological disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which psychological disorder is characterized by an individual who experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause?

Panic disorder

_____ is a psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a direful event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Which psychological disorder develops through exposure to a direful event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

What are definitions of prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice- an unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members Discrimination- an unjustified negative or harmful action

Which psychological disorder is characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from this disorder may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality?

Schizophrenia

What are the definitions of self-esteem, positive illusion, self-serving bias, and self-objectification?

Self-esteem- the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves Positive illusion- views of ourselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality Self-serving bias- tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure Self- objectification- tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others

Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?

She believed that the need for security is the most important human need.

Which theoretical view/perspective emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals?

Social Cognitive Perspectives

What is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people known as?

Social Psychology

Derek is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

The sociocultural approach

Which of the following statements is most likely true of individuals suffering from panic disorder?

They display overgeneralization of fear learning.

Which theoretical view/perspective stresses that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses?

Trait theories

Which of the following behavior patterns refers to a cluster of characteristics—including being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile—related to a higher incidence of heart disease?

Type A behavior pattern

What is a definition and/or description conformity?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard; it is a social influence

Mariam provides food for the homeless every Sunday. She does this without expecting praise or anything in return. In this case, Mariam is most likely engaging in

altruistic behavior

A self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different is called _____ test.

an empirically keyed

Which of the following is most likely emphasized by the psychological approach to psychological disorders?

emotions

Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?

flat affect

What are the successful persuasion techniques?

foot-in-the-door technique: involves making a smaller request ("Would you be interested in a three-month trial subscription to a magazine?") at the beginning, saving the biggest demand ("How about a full year?") for last door-in-the-face technique: involves making the biggest pitch first ("Would you be interested in a full-year subscription?"), which the customer probably will reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand ("Okay, then, how about a three-month trial?").

Joseph does exceptionally well in his math exam. Which of the following represents an internal attribution as an explanation for Joseph's good performance?

his hard work

Individuals with borderline personality disorder are

impulsive, insecure, and emotional

What does the self-perception theory states?

individuals make inferences about their own attitudes by perceiving their own behavior, especially if their attitudes are unclear

According to the life story approach to identity, the _____ is an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake.

intimacy motive

A critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is most likely to state that

it focuses strictly on problems

Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of

mania

Keith, a 12-year-old, listens to his mother curse every time she is frustrated. Keith starts using the same curse words in school. Which of the following aspects of Bandura's social cognitive theory is best exemplified in this scenario?

observational learning

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder

In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to the self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because

of a bad bounce

Julian, a cheerful and friendly man, was diagnosed with cancer. However, his illness did not distress Julian or prevent him from performing his daily routine and meeting with his friends. As time went by, Julian started feeling much better than before. In the context of the personality characteristics linked to health and illness, Julian's improved health is most likely due to his

optimism

What is a definition of false consensus effect?

over estimating the event to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

According to Jung's analytic theory, the _____ always allows one to keep some secret part of oneself hidden from others.

persona

What are the principles the personality structures abide by according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

pleasure principle, reality principle, morality principle

Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel. He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days. Since then, Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work. Sometimes, Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel. These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Jerome is showing symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder

What are factors that contribute to conformity?

psychological- informational social influence: the influence other people have on us because we want to be right normative social influence: the influence others have on us because we want them to like us biological- brain equates non-conformity with making an error. Oxytocin promotes conformity. cultural Collectivism promotes conformity.

What is a definition of person perception?

refers to a general tendency to form impressions of other people

The _____ of close relationships asserts that the partners in a relationship keep a mental balance sheet, tallying the pluses and minuses associated with each other.

social exchange theory

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs, so they contribute proportionately to the household income and equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the

social exchange theory.

Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of a crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?

social phobia

What are the propositions, assertions, and implications of Walter Mischel's view of situationism?

stability over time rather than across situations involves information processing (cognitive) and emotional experience (affective) interacting to systematically determine behavior, as the person encounters different situations involves observing individuals behaving in a variety of contexts in order to identify the patterns of associations that exist among beliefs, emotions, and behavior for each person across different situations

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, if Hailey is fixated at the anal stage and adopts sublimation as a defense mechanism, she is most likely to be interested in

statistics

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

sublimation

Allison is attending a seminar where the presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The presenter provides a rational and factual explanation for why the investment is profitable, even though there are risks involved. Alison finds the presenter's idea compelling and decides to invest. The way the presenter persuades Allison to invest exemplifies

the central route to persuasion

What is a definition of cognitive dissonance?

the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action

Kiara, a high school student, is an avid supporter of the practice of meditation and yoga. She starts a school club for yoga and meditation thinking there are many students like her who believe in the health benefits of such practices. On the contrary, only a few students share her beliefs and join the club. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario?

the false consensus effect

Unlike personality psychologists, social psychologists typically focus on

the situational factors that lead to behavior

Derek is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

the sociocultural approach

What is a definition of personology?

the study of the whole person

Mathew is a 14-year-old adolescent. He is poor in academics but is a national-level basketball player. Despite his poor performance in academics, his parents never criticize him. They try to assist him in academics and encourage him in sports. Which of the following elements of Rogers's theory is demonstrated by Mathew's parents in this scenario?

unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers's approach to personality, which of the following is most likely the reason for unhappiness?

As individuals grow up, people who are central to their lives condition them to move away from their genuine feelings.

_____ is a person's habitual way of explaining events in their lives.

Attributional style

According to research, which of the following statements is true of the impact of social ties on a person's health?

People who interact often with family members live longer than those who don't.

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during which psychosexual stages?

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)- child's pleasure focuses on genitals; oedipal complex; castration anxiety

_____ is the tendency of people to attend to and remember what they learned first.

Primacy effect

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in suicide?

Suicide rates are found to be higher in states with a culture of honor.

Which of the following projective tests is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Nate is always on edge and often experiences dizziness, a racing heart, and jumpiness. Over the years, these symptoms have worsened. In this case, Nate is most likely to be diagnosed with

anxiety disorder

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting

conformity

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

What is a definition of attribution?

explanation for why people behave the way that they do

Lauren is watching a live golf tournament on television and sees a golfer frown after he makes his shot. Lauren would make the fundamental attribution error if she assumed that the golfer

has a volatile personality

In movies that focus on war, soldiers who have returned from the frontlines often struggle with overwhelming anxiety, nervousness, depression, and flashbacks. In many cases, these soldiers experience problems related to loss of memory and an inability to experience happiness. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that these movie characters are most likely experiencing the symptoms of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, if Jade is fixated at the oral stage and uses sublimation as a defense mechanism, she is most likely to

seek knowledge, humor, and wit

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

self-concept

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of

social loafing

_____ is a defense mechanism in which the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one.

sublimation

Unlike sociologists, social psychologists are most likely to focus on

the immediate social situation to understand what causes people to behave as they do.

_____ is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.

Behavioral genetics

The biological approach to psychological disorders is most likely to focus on

the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders.

The _____ is an example of a projective test.

Rorschach inkblot test

Which of the following cultural factors is most likely to increase conformity?

a collectivist culture

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors associated with prosocial behavior?

Dopamine receptors in the brain are associated with prosocial behavior

_____ refers to a psychological disorder in which an individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development, in their correct order? What are the characteristics/occurrences during each stage?

Oral Stage (0-18 months)- infants pleasure centers on the mouth Anal Stage (18-36 months)- child's pleasure involves eliminative functions Phallic Stage (3-6 years)- child's pleasure focuses on genitals; oedipal complex; castration anxiety Latency Stage (6 years- puberty)- psychic "time out"; interest in sexuality is repressed Genital Stage (adolescence and adulthood)- sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure is someone else Fixation- remain locked in particular developmental stage

What are examples of projective tests?

Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's decision not to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her

superego

Jasmine believes that she is a poor basketball player, yet she plays with her friends whenever they ask her. Jasmine claims that when she is with her friends she feels like a different person and can play much better than when she practices on her own. Jasmine's change in ability when she is with her friends can best be attributed to the group influence phenomenon known as

social facilitation

Kimberly and Daniel, two psychology majors, argue about the psychodynamic perspective of personality. Kimberly believes in Karen Horney's sociocultural approach, whereas Daniel believes in Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Which of the following is Karen most likely to state to support her argument?

Both sexes envy the attributes of the other.

Which of the following statements best defines personality?

It is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Which of the following is true of implicit racism?

It must be measured with a method that does not require a person's awareness.

With regard to personality assessment techniques, what is social desirability, and what are some consequences of social desirability?

Social desirability refers to a tendency to respond to self-report items in a manner that makes the respondent look good rather than to respond in an accurate and truthful manner. It can affect the validity of experimental and survey research findings, but procedures such as the use of forced-choice items and proxy subjects can be effective in preventing or reducing social desirability bias.

In the context of abnormal behavior, which of the following is true of deviant behavior?

The context of a behavior may determine whether it is deviant or not.

According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the _____ is involved in avoidance learning.

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. When he asks Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep, feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with

bipolar disorder

Christina's parents are very strict about her academic performance. When she performs well, they shower her with love; when she does poorly, they are unfriendly and distant. Christina soon learns that the only way she can receive their love is by performing well academically. In the context of Rogers's humanistic psychology approach, Christina's parents are demonstrating _____ for Christina.

conditions of worth

Maria believes that her roommate did not clean the dirty dishes last night because she was exhausted after an unusually busy day at work. Maria is explaining her roommate's behavior through

external attribution

Joey and Phillip are high school students in the same class. Joey imitates Phillip's stammer in front of his friends and laughs. When none of his friends comment on his imitation, Joey assumes that they find Phillip's stammer funny as well. This scenario best exemplifies the _____ effect.

false consensus

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately?

normative social influence

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, _____ occurs when the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.

rationalization

If Cathy blames her history teacher for her poor performance on a history test, she is most likely engaging in

self-serving bias