PSYC 1332 Final Review

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Which speciality area within industrial-organizational psychology might involve a study of workers who commit violence in their workplace:

Organizational

Ralph sometimes experiences disruptions to his identity, memory, and conscious awareness. Because of this he may be diagnosed with

a dissociative disorder

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases

What is job analysis:

Describing job tasks accurately and in detail

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Work overload, harassment, and bullying can all lead to:

Job Stress

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Carlos is a small business owner. Recently, he became the primary caretaker for his aging mother. He works long hours at his business while also making sure that his mother can keep her medical appointments and has company in the evening. This exemplifies:

Work-life balance

An organizational psychologist studies:

Worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

Phoenix hears voices in his head that tell him to punch holes in the walls of his room. Because Phoenix is perceiving the voices without an external auditory stimulus, he is experiencing

a hallucination

Which one of the following is NOT a level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

acceptance

When Larry forgets to buy milk at the grocery store, he says, "I forgot milk because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk, Larry says, "She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of

actor/observer bias.

Which of the following is an example of a stressor?

being in car accident

Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music has bad taste in music. One day, Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest pop music hit. Chris now decides that listening to pop music is not so bad after all. Chris's attitude change is best explained by

cognitive dissonance.

What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study when and how people decide to respond to engine failure during a flight:

cognitive task analysis

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The treatment for depression that works by creating a seizure in the brain using an electrical current is called

electroconvulsive therapy

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Taylor was in a car accident when she was six months pregnant. Her doctors are worried that the accident may have caused problems with prenatal development because she is in the ________ period.

fetal

Transactional leaders do not ________.

focus on worker input regarding assigned goals

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Throughout her childhood, 12-year-old Carmella has experienced problems affecting her emotions and learning ability. It is most likely that Carmella is experiencing a

neurodevelopmental disorder.

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

primary appraisal

Which of the following is associated with the development of sexually mature reproductive organs and genitals?

primary sex characteristics

The U.S. Equal Employment opportunity commission is responsible for:

responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory

social exchange

When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance, it is an example of

social facilitation.

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

You experience a disruption that threatens a part of your life and is difficult with which to deal. Most likely, you will experience body changes, thoughts, and actions associated with the psychological process of

stress.

What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery?

task analysis

Lucia is optimistic about goal achievement, and she encourages her team to think critically and solve problems. She is also considerate of their needs. What type of leader is Lucia?

transformational

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

What is comorbidity? Why does comorbidity make diagnosing patients diffiuclt? Discuss at least 2 disorders to support your answer.

Comorbidity is when a patient suffers from two disorders. An example of this may be a patient suffering from both obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. OCD tendencies can trigger depression when a patient when things do not go their way. Or both disorders can be triggered from the same stimulus or event. A patient like this suffers from the effects and symptoms of both disorders, which can tie into or influence one another. A patient that fits the diagnostic criteria for one disorder can also fit the diagnostic criteria for another disorder, so it can more difficult to properly diagnose a patient because they may not only have one condition but two or more.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Id

On which of the following clients would lithium alone have the most clear and beneficial effect?

Larry, who has extreme periods of mania and mild depression

According to your textbook, which of the following statements is NOT a reason spirituality may contribute to overall well-being?

Many religions have strict rules that people feel compelled to follow.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

After taking several assessments and being told that all signs indicate he is perfect in every way for a career as a high school teacher, Mike becomes a high school teacher. He is miserable. Why is Mike so miserable in a career that psychological assessments indicated he would be a perfect fit?

Psychological assessments may not be completely reliable to depend on as they should only be treated as a suggestion and not something to base one's life decisions on. Every individual is unique and responds to different events and situations differently. According to the results of the assessment, Mike may have the tendencies and qualities that are typically looked for or found in teaching but may not enjoy it as a career or may be interested in another career that calls for the same qualities. These assessments should never be treated as perfect assessments of an individual.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

There are many theories of personality. Compare and Contrast two theories. Which do you agree with most? Which do you disagree with most? Why? Provide examples or illustrations to support your argument.

Rotter's Theory: people are one of two types: Internal locus of control or external locus of control; based on belief of amount of control one believes that they have in their life Same: Individuals can exhibit a certain degree of intensity in each category Five Factor Model: All people exhibit varying levels of each of the 5 factors (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) I personally believe that the FIve Factor model is more accurate than Rotter's theory. because it leaves more room for the uniqueness of individuals in each of the five factors at varying levels. For example, a person may have a fairly low number on Rotter personality test that favors an internal locus of control but may have a conflicting score on the Five Factor model. They may have a higher score of neuroticism even though internals tend to be more optimistic and less likely to fall to depression than their external counterparts. They could display a high level of agreeableness or show different variations of strengths because even though many people fall under the category of one of the two loci of control, all of them are unique and different in personality from one another. While I do think that most people either have an internal locus of control or an external locus of control, I think it can vary according to different situations and leave more room for error or change of mind. But compared to the Five Factor model, I do not think Rotter's theory is the best way to measure the personality of people.

Sasha finds her job difficult and has had a hard time learning how to do some of the tasks that are required of her. She decides to put in some extra hours to learn how to complete the tasks, and she is confident that in doing so she will be able to perform the tasks well. According to research discussed in your textbook, what is a likely outcome?

Sasha will feel less stressed and happier.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

List and describe FOUR of the eight stages of development by Erick Erickson

Stage 1: (0-1 yrs) Trust vs. mistrust that basic needs will be met (e.g. nourishment, attention/care from caregiver) Stage 2: (1-3 yrs) Autonomy vs. shame/doubt in completing independent tasks (feeding yourself, walking without help) Stage 5: (12-18 yrs) Identity vs. confusion in experimentation and development of identity and roles Stage 8: (65+ yrs) Integrity vs. despair in reflecting about life

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Dr. Padgett meets a new client who has antisocial personality disorder. The client most likely has

a lack of empathy and remorse.

Carrie recently quit her job, packed up her car, and drove to Las Vegas, where she gambled away her entire life savings in 24 hours. Based on this, Carrie may be experiencing

a manic episode.

According to the diathesis-stress model, mental disorders are caused by both ________ and stress.

a predisposition to mental illness

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The psychological disorder that is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life is ________ because ________.

a specific phobia; the feared object or situation can often be avoided

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Dr. Clarkson is treating a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). He learns that the client's parents divorced and she has never felt loved because her father left the family. By looking for the issues that led to the development of her OCD, Dr. Clarkson is

attempting to determine etiology.

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.

basolateral; nucleus

Which of the following states is NOT characterized as one of the three components of happiness?

being acknowledged by others as a successful person

Mary experiences long periods of time when she feels very depressed. However, she occasionally goes through phases where she is highly focused on her painting and she creates beautiful works that provide a rewarding experience to her. It is most likely that Mary would be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

bipolar II

Mario has always tended to have "love-hate" relationships with people who are close to him and constantly worries about people leaving him. Thus, he smothers them with affection only to feel rejected and disappointed when they back away from this behavior. Mario has threatened to commit suicide several times and most people view him as emotionally unstable. Based on this, Mario might be diagnosed with ________ personality

borderline

When studying psychological disorders, Ernesto learns that the diathesis-stress model suggests that

certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it.

When love develops slowly and is based on friendship, it is considered to be ________ love.

companionate

Which one of the following is NOT an example of emotion-focused coping?

creating alternative solutions

Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify?

creative

John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words, such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example, John is displaying

disorganized speech.

Aaron has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Aaron is most likely experiencing

disturbances in identity, emotional instability, and impulse control.

Eugene is 88 years old. With which of the following tasks is he most likely to have difficulty?

driving while talking on a cell phone

Engaging in primary appraisal allows us to

enact coping behaviors only for stimuli that are relevant.

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing. Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with

generalized anxiety disorder.

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

homeostasis

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

how a threat is perceived

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted's study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ________ psychology.

human factors

According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, individuals experience the crisis of ________ during the adolescent years, where they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are.

identity versus role confusion

Diana is assessing applicants for a pilot job at a regional airfield. She wrote the description of the ideal candidate, and now she is reviewing the personality profiles of the applicants to screen those who do not fit the profile. Diana is working in the specialty area of industrial-organizational psychology called ________ psychology.

industrial

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

Joe is nearing the end of his life. He reflects on his past, focusing on how he spent his whole life working long hours at his job. As a result, he is struggling with whether his life has been well lived. Joe is most likely experiencing the ________ stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

integrity versus despair

Lisa has a normal response to stress when she is worried about losing her job. Lisa's reaction may become an anxiety disorder if it

is excessive in the absence of a true threat.

Sarah is a practicing clinical psychologist. She should expect to see

many more clients with depression than clients with bipolar disorder.

Zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see. She sometimes "channels" the spirits so they can talk with living people. Based on this information, Zarina

may be acting normally, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

motivation.

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of

obedience

Malcolm refuses to shake hands with strangers (or anyone else for that matter) because he is fearful that they will infect him with germs. Malcolm is displaying signs of

obsessive-compulsive disorder. (OCD)

On the advice of social psychologists, a technology company decides to pay an unreasonable amount of money to a well-liked celebrity to promote a new product. The company is taking the ________ route of persuasion and using ________ conditioning to make potential customers develop a positive attitude about the product.

peripheral; classical

Parents who allow their children to make their own decisions at an early age, often before they are able, engage what type of parenting style?

permissive

Which of the following domains of development relates to changes in levels of hormones and growth of the body, including the brain?

physical domain

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem focused

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Johanna is a therapist who works with clients to help them understand their problems and work toward a solution by changing their behavior. Johanna is practicing

psychotherapy.

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as

social norms.

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

Problem-focused coping involves

taking direct steps to confront a stressor.

Research has shown that schizophrenia is influenced by biological factors. Specifically, brain imaging studies have shown that in people with schizophrenia

the amount of overall brain tissue is reduced.

Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?

the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes

A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________.

threat; challenge

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving

trait

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?

two-factor

Gretchen is excited when her son Brian demonstrates that he has developed theory of mind and will now be able to

understand that his mom has intentions that guide her actions.

Stewart has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. A) Describe two major approaches to treating Stewart's disorder. B) Provide an example of each technique that may be effective for Stewart's specific diagnosis.

1) Pscyhotherapy is a treatment that could be beneficial for Stewart because a therapist can help him understand the problems he struggles with and how he can work with adaptive solutions 2) Psychotropic medication can be prescribed to him to improve biological bodily systems

Compare and contrast the emotion-focused and problem-focused methods of coping. In your answer, discuss the possible benefits and disadvantages associated with each coping method. Provide a personal example of both an emotion-focused and problem-focused method of coping you've used recently.

4.5/5pts *[NOT COMPLETE ANSWER ] Emotion-focused coping involves avoiding, minimizing, or distracting oneself from the problem by making positive comparisons with others and/or seeking positives in negative events. I tend to try to distract myself from negative feelings by hanging with close friends or family and talking with them or distracting myself with another task, like stress-eating or binge-watching. Problem-focused coping involves getting to the root of the problem by managing or altering the problem-causing stress. A good example of this is directly telling someone that you are unhappy with them in some way instead of saying nothing and giving yourself more work and stress to worry about. Compared to emotion-focused coping, although it may work at first for a short while, it doesn't get to the root of the problem or actually make it smaller as problem-focused coping does. At best, emotion-focused coping should help you keep yourself reoriented and in healthy spirits as you actively apply problem-focused coping to overcome your stress and stressors.

What is a daily hassle? Define daily hassle and then provide three examples of daily hassles you've experienced today.

A daily hassle is a relatively minor event that may occur in an ordinary day-to-day basis in a person's life that a person will generally consider to be a "hassle" or stressful on top of their daily life. 1. Missing my alarm 2. Missing breakfast 3. Forgetting how to do a question and having to guess on it

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner