PSYC 200 Final

What are contractions? When do they start?

Tightening of the womb. 20 weeks.

What are the three types of ADHD?

a. hyperactive/impulsive b. inattentive c. combined

What does Dr. Noam Chomsky say is the reason for a child's ability to acquire language skills?

"Children solve the problem of language acquisition by having the general design of language already wired into them in the form of a universal grammar" to understand the basic rules of language in any form.

How does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory differ from Piaget's?

Complex thinking derives from social interactions more than private thought

What did Dr. Chung say occurred in the late 1980s that partially led to an increase in the prevalence of autism?

Congress included autism in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Parents and teachers became more sensitive to signs of autism. Also, American Psychological Association widened definition of autism a little bit so that more children met criteria for it.

What do some educators, both in the U.S. and Asia, say Asian schools have sacrificed in order to produce higher achievement scores?

Creativity and nonconformity.

Describe examples of critical periods and sensitive periods of development in different animals.

Critical period: newborn duckling will follow any moving object within first 48 hours. If nothing moving at this time, won't develop following response. Sensitive period: 6-12 months may be particularly sensitive period to develop parent-infant attachment. Sensitive periods more common among humans.

Describe cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential designs. What are limitations to each of these approaches?

Cross-sectional: "a research design in which groups of people of different ages are compared." Kids differ in cohort, so don't know that age is causal mechanism. Longitudinal: "a research design in which people in a single group are studied at different times in their lives." Kids might become accustomed to a particular test over time, some children drop out of these studies, and cohort effects occur within longitudinal studies, too. Sequential: "a research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of development."

What are theories? Why are they important?

"Sets of statements that propose general principles of development. They help us look at facts in a different way.

What is a zygote?

"Single cell created when sperm and ovum unite." A new combination of 23 pairs of chromosomes.

What is behavioral genetics?

"The study of the role of heredity in individual differences."

What is socioeconomic status (SES)?

"a collective term that includes the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence a family's relative position in society."

What is inductive discipline? Why do the book's authors suggest it is effective? For whom does it not work as well? Why?

"a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behavior is wrong."Helps children learn to see others' perspectives.Active and impulsive children need firm control.

What is a hypothesis?

A prediction one can test

What ethnicity has the lowest rates of breastfeeding? Why?

African-American. Bottle feeding is a culturally based parenting practice for them.

Describe Wayne Dennis' study of infants in Iranian orphanages.

Babies placed on backs in cribs learned to walk more slowly than those in less restrictive settings.

Why might the Strange Situation not be appropriate to assess Japanese caregivers and infants?

Babies rarely separated from their mothers.

What is the focus of sociobiology? What might a sociobiologist look for in different cultures?

"An approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival." Rules and behaviors that promote group survival

What does it mean for a test to be "standardized"?

"An individual's performance is evaluated by comparing her/his score to the average score attained by a large sample of similar individuals."

Describe diabetes. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Which has risen because of the increases in overweight?

"a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism."When you consume carbs, your blood sugar rises as your digestive system breaks down the constituent molecules. In response to this blood sugar rise, the pancreas releases the hormone insulin. This prevents blood sugar from rising to a level that can damage your organs. In diabetes, system doesn't work such that chronic high levels of blood sugar occur. Can cause fatigue, excessive urination, excessive thirst, and damage to organs.Type 1 diabetes: pancreas fails to produce insulin. Need insulin injections.More common form in children (4 in 5).Type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance. pancreas produces insulin, but body does not respond to it. Has risen because of overweight. Previously thought of only as adult issue.

What is meant by "inclusive education"? How does it typically work?

"a general term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in regular classrooms."Law requires the least restrictive setting possible.No universal approach. Commonly child spends entire day in regular education classroom but receives one-on-one aide at times. Other schools have kids in regular education classrooms and pull them out for specific subjects.

What are pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)?

"a group of disorders that are characterized by the inability to form social relationships." Also known as autism spectrum disorders. Children on spectrum vary in functionality.

What is synchrony? What are some examples of how infants and parents establish synchrony?

"a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and child" baby signals needs by crying; when held, she quiets or snuggles; she looks at her parents when they look at her.

What is ethology?

"a perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection."

What is myelination? What nerves myelinate first/earlier?

"a process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of a substance called myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve" follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal development. Parts of brain related to head movement myelinate sooner than those related to lower limbs.

What is a correlation? What does a correlation of 0 mean? What does a score below zero mean?

"a relationship between two variables that can be expressed as a number ranging from -1.00 and +1.00." The higher one variable is, the lower the other is.

What is theory of mind?

"a set of ideas constructed by a child or adult to describe, explain, and make predictions about other people's knowledge and behavior, based on inferences about their mental states."

What is inductive logic?

"a type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences." For example, adding a toy to a set of toys makes it one more. Then inferring that adding always makes more.

According to Piaget, what is egocentrism? How did he assess for it?

"a young child's belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way s/he does."Three Mountain Task.

What is centration? How does it lead to animism?

"a young child's tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time."Child might simply think "anything that moves is alive."

Describe social referencing.

"an infant's use of others' facial expressions as a guide to his or her own emotions."

What is a scheme? What is the general advance in schemes that occurs through infancy, childhood, and adolescence?

"an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance." We start with a limited number of schemes focused on sensory and motor processes. In childhood and adolescence we develop mental schemes that use symbols and think logically about them.

What are the characteristics of major depressive disorder? At any given time, what percentage of children suffer from it?

"feelings of deep sadness that last 6 months or longer and are accompanied by disturbances of sleeping and eating and difficulty concentrating." 1%

What are night terrors? What likely causes them?

"frightening dreams that usually happen within a couple of hours of a child's going to sleep and do not fully awaken the child." May sit up in bed and scream. Occurs in first few hours after falling asleep. Children usually fall back asleep immediately and do not recall dream or incident.A rapid transition from deep sleep to a drowsy "twilight sleep" state. Tend to happen when children physically exhausted or under unusual stress.Not linked to underlying problems.

What is Vygotsky's private speech stage? What happens to it as children get older?

"in which 3- to 6-year-olds use utterances based on internalized speech routines for self-instruction and self-monitoring."As move into next stage, in growth stage, internalize all of these and don't need to utter aloud.

What are executive processes?

"information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems."

What is metamemory?

"knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function."

Describe social learning theory.

"learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior."

Describe classical conditioning. What is an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

"learning that results from the association of stimuli." Unconditioned stimulus: dog food Conditioned stimulus: bell

What is operant conditioning? Who is the most famous proponent of operant conditioning?

"learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences." B.F. Skinner.

Define mental retardation.

"low levels of mental functioning (usually defined as an IQ score below 70...below the 2nd percentile) combined with significant problems in adaptive behavior." (e.g., dressing or feeding oneself)

Describe systematic and explicit phonics. What's the theory behind why it works?

"planned, specific instruction in sound-letter correspondences."Systematic means a planful approach, such as starting with simple single letter sounds (e.g., p) and moving to two letter sounds (e.g., ph)Explicit means phonics is an intentional focus

What is temperament?

"predispositions, such as activity level, that are present at birth and form the foundations of personality."

What is dyslexia?

"problems in reading or the inability to read"

What is babbling? When does it occur?

"repetitive vocalizing of consonant-vowel combinations by an infant." From 6-12 months constitutes half of infant vocal output

What is telegraphic speech? When does it appear?

"simple two-word sentences that usually include a noun and a verb." 2nd half of the second year (i.e., between 18-24 months)

What are teratogens? When are fetuses/embryos most vulnerable to teratogens?

"substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects." When a particular organ is developing most rapidly. This occurs in the first 8 weeks.

What is emotional regulation? What influences who develops it well?

"the ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behavior."Slowly moves from parental control to child control.Difficult and premature infants have poorer self-control later.Language delays at 2 predict poorer preschool self-control.

What is selective attention?

"the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation."

What is spatial cognition? On average, which gender performs better at spatial cognition?

"the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space."Boys.

What's automaticity? How does it help children learn complex math skills?

"the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity. For example, without having to calculate it, a child knows that 7 x 7 equals 49.Allows children to stay focused on the big picture Automaticity

What are metalinguistic skills?

"the capacity to think and talk about language."

What is a percentile rank? When does it usually begin to stabilize forheight/weight?

"the percentage of individuals whose scores on a measure are equal to orless than those of the individual child who is being described."Two years of age.

What is the Flynn effect? Why might it be occurring?

"the phenomenon of average IQ scores increasing in every racial group throughout the industrialized world during the 19th and 20th centuries."Adults of average intelligence in the late 1800s would be mentally retarded today. Improved nutrition, greater access to media, universal literacy.

What is pruning? When/how does it occur?

"the process of eliminating unused synapses." Unused connections die off

What is naturalistic observation? What does it mean for an observer to be "blind" to the study, and why is that important?

"the process of studying people in their normal environments." Observers who aren't blind might demonstrate bias in their observations.

What is infant-directed speech? In what ways does it seem beneficial to infants?

"the simplified, high-pitched speech used by adults with infants and young children." Infants prefer IDS, even in non-native language. Study showed American infants preferred IDS not just in English but also Cantonese. IDS emphasizes unique sounds, such as Spanish rolled r, and therefore helps infants learn them High pitch and recasting sentences (i.e., repeating sentences in correct grammatical form) draws infant attention. Experimental studies show recasting helps infants and children learn more than simple modeling.

What is conservation? How did Piaget assess for it?

"the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity"conservation of number: same number of marbles in circles of different diameters conservation of liquid: beakers of different sizes conservation of mass: dough of different sizes conservation of area: cows in field with same number of blocks/barns either bunched or spread out

What is object permanence? When does it develop?

"the understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen" even at 2 months, some evidence of it. If you place a screen in front of an object, remove the object, and then remove the screen, 2 month olds will show surprise at this impossible event.

What is attachment theory? What scientific perspective does this come from?

"the view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers and that the characteristics of those bonds shape later social and personality development." Ethologists.

How can parents nurture a secure attachment to their infant?

- Sensitivity to their baby's needs (e.g. responding in a warm and timely manner) - Scaffold and protect the child - Balance their needs with the needs of their child - A good relationship between the parents helps - Enjoy their child (e.g. expressed implicit and explicitly)

During which trimester does the baby start to hear?

2nd

How many children are diagnosed with autism?

1 in 88.

What are the first two critiques of comparing monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins' behaviors and inferring genetic causes of behavior?

1) Fraternal twins often differ by gender. Need to do studies with same-sex twins only. 2) Assumption that identical twins in the same home get treated the same. And/or, maybe identical twins get treated the same more so than fraternal twins do.

What are the two functions of parents (i.e., the attachment figure) for infants?

1) a secure base from which to explore, and 2) as a retreat in conditions of perceived threat.

At what age does the book's authors recommend children begin to play baseball and basketball?

10

When do women typically first feel the fetus' movements in the womb?

16th-18th week.

What percentage of the time do identical twins have different dominant hands? Why might this happen?

18%.Crowding in the womb. Maybe arm with more freedom of movement in the womb will become dominant.Or, maybe 82% of us have push from genes to become right-handed.Rest of us become left or right-handed based on experiences. (but, 17 of 18 will become left-handed based on experience? That doesn't add up).

When do infants develop a sense of "self"? How do researchers think they know? What else happens at this time?

18-21 months. Put rouge on infants nose. Not until 21-24 months did a majority of infants looking in mirror touch their own noses instead of the nose in the mirror. Also, at same time, infants begin to say their name when seeing a picture of themselves. Children show a newly proprietary attitude toward toys (e.g., "Mine!")

According to Piaget, when are infants first able to use symbols?

18-24 months

What percentage of children in the United States were overweight in 1963? Now? How does this increase compare to other countries'?

1963-1965: 4.2% (i.e., 1 in 25)now: 20% (i.e., 1 in 5)other countries: similar increase as in U.S.

What percentage of American children lived with two parents in 1970? 2000? How does the proportion of single-parent families in America compare to other industrialized nations?

1970: 95% 2000: 76% we're the highest/worst.

Describe the rates of immunization in 1992 vs. 1999. What accounts for the differences?

1992: 55% had full set (i.e., three injections for hepatitis, four for diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, three for influenza, three for polio, one for measles/rubella, one for varicella zoster virus) 1999: 90% intensive government media campaign

When did the United States pass a parental leave policy? What's it called?

1993 Family and Medical Leave Act

When do the trimesters last (in weeks)?

1st 1-12 2nd 13-26 3rd 27-birth

At what age do infants start "learning."

1st week of life. Study by Mavis Gunther focused on breast feeding. Infants whose nostrils were smothered while breast feeding learned to prefer the other breast. Gunther was able to train mothers to extinguish this preference. Also (from DeHart), mothers can increase or decreasing sucking at the nipple by use of her voice.

In all countries studied, what attachment style is most common? Second most?

1st: secure. 2nd: in 6 of 8 countries, avoidant (exception: Israel and Japan).

What did Walter Mischel find both immediately and 15 years later?

2 out of 3 children ate the marshmallow. 15 years later, 100% of kids who waited were successful.ADDITIONALLY: 210 points higher on the SATs

What are current estimates for how many different genes might cause autism?

200-400

Genetically, how is sex determined?

23rd pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosome. If two X chromosomes, female. If an X and a Y, male.

At what point in the night do nightmares typically occur? Do they typically indicate the child is experiencing a psychological issue?

2nd half of the night.No. They're normal/typical. But, may occur if parents going through divorce, etc.But, researchers in Canada found that only 4% of kids experienced nightmares. And, those that did more likely anxious and difficult to manage. And, their mothers had little confidence in their ability to manage the child. Nightmares may reflect mother-child interaction pattern.

When does the vocabulary explosion occur?

2nd half of the second year. 16 months: 50 words. 24 months: 320 words.

When do the sex organs develop?

2nd trimester

When might the mother first feel the baby move and kick?

2nd trimester

What age does a person's earliest memory come from? Why?

3 years. Maturation of connection between the hippocampus and cortex.

Describe the study of adopted French children and their IQs.

38 French children all adopted in infancy. Children adopted into upperclass families had IQs 15-16 points higher than those adopted into lowerclass families. Genetic effect also evident in that those born to upper-class families and adopted away had higher IQs than those born to lower-class families.

How many chromosomes do people have? What abnormalities can occur with chromosomes?

46. 23 pairs. 23 from the mother and 23 from the father.An extra copy, arranged differently, broken.

About what percentage of American children live with both their biological parents?

50%

What percentage of overweight children become overweight adults?

50%

What percentage of American babies are breastfed?

50%.

How great are average IQ differences between White and Black Americans? When do they appear?

6-15 points.2-3 years. Do not appear on infant intelligence tests or habituation tasks.

How much has the prevalence of twins increased in the last 30 years? Why?

66%. Women over 35 giving birth. Both naturally more likely to produce multiples over 35 but also more likely to use fertility pills.

When does the process of sex differentiation begin? When can parents know if they're having a boy or girl?

7 weeks. At an ultrasound around 16 weeks.

What percentage of the time did young white children interpret the Black child's intentions as negative (e.g., she pushed him)?

70%

Describe Chan, Raboy, & Patterson's (1998) study of artificially inseminated children.

80 school-aged children.Lesbian couples, single lesbian mothers, heterosexual couples, single heterosexual mothers.No differences in cognitive or social outcomes by group. In all, parenting stress, parental conflict, and parental affection predicted outcomes.

How many intelligences does Gardner believe there are? Does he believe all of them need to be taught?

8: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily kinesthetic(i.e., control of body movements), interpersonal (i.e., high emotional intelligence), intrapersonal (i.e., strong introspective abilities), and naturalistic (i.e.,nurturing and relating information to one's natural surroundings, such as classifying rock formations easily).No. They are more for classifying children and customizing education towards the way they learn.

At what point (in weeks) have the major organs of the nervous system already started to form?

9 weeks

What is ADHD?

A neurobiological condition with a chemical imbalance in the brain.

What is a synapse?

A "connection between neurons"

Describe Noam Chomsky's theory of language.

A "nativist" view. We have a language acquisition device that contains the basic grammatical structure of all human language. LAD tells infants there are two types of sounds, consonants and vowels. And, "pay attention to stressed sounds."

What is attachment?

A bond between an infant and its caregiver.

How can modeling affect a child's diet?

A child is more likely to have a poor diet if they see their parent eating or drinking non-nutritious foods such as sodas.

What does it mean that Autism is a "spectrum" of disorders?

A child with autism can have different sets of behaviors than another child with autism.

What is a delay in object permanence associated with later?

A diagnosis of mental retardation

By week 9, what does the embryo become?

A fetus

According to Sharanya Sudakar, how is dyslexia characterized?

A learning disability in which children have difficulty with learning to read fluently and being able to comprehend information but have a normal IQ level for their age

Based on the research findings in the book, how might parents promote prosocial behavior in their children?

A loving and warm family climate.Explain consequences of actions to children (e.g., "If you hit Susan, it will hurt her")State rules or expectations positively rather than negatively (e.g., "it's always good to be helpful to other people" rather than "Don't be so selfish!") Attribute prosocial motives to children (e.g., "you're such a helpful child!"or "You do a lot of nice things for others.")Look for ways to let kids be helpful Parental modeling

What is stereotype threat?

A minority group member's fear/anxiety to validate a stereotype about that group when taking a test. That fear/anxiety leads to lower performance.

What is the most common childhood behavioral disorder? What percentage of children does it impact?

ADHD As many as 18%. Table 10.2 says 14% diagnosed with it after 9 years.

Compared to adults, how much food does a preschooler eat? When?

About half as much. Often not at regular meal times

What percentage of children who talk late will continue to have language delays after they begin talking?

About half. Those at risk have poor receptive language.

What percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD take stimulant medication? Does it seem to work?

About half.Most are calmer and can concentrate better.But, doesn't always improve grades. Does this most consistently with extreme ADHD.

What did the longitudinal study in the journal Science find about whether or not child maltreatment gets repeated from one generation to the next?

Abuse victims were not found to be more likely than non-abused individuals to physically abuse their own children (although that could be somewhat due to reporting error). However, they were more likely to neglect or sexually abuse their children.

How do achievement and intelligence tests differ?

Achievement is supposed to measure what you've learned. Intelligence is supposed to be capability. But, much of intelligence testing, especially as done en mass in schools, involves what one's learned.

List and describe the five key temperamental traits that developmental psychologists have identified (Thompson & Goodvin, 2005).

Activity level: an infant's tendency to either move often and vigorously or remain passive and immobile. Approach/positive emotionality: a tendency to move toward rather than away from new people, things, or objects and usually accompanied by positive emotion. Inhibition: a tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal to new people, new situations, or new objects Negative emotionality: a tendency to respond to frustrating circumstances with anger, fussing, loudness, and/or irritability Effortful control/task persistence: an ability to stay focused, to manage attention and effort.

Describe the study by the NIHCM Foundation on physical education time and overweight.

Adding an hour of PE per week reduced BMI by 31% on average.

What is low IQ a risk factor for?

Adolescent delinquency, adult illiteracy, adult criminal behavior. But, by far most dumb people don't become criminals.

Describe the study on parent perceptions of temperament in infants based on the infants' gender (i.e., Condry & Condry, 1976).

Adults interpreted videotaped behavior differently if told it was a boy or girl. If a girl, "fear." If a boy, "anger." Adults now somewhat less likely to do this.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of growing up bilingual.

Advantages: no impact on early language milestones. Readily discriminate between languages phonologically and grammatically from earliest days of life. In early childhood, greater metalinguistic ability. In adulthood substantial advantages to knowing two languages. Disadvantages: receptive and expressive language for a single language smaller than for monolingual, because word understanding split between two languages. This persists into school. Most do not attain equal fluency in both languages. If that second language is one that occurs at school, at risk for learning problems.

What racial/ethnic groups have the highest rates of SIDS in America? Why doesn't poverty seem to account for this? What does the book's authors suggest might account for this?

African American, Native American, Native Hawaiian American. Because Hispanics almost as likely to be poor, but their SIDS rates are lower. Lower rates of alcohol and tobacco use among women born outside of U.S. may account for this. Prenatal care. 70% of Native American women and 75% of African American women receive prenatal care in the first month of pregnancy. 85% of White and 87% of Chinese American do.

In America, what race/ethnicity has the highest rate of premature birth? What is the percent?

African Americans. 16.5%.

Which theorist argued learning does not always require reinforcement?

Albert Bandura

Who developed the first intelligence test? Why?

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.To identify children who will have difficulty in school.

What is meant by the blank slate?

All of the mind's structure comes from socialization: parenting, culture, experience. "Man has no instincts."

According to Dr. Boroditsky, how might Hebrew and Arabic speakers conceptualize time differently than English speakers? What did work by Professor Rafael Núñez suggest about how the Aymara people reference the past and future?

Although English speakers conceptualize time as progressing from left to right, Hebrew and Arabic speakers may think of time as going from right to left. Dr. Nunez found that the Aymara place the past in front of them and the future behind them - a fact evidenced, according to Dr. Boroditsky, by their peculiar use of metaphor and bodily gesture.

In 2006, what was the child poverty rate for different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?

American Indian: 40% African American: 33% Hispanic American: 27% Asian American: 12% White: 10%

Why do the book's authors say American children lag behind Asian children in math and science achievement?

American parents and teachers emphasize innate ability more than Asian parents and teachers. Asian parents and teachers therefore might have higher expectations across the board. Asian families spend more time teaching children academic skills.Also, Japanese and Taiwanese teachers will spend 60 minutes on a single science lesson with a beginning, middle, and end that involves entire class. American lessons not as elaborate.Also, whereas group instruction occurs more in Japan and Taiwan (74% &90% of the time, respectively), U.S. teachers spend 49% of the time instructing the entire class.In Asian, computational skills seen as the responsibility of the parent. Teachers responsible for conceptual understanding. By the time they start school, Japanese children know basic computational facts. Many use the home-based Kumon program starting at age of 3 years.

Who is more likely to intervene to make their 1-year-old have predictable sleep patterns, American or European parents?

American.

What type of parenting style do Asian parents typically display?

Authoritarian. And, this relates to achievement.

What is an IEP?

An individualized education plan. "an instructional program that has been designed to meet a child's unique needs."

What is thimerosal? How does it relate to the increase in autism rates?

An ingredient in vaccines. Removed from vaccines in 1992, and autism rates have increased since then (NOT decreased).

How did Dr. Stephen Ceci define suggestibility?

Any event, either verbal or pictorial, before or after an experience a child has, that damages a child's report accuracy.

What do newborn ducklings and geese follow? What is this phenomenon named?

Any moving object within the first 48 hours. Imprinting.

When does Dr. Pinker say the "two-word phrase" (i.e., telegraphic speech) begin? How does Dr. Pinker say telegraphic speech demonstrates an infant's ability to generate her/his own sentences using her/his native grammar?

Around 18 months. Since adults generally do not speak to their children (or to one another) using two-word utterances, the fact that children do so suggests their own inventive use of language.

Describe assimilation and accommodation.

Assimilation: "the process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience." Accommodation: "changing a scheme as a result of some new information."

What is the most frequent cause of school absence for 6-12-year-old children?

Asthma. "a chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty."

In Jerome Kagan's longitudinal study of inhibition, what did he find about 4 month olds who exhibited high levels of crying and motor activity in response to novelty (e.g., a mobile bouncing above their bassinet)?

At age 8, half still highly inhibited. Of those rated uninhibited at 4 months, 3/4ths still uninhibited at age 8.

What did Steinberg, Mounts, Lamborn, & Dornbusch (1991) find about authoritative and authoritarian parenting?

Authoritative defined as above average on acceptance, control, andautonomy.Most common among White and least common among Asian families.More common among middle class and intact families.Related to positive child outcomes in all ethnic groups (e.g., more self reliance,less delinquency). Strong links, however, only for Whites and Hispanics.For Blacks and Asians, strong links between authoritarian style and school performance and social competence.

Describe the difference between autistic disorder and asperger's syndrome

Autistic disorder: language delays, impaired social interactions, severely limited range of interests.Asperger's: impaired social interactions but language and cognitive development fine.

What did Erik Erikson call the toddler stage? Preschool stage? Why?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. New mobility and desire for autonomy.Initiative vs. guilt. New ability to plan accentuates desire to take initiative.But, also feels guilt at doing wrong, like taking another's toy.

What are norms? Which researcher first focused on these? What period of development was first identified because of her/his work?

Average ages at which developmental milestones are reached. G. Stanley Hall. Adolescence.

How did infants respond in the experiment involving the "ball thief," and what did this indicate to researchers about innate human morality?

Babies tended to reach for the puppet who punished the ball thief, suggesting the universal presence of a basic sense of justice during infancy.

How do preschool children tend to decide who is "mean"?

Base on most recent interactions with others.

What are some ways in which parents who place their children in childcare differ from other parents on average?

Be poorer, more likely to be single parents, may have different values or religious backgrounds.

Why did the white boy (at 5:20) think it'd be hard to have a black child over to his house?

Because everyone in his family is white.

Describe how hopelessness might influence some minority children's achievement test scores.

Because of racism and lack of opportunity, some Black students don't believe they'll be able to succeed economically no matter how hard they try.

What is nocturnal enuresis? What causes it? At what age do most healthcare professionals consider it problematic?

Bedwetting. Smaller-than-normal bladder. And/or, deficient production of antidiuretichormone (ADH), which signals the kidney to make less urine. In adults and most children, this produced more at nighttime.Six years of age. Even though toilet trained earlier, bladder control not perfect.

What treatments/interventions seem to help children with PDD the most?

Behavior modification strategies to improve communication skills.Medication sometimes used, but children can respond unpredictably

Describe sociocultural attitudes that place children at risk for abuse

Belief that abuse is morally acceptable and/or that children are the property of the parent.

When is autism typically diagnosed? Why?

Between two to three years. When language delays become apparent.Parents often report a lack of interest in the first year, though.

What's the difference between bilingual education and structure dimmersion?

Bilingual education: instruction in two languages Structured immersion: instruction only in English unless absolutely necessary.

On average, who develops appearance/reality understanding more quickly, monolingual or bilingual children? Why?

Bilingual. Experience that one must suppress assumption other knows what you're talking about.

How do the rates of premature and low-weight births correlate with being Black or White in America? What did researchers James Collins and Richard David find about these rates when education and socioeconomic status were controlled for?

Black American women have higher rates of both (e.g., twice the rate of low-weight births). The disparity not only persists when education and socioeconomic status are controlled for but actually widens.

According to Dr. Killen, which parents are more open to talk about race, black or white?

Black. Early on they prepare their children for the world of diversity and discrimination more.

Describe Scarr & Weinberg's mixed-race adoption study.

Blacks adopted at early age into middle-class White families only slightly lower on IQ.

What environmental differences might help account for why Black and White American children differ on average in IQ scores?

Blacks more likely born with low birth weight, suffer from poor nutrition,have high lead levels, and read to less.

How do doctors typically measure obesity?

Body Mass Index (BMI): a person's weight relative to their height.

What affects temperament, nature or nurture?

Both genetics and parenting contribute.

Why do young children have difficulty remembering the differences between real memories and things they imagined?

Both leave an imprint, or mental image, in their memory, and younger children are more vulnerable to confusion with whether or not the mental image was from a real memory or their imagination. "source discrimination"

How does an ultrasound produce a photograph of the fetus?

Bounces sound waves off of internal tissue.

Describe Flavell's study on the false belief principle.

Box with candy pictures on outside. But, actually crayons inside. 3-yearolds thought another would think crayons inside. 4-5-year-olds thought they'd think candy.

Who is diagnosed with ADHD more frequently, boys or girls?

Boys.

For whom is the ratio of strength to body size greater, boys or girls?

Boys. Takes them less effort to move bodies through space.

Describe gender differences in temperament that researchers have found.

Boys: more active, emotionally intense Girls: more fearful, sociable

Why is sleep important for children?

Brain development and emotional regulation.

Which do most developmental psychologists suggest is healthier for newborns, breast feeding or bottle feeding? Why?

Breast feeding. Meets nutritional needs. Contributes to more rapid weight and size gain. Infant less likely to have diarrhea, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, ear infections, colic, and to die Breast milk also better at supporting immune system functioning Maybe protects from overweight in later years.

What is optimal nutrition for a newborn?

Breast milk exclusively for the first 6 months then with complementary foods until one year.

How does Finland approach education, and what is its dropout rate?

Broad approach to education and no standardized testing.No dropout rate.

What are a couple of examples of how parents reinforce sex identity when children are 18 months old? Do the book's authors believe this explains gender differences in development? Why or why not?

Buying different toys for boys and girls; responding more positively when sons play with trucks and daughters play with dolls. Especially clear with boys from fathers.No. parents do less of this differential reinforcement than you might think.Even children of parents who try to raise them gender neutral pick up sex stereotyped behaviors.

Describe how poverty can impact language development.

By age 4, differences in vocabulary substantial and increase through grade school years. 4-year-old poor kids use shorter and simpler sentences (Snow, 1997) richness and variety of language heard (e.g., being read to) probably account for much of these differences

Why did Dr. Ceci conduct the mousetrap study? Describe the study and what it found.

Can children produce memories about painful/traumatic experiences, similar to abuse? Experimenters questioned children on whether or not they ever got their hand caught in a mousetrap. All of the children never have (confirmed by parents), and all the children answered "no." After a few weeks of questioning and suggestibility, the children stated they did have their hands caught in a mousetrap and created detailed/elaborate stories about the event that did not occur.

Summarize what the book's authors state about learning a second language at an older age.

Can learn the language just as well as at younger ages. Education level more important than age. Will speak with more of an accent, though, or at least have to work harder to eliminate the accent. Before 10-11, children use same portion of Broca's area to learn second language. That seems to help prevent the accent for some reason.

Describe deficits in "social cognition" children with autism might have.

Can't predict what others are thinking.Can't read facial expressions of emotions. Subsequently, don't realize how others respond to their statements

Describe how cultural differences might influence what is considered child abuse.

Caribbean cultures have flogging, which is beating a child with a switch or a stick, for failure to complete chores.

What does Dr. Sinha say that neuroscientists would say happens if a blind human eye is fixed after four or five years of age?

Chances of being able to see are slim.

If a child doesn't speak a few words by the age of two, what will a doctor likely do?

Check her/his hearing.

How do childhood-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder differ? Which has a stronger biological component, and which is more likely to predict problems in adulthood?

Childhood-onset: symptoms prior to 10 years Adolescent-onset: adolescent onset Childhood-onset has more biological contribution and is more likely to persist into adulthood.

Describe how the book's authors view parents' roles in shaping temperament.

Children born with predispositions, but parents can modify this.

What percent of children are considered overweight or obese? What about children in poverty? Why is the rate among poorer families higher?

Children overall: about 15% Low-income children: about 30% Can't afford fruits or to get to supermarkets that offer healthier options

Instead of memorizing sentences in order to speak, children draw on their innate awareness of a universal grammar, as classically argued by linguist Noam Chomsky. How does Professor Steven Pinker describe this process?

Children seem able to deduce the rules of spoken language upon continuous exposure to it. This later allows them to be able to construct their own sentences.

Why is it important to get treatment for ADHD in childhood?

Children with ADHD have higher rates of dropping out of school because of difficulties learning.

What characteristics of children place them at greater risk for abuse? Of parents?

Children: Physical or mental disabilities or difficult temperaments.Parents: depression, lack of parenting skills or knowledge, history of abuse themselves, substance abusers, limited empathy, limited impulse control. Also, non-biological fathers more likely to abuse than biological

About what percentage of children and adults have ADHD?

Children: about 7%Adults: about 4.5%

Describe racial/ethnic group differences in achievement and IQ.

Chinese and Japanese achieve more in science and math.Whites score higher than Blacks on IQ.

Explain the three philosophical views of human nature, who is associated with each, and what each implied for parents and teachers.

Christian view of original sin: Humans are selfish. We need to teach children to overcome this. John Locke (17th-century English philosopher): Humans have a blank slate (tabula rasa). Built on philosophy of empiricism. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (18th-century Swiss philosopher): naturally good and seek out experiences to help them grow. Good outcomes will occur as long as environment doesn't get in way of child's attempts to grow her/himself.

In Japan, what is a secure attachment history related to in preschool?

Clingy behaviors. In America, these behaviors related to insecure attachment.

What are the manifestations of brain damage from alcohol?

Cognition, executive function impairment, behavioral (e.g., aggression, lying/stealing), interpersonal, emotional (e.g., easily frustrated), sensory integration, speech/language dysfunction, and motor impairment.

Which theories tend to emphasize the child as an 'active' participant in her/his own development?

Cognitive theories, such as Piaget.

What child behaviors are associated with uninvolved parenting?

Combination of other two: both internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Today, what do IQ scores represent? What is the average score?

Comparison of a child's score versus all other children that child's age.Average is 100.

Which theories in the chapter are stage theories?

Freud, Erikson, Piaget.

To what do homozygous and heterozygous refer?

Homozygous: either two dominant or two recessive genes Heterozygous: one dominant and one recessive gene

Describe child behavior on average in the first several years after a divorce.

Declines in school performance and increased aggressiveness, defiance,and depression.Seem to persist for many years. Greater risk for mental health problems as adults. Many struggle to pay for college, and a majority report fear of intimacy. More likely to divorce themselves.

Describe how chromosomal differences in sex (i.e., XX vs. XY) become physical differences.

Default development is female. At 4-8 weeks, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome signals production of androgens. These cause male genitals to develop.

If you ask a preschool child to describe her/himself, what types of things is the child likely to say?

Describe physical/external characteristics such as gender, hair color, who friends are, favorite cartoon character, etc.

What does the cephalocaudal process of development mean?

Development proceeds from the head down.

Describe Seymour Kety's adoption study of schizophrenia and its results.

Did it in Scandinavia (Denmark) because they keep great records. Identified all people with schizophrenia and then went back and looked at parents. 1% rate of schizophrenia in general. If no biological risk but brought up by schizophrenic parent, 3% chance. If brought up by non-schizophrenic parent but have schizophrenic biological parents, 9% chance. If biological risk and raised by adoptive schizophrenic, 17% chance of schizophrenia. Interaction between biology and environment. Risks not just additive.

What are some physiological stress responses that can occur from divorce?

Differences in heart rate, sweat, and stress hormones.

Why did Erik Erikson call his stages 'psychosocial' rather than 'psychosexual'?

Different ages bring different social tasks, such as toilet training at 2 years or social skills at 6-7 years, that require mastery.

To what cause did the researchers attribute the disparities in premature and low-weight rates between Black and White Americans?

Differential treatment of the races in society. They concluded that Black mothers' experience of racism seemed to negatively impact their unborn fetuses.

Describe what dizygotic and monozygotic twins represent genetically. Which occur more frequently?

Dizygotic: two sperms and two ova. Two zygotes. 50% genetic similarity. No more than other brothers and sisters. 2/3rds of twins are dizygotic. Monozygotic: single zygote that splits. 100% genetic similarity. 1/3rd monozygotic.

What is the best way for divorced parents to communicate?

Do not use the child as a messenger. Co-parent and effectively communicate with each other without having the child in the middle. If one parent is badmouthing another, the parent should not engage in retaliation or badmouthing as well.

Why are twins more frequent with in vitro fertilization?

Doctors typically transfer several zygotes to mom to increase chance of one successful one.

Why might a social worker tell a parent not to talk to her/his child about suspected sexual abuse by an adult (at least initially)?

Don't want to distort child's memory of details. Children very suggestible. Even if something didn't happen, if asked about it repeatedly, a child may come to report it happened.

How did Dr. Melanie Killen assess children's implicit attitudes about race?

Drawings of potentially provocative situations (e.g., a child on the ground next to a swing....was s/he pushed? Fell on own?). Two pictures of exact same situation with only difference the child's skin color. After showing a single picture, ask child "What is going on here?" By comparing results to exact same picture but with different skin colors, can see implicit biases about race.

How do genes relate to chromosomes?

Each chromosome has millions(?) of genes. Each gene for a particular function (e.g., eye color) shows up in same place in different zygotes.

What do Asian societies tend to emphasize, inborn talent or effort?

Effort. Hard work can modify whatever talent differences exist.As a result, spend more time doing homework.

Describe the Strange Situation and what its purpose is.

Eight settings caregiver and infant (typically 12-18 months) go through. Observed in a mixture of settings with and without caregiver and with and without a stranger. Infant reactions to these situations, particularly the reunion, indicate attachment quality.

What health risks/consequences does overweight bring?

Elevated cholesterol or high blood pressure, both of which can predispose to heart disease later Can also speed up sexual maturation in girls

What maternal characteristics seem to predict secure attachment?

Emotional/contingent responsiveness, marital status (married vs. cohabiting or single...but could be due to education, income, or age), marital conflict, psychiatric illness.

Which part of the brain regulates the emotions? Is the source of self-motivation?

Emotions: frontal lobe.Self-motivation: frontal-limbic circuit.

What's the difference between empathy and sympathy?

Empathy: "the ability to identify with another person's emotional state"Sympathy: "a general feeling of sorrow or concern for another person."

Describe the difference between an enabling style and constricting, or restricting, style.

Enabling: supporting the friend, expressing agreement, making suggestions. Girls do this more.Constricting: derail the interaction, inhibit the partner, cause the partner to withdraw (e.g., contradicting, interrupting, boasting, other forms of self display).Boys do this more.

Typically, what environmental influence tempers the instincts for selfishness and bias? And, what are the situational factors Dr. Bloom considers responsible for us succumbing to these instincts?

Enculturation. However, when our lives are difficult, or when we are under pressure, we are more likely to revert to our younger selves.

What are some benefits of breastfeeding for the baby?

Enhancing the immune system and nourishing the brain and body

How does randomization help an experimental study?

Ensures the two or more groups were the same prior to the study.

What is epigenetics? How might it explain why so-called "gay genes" are passed down - rather than gradually die out - despite gay people having 80% less children?

Epigenetics is the study of how genes are modified by environmental stimuli. Drawing on epigenetic theory, a recent UCLA study theorized that everyone has a "gay gene." The study proposed that the expression of homosexuality was dependent on whether this "gene" (i.e. molecular DNA cluster) was turned on by the triggering of specific regions in DNA.

How do sperm and ova differ in chromosomes from all the other cells in the human body?

Every cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sperm and ova (collectively called gametes) have 23 single sets.

What does the sociobiological perspective toward behavior emphasize?

Evolution and how human behavior is the same and universal

What is the most serious long-term health risk in middle childhood?

Excessive weight gain. "a pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their height, age, and sex."

Explain how exercise during childhood helps adult bone health.

Exercise adds more calcium to bones. Calcium absorption during childhood predicts calcium level in adult bones.

What did the study by Michelene Chi demonstrate?

Experience facilitates memory. Expert chess players could remember placement of pieces on the board much more quickly and accurately than novice chess players, even if experts were children.

What causes most cases of hearing loss? What does the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association do to help prevent this?

Exposure to excessive noise.The ASHA publishes an annual report of toys that might hurt children's ears.

How does an infant sometimes react when her/his mother is depressed? What seems to cause this?

Express more negative and less positive affect Some resist moms' attempts to nurse them or even refuse to eat altogether. As a result, higher percentage undernourished. Later, at risk for aggression or social withdrawal Depression by itself not the problem. Rather, depression interferes with mom-infant interactions. Sometimes leads to withdrawal by mom and other times to overinvolvement and anger expression toward infant. If depressed mom shows same parenting behavior as other moms, no affects on infant.

What are common post-partum symptoms for mothers? How long can they last following birth?

Fatigue, feeling down, lack of ambition, dizziness, hemorroids, respiratory infections, sexual concerns. up to a year.

Describe the difference between fine and gross motor skills. Do boys and girls acquire these equally quickly early in life?

Fine: use of hands. Bones in wrist appear earlier for girls, giving them an advantage in fine motor skills. Gross: movement, such as crawling. Boys more physically active and acquire gross motor skills more quickly than girls.

When do all of the major organs develop?

First eight weeks.

Describe Lewis Terman's study of gifted students in California in the 1920s.

Followed them into their 80s. Better off than others not just in academic realm but also healthier, wider ranging interests, and more successful later in life.

Describe the DeCasper & Spence (1986) study on prenatal exposure to the Cat in the Hat.

For final six weeks, moms read Cat in the Hat daily. After birth, infants sucked on special pacifiers that could turn different rhymes and stories on and off. Preferred pacifiers that turned on the Cat in the Hat.

When are the IQ scores of fraternal twins more strongly correlated, in childhood or in adulthood? Identical twins? Why might this be?

Fraternal: childhood. The effects of the environment might be transient. Identical: adulthood. Their genes influence the environment they choose.

What does Dr. Chris Madsen say are good foods for children?

Fresh fruits (not juice), protein such as nuts and cheese sticks, peanut butter

For Erikson, how does the parent's task change from infancy totoddlerhood?

From warmth, predictability, and responsiveness to also include control.

When asked to describe oneself, what characteristic is a preschool child likely to begin with?

Gender.

Do boys and girls and younger and older children react similarly to divorce?

Generally more pronounced for boys than girls. But, other studies find delayed effects for girls.Some studies find stronger effects for younger children but not consistently.

The authors describe boys with a genetic defect that produced deformed genitals. Some of these boys were given plastic surgery at an early age to give them female genitalia and were raised as girls. Describe the outcomes of these children.

Genetic defect only impacted the sex organs and not the brain.Many later had surgery to masculinize their genitalia.Others who retained female identity exhibited more male behaviors and attributes (doesn't say what exactly, though).

What are some more known causes of ADHD?

Genetics and brain difficulties

What are the genotype and phenotype?

Genotype: the unique genetic blueprint of each individual Phenotype: an individual's particular set of observable characteristics.

What country was the first to have a parental leave policy?

Germany

Describe the three stages of prenatal development, when they begin and end, and what major developments occur during each.

Germinal stage: conception to implantation (2 weeks). Cells specialize into those that will be body and those that will support its development. On Day 5, cells become a blastocyst. By day 12, implanted into uterine wall. Cells from outer wall of blastocyst and uterine wall combine to form placenta. Embryonic stage: (weeks 3-8). Main body organs all form during this time. By week 4, heart beginning to beat. By week 6, brain electrical activity detected. And, embryo moves in response to stimuli. Fetal stage: by week 23, some babies have obtained viability, the ability to live outside the womb.

For whom is cross-gender behavior more likely?

Girls.

From ages 6 to 12, who grows more quickly, boys or girls?

Girls. By 12, they reach 94% of adult height. Boys reach 84%.By 12 years boys 2 years behind girls in skeletal development

What are the sex chromosomes for a girl? What are they for a boy?

Girls: XX Boys: XY

What have studies found regarding male birth order and prenatal testosterone exposure?

Giving birth to a son has been shown to increase the likelihood for homosexuality in the next son by 33%. Similarly, there is evidence to suggest that homosexual men have more older brothers (on average) than do heterosexual ones. Also, research has shown that women exposed to high levels of testosterone in utero were less likely to be straight than those exposed to typical levels.

What allows children to have more stamina? Who has greater stamina on average, boys or girls?

Growth in the heart and lungs. As of age 10, boys.

In a Vygotskian classroom, what's a technique teachers will often use?

Guided participation: "an intervention strategy in which children become teachers' apprentices rather than passive recipients of instruction." Task initiated by child, and teacher and child would complete it. Teachers only provides hints and clues needed.

What are the moral emotions? Which children are at risk for not developing them as strongly?

Guilt, shame, pride Those without warm, trusting parent-child relationships.

In middle childhood, what sports are girls better at than boys? Why?

Gymnastics and things that require coordinated movement. Their skeleton and muscles are more developed. But, they have less stamina and strength, so they're not as good at things that involve running, kicking, and throwing.

Describe habituation and dishabituation. How do researchers use these to assess perceptual acuity?

Habituation: "a decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar." Dishabituation: "responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were new."

Describe G. J. Whitehurst's study on dialogic reading.

Half of parents used dialogic reading with 2-year-olds. That is, asking questions for which children could not point to answer (e.g., "There's Eyore. What's happening to him?"). Other half of parents given no special instruction. A month later, kids in dialogic reading knew more vocabulary words.

Developmental psychologists think approximately how much of IQ is genetic?

Half.

Describe anthropologist John Haviland's study on language, space, and navigation and, according to Dr. Boroditsky, its significance.

Haviland found that, instead of relying on words like "left" and "right" to communicate in the world, as we do in English, some languages utilize cardinal directions (i.e., "north," "south," "east," "west"). For this reason, a native speaker of such a language must always be sensitive to their orientation in space. If they're not, they simply wouldn't be able to speak the language properly. The fact that such people do so successfully not only proves that humans can perform feats beyond what we have traditionally thought we could perform but also that language can indeed shape human cognition.

When do gender differences on standardized math achievement tests become evident? To what do the book's authors attribute this difference?

High school.Differences in how teachers and parents treat boys and girls. Teachers tend to attribute success to girls to hard work and failure to boys to lack of effort.

Are rates of low birth weight babies higher or lower in the United States compared to other countries? Why?

Higher (12%). More twins, which increases risk for low birth weight.

What are some of the benefits of being bilingual mentioned in the video?

Higher density of the brain's grey matter and the delay of the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's.

How does the U.S. infant mortality rate compare to other industrialized countries? What accounts for these deaths?

Higher than most others. 2/3rds die in the first month due to congenital anomalies or low birth weight

What is the first principle Ken Robinson mentions on which human life flourishes? How is the No Child Left Behind Act in relation to the first principle?

His first principle is that human beings are naturally different and diverse. a. The No Child Left Behind Act is based on conformity and children are only tested on what they can do on a very narrow spectrum of achievement b. The No Child Left Behind Act focused on math and science and does not give equal/balanced requirements or weight to other subjects such as art,humanities, and physical education.

What does Dr. Sinha's research suggest about a critical stage for eye development?

His kids were able to develop sight after many years of blindness (he didn't say how many years, though)

Describe the black girl's experience (at 7:45) with friendship with a white boy.

His mom only wanted him to be friends with other white children.

What are the first overt signs of a baby showing its temperament?

How a baby reacts to its environment (e.g. how an infant responds to temperature, hunger, needs, sleeping, etc.).

What is behavioral genetics?

How do we know when behavioral patterns have a genetic component. Look for patterns of shared traits among individuals with similar genes.

What is the evidence that genetics plays a role in IQ?

Identical twins much more similar in IQ than fraternal twins.And, IQ of adopted children more similar to biological than adoptive parents.

What occurs in an asthma attack? How can parents best prevent this?

If a child encounters irritants, bronchial tube linings become inflamed. In response, large amounts of mucus are produced, which blocks the airways and leaves the child gasping for air.Avoid second-hand smoke and other irritants in the home.

What are the effects of early child care on social development? Why might these effects occur?

If spent 20 or more hours in nonparental care, increased risk for aggressiveness and disobedience. Other studies find if high quality care, however, no relationship. Stress hormones (i.e., cortisol) increase in infants in childcare and decrease for home-cared.

What percentage of births in the United States involve caesarean sections? Is this percentage too high or too low? Why?

In 2003: 27% With older women delivering, higher likelihood of twins. Surgical delivery helps improve outcomes for twins. But, 1/4th of c-sections in U.S. elective. Some argue that this unnecessarily leaves moms at risk for allergic reactions, infections, and injuries to other organs and the fetus like any other abdominal surgery would.

Children naturally learn to discriminate between phonemes by listening to the speech patterns which surround them. How does the video explain this process as it relates to the /r/ and /l/ phonemes in English and Japanese?

In English, the /r/ and /l/ sounds are treated as distinct sounds, while Japanese treats them as the same. So, in English-speaking contexts, children will hear lots of /r/ and /l/ sounds and very few sounds in-between them. But, in Japanese-speaking contexts, children tend to hear intermediate sounds between /r/ and /l/. By age six, English-speaking children can discern the sound boundary between both phonemes, while Japanese-speaking children have learned to hear both sounds (and those in-between) as the same.

Describe the wug test and explain how it displays children's ability to systematically apply linguistic rules in novel ways.

In a laboratory, children are exposed to the image of an unfamiliar fictional bird called a "wug." Two of these creatures are then depicted, and researchers ask children to fill in the following blank: "Now there are two of them. There are two [...]." Children tend to fill in the blank with the word "wugs," and the inventive addition of the letter "s" to the noun "wug" demonstrates mastery over the regular plural rule.

What's an example of how Dr. Melanie Killen think children subtly receive messages about race preferences?

In a room, and a white adult asks the white person a question instead of the black person.

How did Erikson's view of the first year of life build upon Freud's? What did Erikson term it?

In addition to nursing and weaning, responding to the infant's needs by comforting, talking, etc. just as important. Trust vs. mistrust.

How do synaptogenesis and pruning help explain how infants within more enriched homes might develop better cognitive skills later?

In impoverished homes more synapses maybe unused on average and therefore die away.

When does handedness develop? Do individuals usually become stronger or weaker at non-dominant hand use with age?

In the fetus. Although, not firmly established until preschool.Stronger. Older children better at fine motor skills with nondominant hand than younger children.

What three types of behaviors characterize ADHD? As you watch the video,record five specific examples of ways that children behave that fit one of these behavior categories. (Note: record five total and NOT five for each of the three categories.)

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

In 2008, how did the U.S. define poverty for a family of four? How does the child poverty rate in the U.S. compare to other industrialized countries?

Income of $21,200 or less Higher than most other industrialized countries. In 2006, we're at 17.4%. In Denmark, 5%. In Sweden, 15%.

Has autism increased or decreased recently? Why?

Increased. More awareness of disorder.But, also probably genuine increase in disorder for unknown reasons.

How does ADHD medication such as Ritalin work? Does it cure ADHD?

Increases dopamine levels in the brain. Doesn't cure. Only controls symptoms.

Describe the study with the Indian sugar cane farmers. What does the video say the results show?

Indian sugar cane farmers were given cognitive tests before and after their harvest. Results showed that farmers performed better after a successful harvest was completed, presumably due to the mental strain alleviated by them knowing their crops were doing well, and that they now had more money to spend as a result.

Throughout development, when do parents and children have the most physical closeness?

Infancy.

Describe the study by Harlow & Zimmerman (1959). Does it support Freud's or Erikson's views more?

Infant monkeys separated from mothers at birth. Two cylinder mothers placed in cage, one with a nursing bottle and the other with a terrycloth cover. The monkeys only approached the wire mother when hungry. Better supports Erikson's theory.

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his studies with rhesus monkeys?

Infants attach to their mothers not just for nutrition but for comfort and security.

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend to help prevent SIDS?

Infants sleep on their backs. After publicized, 12% drop in SIDS.

Whose brain is more resilient in the face of insult (e.g., malnutrition, head injury), infants or adults? Why

Infants. They have more unused synapses than adults

Should young children eat more or less fat than adults? Why?

More. Need it for healthy brain development. Whereas adults should get 20-30% fat, kids can be 30-35%

How have researchers since Piaget (e.g., Baillargeon) shown that object permanence occurs earlier than Piaget thought?

Instead of reaching, grasping, and moving blanket, simply had to watch a possible and impossible event. 4-month-olds can do this.

Describe instrumental and hostile aggression. Which occurs more frequently by the end of the preschool years?

Instrumental: "aggression used to gain an object."Hostile: "aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage."Hostile aggression.

What are some reasons some mothers cannot breast feed?

Insufficient milk supply, medical conditions that require medication, viruses (e.g., HIV)

What is colic? What causes it?

Intense crying for 3 or more hours/day for no apparent reason. Don't know why it happens. Usually disappears spontaneously at 3-4 months.

What does research show to be the most important for classroom social and academic development?

Interaction

If an infant cries when separated from her/his caregiver, what attachment style does this represent?

It doesn't. Even many securely attached infants cry.

What is the idea of Multiple Intelligences?

It is a psychological theory to document the fact that individuals have different types of intellectual strengths and these strengths are important to understand how children learn and show their intelligence (or show what they understood).

Contrary to what some parents and teachers believe, what do Sharanya Sudakar say is the missing component that causes dyslexia?

It is not a matter of the child being dumb. Rather, the child misses auditory cues, making it difficult to understand word and letter sounds, how words rhyme, and putting words together.

What is a "complete collapse in earnings"? Who is affected by it?

It is when the average income has not increased in value over time. In 2016/2017, the value of a $16,000 income is still the same value as compared to a $16,000 income in the 1960-70's. The bottom 50% of income earners in the U.S. (i.e., ½ of the U.S. population) has been completely shut off form economic growth.

Why does Gardner believe the education system is unfair?

It only tests for generally one type of intelligence. Gardner refers to this as the "Law professor mind," linguistics and logic.

What causes ADHD?

It's unknown.But, neurological. Functional deficits in right hemisphere of brain. Also,serotonin function impaired.Children born premature (24-31 weeks gestation) 4-6 times as likely to have ADHD symptoms.Might move around more in order to receive stimulation.

Describe the Montessori method of teaching.

Italian physician Maria Montessori.The teachers provides a limited number of developmentally appropriate activities from which to choose, and the child chooses from among these activities.

What does it mean for a study to be 'generalizable'?

Its findings apply to other children.

Are children of gay and lesbian parents more or less likely to be homosexual than children of heterosexual parents?

Just as likely.

Did children simply imitate what adults did?

Just as television was going into home

What do nutritionists recommend for encouraging healthy eating in the preschool years?

Keep a variety of nutritious foods on hand. Let child's desire to eat be guide. Limit access to sweets and other attractive, non-nutritious foods.

What does warmth mean for conscience development?

Kid must need to feel good about your relationship to WANT to comply to rules, to want to take on parental agenda

What are some limitations to Piaget's theory?

Kids can do things at earlier ages than he thought. Children's mental skills don't generalize to all domains. Can have conservation for liquids but not solids.

Who needs sleep the most?

Kids from poor homes. It "levels the playing field."

Describe how socioeconomic status can interfere with health literacy.

Lack basic reading skills.

To Piaget, what was the overriding theme of cognitive development in early childhood?

Language acquisition.

Children with what types of difficulties most likely use special education services?

Learning disabilities. "a disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she or he possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps."

Which functions do the left and right side of the brain usually control?What is this division called?

Left: language, logic, analysis, math Right: intuition, creativity, art/music, spatial perception Lateralization

Does the United States parental leave policy provide substantially more or less time off than most other countries?

Less

Describe how the vision of preschoolers differs from older children.

Less peripheral vision until age of 5 and also farsighted (i.e., cannot see closely well). This is why books for preschoolers are written in large print.

Within the first three months of life, does prompt attention to a crying baby lead to more or less crying by the baby later?

Less.

Do we have more or less cavities than previous generations? Why?

Less. Access to dental care and water supplemented by fluoride, which prevents tooth decay.

If you have an inhibited four-year-old child, does controlling the child more or less seem to have a better outcome for her/him by the age of seven?

Less. More controlling Chinese parents had more inhibited 7 year olds. (Hou, Chen, & Chen, 2005)

What are comorbidities?

Linked conditions, such as having ADHD and dyslexia at the same time.

Describe the study John Watson conducted to show that classical conditioning can describe acquisition of fears. In Watson's study, what was the unconditioned stimulus? Conditioned stimulus?

Little Albert. Paired a clang with a white rat. Unconditioned stimulus: bell Conditioned stimulus: white rat He generalized fear to other white, furry things.

Describe the community arrangement of the Efe foragers of Zaire and how this impacts attachment relationships.

Live in camps of 20 individuals. Each group is several extended families. Infants cared for communally. Carried and held by all women. If they have needs, including nursing, cared for by whoever is closest. Normally sleep with their mother, though. Infants seem to use any adult or older child as a secure base. And, around six months a preference for the mother still arises, although maybe not quite as strong as in other cultures.

What risks do malnutrition during pregnancy incur?

Low birth weight baby with intellectual difficulties later in life. Also, adult mental illness Brain stunting. Weight and volume of brain reduced. Fewer dendrites and less rich synaptic formation.

How does tobacco use while pregnant seem to affect the newborn and, later, the child?

Low birth weight. Higher rates of learning problems, ADHD, & antisocial behavior.

What are characteristics of "high quality" child care centers?

Low teacher/child ratio (for children under 2, 1:4; for 2-3 years, 1:10) Small group size (for infants, max 8; for 1-2 years, max 12; for older, max 20) A clean, colorful space that promotes play A daily plan Sensitive caregivers Knowledgable caregivers

How many grades do low-income children lag behind their high-income peers, and how does this compare with the lag between middle-income and high-income children?

Low vs. high income: about 3-4 grades behind Middle vs. high income: about 2 grades behind

What characteristics and behaviors first occur in the 3rd trimester?

Lungs mature and breathing movements, grows hair and fingernails, opens and closes eyes, teeth grow under the gums

What's the world's leading cause of death for children under the age of 5?

Macronutrient malnutrition (i.e., too few calories)

Describe the two subgroups of mental retardation and the causal factors associated with each. Which typically functions at a higher level?

Majority show no signs of brain damage or physical disorder. Cause a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Come from homes with mental retardation and disorganization. Prenatal factors also might play a role, but not typically the strongest role.15-25% caused by evident physical damage such as Down syndrome,prenatal influence (e.g., alcohol, drugs), anoxia at birth, or brain trauma.Those with organic impairment function more poorly.

Describe what sex differences appear prenatally

Males more active. Females skeletons about 1-2 weeks more advanced at birth. This continues throughout childhood and adolescence, leaving girls more quickly acquiring many coordinated movements. Boys catch up and surpass in the mid-teens, though. Males more vulnerable to prenatal difficulties. More boys conceived, 1.2- 1.5 times as many, but only 1.05 times as many born. Males also more sensitive to some prenatal toxins (e.g., marijuana, stress).

Describe the history of lefthandedness in 20th century America.

Many children discouraged or even punished for being lefthanded. Lesslefthanded people among oldest American generation than younger ones.Mid-century this attitude changed, though, and lefthandedness seen as fine and even encouraged.

Is ADHD diagnosed in the United States more or less than other countries? Why?

More.Maybe over diagnosis here or under diagnosis there?But, maybe a real difference: among American and South African Black 6-year-olds similar in family structure and SES, Americans scored higher on hyperactivity

When do prosocial behaviors appear in children? In what form? Does helpfulness increase or decrease with age?

When do prosocial behaviors appear in children? In what form? Does helpfulness increase or decrease with age?

In the study published in the Journal of Family Life and Violence, what two protective factors tempered the effects of childhood maltreatment, such as on depression and alcohol problems?

Marriage and education.

Why do the book's authors say single parenthood poses risks for children?

Maybe most importantly, parenting style might move away from authoritative. Common in first few years as custodial parent is distracted or depressed and less able to manage.Reduces financial and emotional resources available to support the child.Woman's income drops 40-50% on average following divorce.Any family transition difficult.

Who is required to report suspected child abuse to state authorities?

Medical professionals, teachers, childcare workers, and anyone working with children but also, in some states, private citizens.

What does an IQ score below 70 represent?

Mental retardation, but only also if deficits in activities of daily living or classroom functioning.

What do most nutritional problems in industrialized countries involve?

Micronutrient malnutrition (i.e., not enough vitamins and minerals)

How many sperm does a male create when he orgasms?

Millions

How well do IQ scores in preschool predict grade school performance? Is this true for all racial/ethnic and economic groups?

Moderately well. Correlation with later grades .50.Yes.

Describe the DeCasper et al. (1994) study on prenatal exposure to familiar rhymes.

Mom read children's rhyme out loud each day from week 33 through week 37. In week 38, researchers either played recording of that rhyme or a different rhyme. Prenatal heart rate lower during familiar rhyme.

What faces do babies prefer to look at?

Mom's face and attractive faces.

Dr. Schultz described a study comparing three vs. four month leave policies. What did they find?

Moms who took a four month leave were happier about being a mom.

What is monochorionic vs. bichorionic pregnancies? What differences exist between them in the fetus' experience?

Monochorionic (which occurs 2/3rds of the time) share bloodstream to a greater extent than during bichorionic. Still largely the same but some differences in what makes it to the fetus. Monochorionic has more similar IQs than bichorionic.

What is a monozygotic twin? Dizygotic twin?

Monozygotic: identical twin. 100% similar genes Dizygotic: fraternal twins. 50% similar genes

What social change led to more and more countries implementing parental leave policies?

More and more women in the workplace

If exposed to testosterone or other male hormones prenatally, how do female animals tend to behave years later?

More like male animals (e.g., aggressive).

How much money does America spend on education in comparison to other countries?

More.

Why does Dr. Reardon say we have more inequality in early childhood than we used to, rather than more inequality in school?

Most of what is causing the gap occurs before kids enter kindergarten. The income achievement gap is very large when children enter kindergarten, and this gap doesn't really widen during the later school years.

What did Dr. Pinker claim about parenting in his book?

Most studies of parenting are useless because they don't control for genetics. Genetically controlled studies find identical twins reared apart just as simllar as those reared together. And, adopted siblings are not similar at all. He claims chance events make a big difference for how we turn out.

What are some short-term effects of divorce?

Most suffer from lower self-esteem, anxiety, depression, less quality contact with parents, and decreased standard of living.

Do Americans breastfeed more or less than women in other countries?

Much less.

What is myopia? What causes it? Does it improve over time?

Nearsightedness. "a condition that results in blurred distant vision"Genetics. Runs in families.No, it progressively gets worse. Requires constant re-examination and new eyeglasses.

The video proposes child neglect leads to a "double whammy." Explain this.

Neglect not only: 1) deprives the brain of the healthy stimulation it needs to develop basic architecture, but 2) at sufficient magnitude, it also intensely activates young children's stress biology.

What is the most common form of abuse in the United States?

Neglect.

What causes PDD?

Neurological disorder. But, no single origin. Some genetic defects.Heredity strongly implicated. Among identical twins, 70-90% concordance.Likely interact with environmental factors, too, though, such as maternal depression.

Do the authors believe the baby is a blank slate at birth?

No

What causes autism?

No single cause. Some factors: 1) advanced paternal age, 2) exposure to certain agents (e.g., infections) during pregnancy, and 3) genes

What does the video say about the existence of a specific gay gene?

No specific "gay gene" has been identified. Rather, what we sometimes call "gay genes" are technically just genetic methylation patterns correlated with homosexuality.

Does being bilingual in fact "make one smarter"? If one does not learn a language from early childhood, is it truly too late for them to learn?

No, but it does make the brain healthier, more complex and engaged. No, it can be learned any time.

Does Pinker believe the mind is a blank slate? What are the arguments he makes for against it?

No. a. common sense i. any parent with a child and a pet know they're different b. human universals i. there is a lot common to the world's cultures: emotions, etc. c. genetics & neuroscience i. distribution of gray matter in prefrontal cortex more similar in identical than fraternal twins ii. twins separated at birth often have similar traits 1. dipped buttered toast into coffee, sneezed in

Research shows that children who spend 20 or more hours per week in childcare on average display more behavior problems than children cared for at home. Does this prove that childcare can cause some children to become more disruptive? Why or why not?

No. Don't know if preexisting differences in families might have caused differences.

Does temperament determine a child's life or personality?

No. It's a component but not the whole story.

Are lefthanded and righthanded children equally at risk for poor developmental outcomes?

No. Lefthanded more at risk for poor cognitive and socioemotionaloutcomes. But, probably something about causes of lefthandedness rather than the lefthandedness itself.

Does Dr. Chung believe vaccines cause autism? Why not?

No. Original study that suggested they do was fraudulent. And, no credible evidence that they do.

Are most kids in early childhood resistant to trying new foods?

Yes. Probably part of our evolutionary heritage.

Does listening to classical music raise children's IQ scores? Describe the Rauscher, Shaw, & Ky (1993) study and what it does and does not mean.

No. They found that listening to a Mozart sonata temporarily raised college students' IQ scores. Media took it to mean that infants' IQs would raise if listening to Mozart. Many studies have found this doesn't occur, though. Problem of generalization. Even if it relaxes college students, it may not relax young children.

Does divorce have negative effects for all children? In what circumstances would children have better responses towards divorce?

No. When the child is taken out of a situation where parents are constantly fighting and there is stress from their relationship, then the child is more likely to have better responses from the divorce.

Do boys and girls differ in IQ overall? In specific IQ scores?

No.Yes. Girls: better at verbal tasks, arithmetic computation Boys: better at numerical reasoning. More boys in gifted math classes than girls.

How much television does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest children under the age of two watch per week? Describe Dimitri Christakis' study that this recommendation is based on.

None. Children who watched excessive television in the first three years more likely to have ADHD in elementary years.

Describe normative age-graded changes, normative history-graded changes, and nonnormative changes.

Normative age-graded changes: changes common to everyone and occurring at approximately the same time Normative history-graded changes: a common historical occurrence that affects a particular age cohort Nonnormative changes: unique experiences an individual has that influences her/him.

What do infants who later develop autism tend to look at when sung "Itsy Bitsy Spider"?

Not at the eyes (in the video). At the mouth, nose, or other parts of the face.

How does Dr. Madsen say children's activity differs today than in the past?

Not walking to school, less PE time, watching more television

How do poverty and poor sleep combine?

Not well. Poverty is an added stress on children, which intensifies the effects of poor sleep.

What is the difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

ODD: "a behavior disorder involving a pattern of negative, defiant,disobedient, and hostile behavior toward parents and other authority figures that is established prior to age 8."Conduct disorder is like ODD but also with threatening and/or aggressive behavior and violations of social rules.

Describe the study of prenatal handedness conducted by Hepper, Wells,& Lynch (2004).

Of children who showed righthand dominance prenatally, all were righthanded at age of 10. Of those who didn't show clear dominance, 2/3rd righthanded at age of 10.

Ordinarily, how many eggs does a woman produce each month?

One

What does the "ecological approach" to development refer to?

One must examine the contexts within a child lives to understand development: schools, neighborhoods, parents' satisfaction with jobs, etc.

Do attachment styles remain the same over time? Describe the situations in which they may or may not remain the same.

Only if family constellation/circumstances remain the same. If divorce, move, death, abuse, illness, etc., classification may change either for the worse or for the better.

When is ADHD diagnosed?

Only when the symptoms start interfering with the child's relationships and ability to learn.

Which comorbidity is most common with ADHD? Why do psychologists believe they co-occur so often?

Oppositional defiant disorder. Children with ADHD develop oppositional defiant disorder as a reaction to punishment for behavior they cannot control.

According to "The Washington Post," how has the believe about poverty recently changed?

Originally, those who were considered poor were blamed for their own "personal failings" as they were not thought to work hard or be focused enough. Now, the belief is their lack of income is more about their situation and NOT about individual failings.

What is anoxia?

Oxygen deprivation. Can cause death or long-term brain damage. 56. Are rates of low birth weight babies higher or lower in the United States compared to other countries? Why? Higher (12%). More twins, which increases risk for low birth weight.

Describe Flavell's study on appearance and reality.

Painted a sponge to look like a rock. 3-year-olds either said it was a rock and looked like a rock or was a sponge and looked like a sponge. 4-5-year-olds able to say looked like a rock but was a sponge.

What is the main variable that determines how well children will function after divorce?

Parent conflict.

What do the doctors in the video say parents do to produce extreme fears in kids like Maya and Jake?

Parents rescue their children from fearful stimuli and therefore prevent the child from developing a healthy tolerance of the stimuli. This ends up strengthening the irrational fear.

How many sodas did children in the past typically have? Now?

Past: maybe one soda/week Now: most children are drinking at least two/day.

Describe Bowlby's four phases of establishing attachment including when they occur.

Phase 1: birth to 3 months. Nonfocused orienting and signaling. Infant will cry, smile, etc. to anyone near them. Phase 2: 3-6 months. Focused signaling. Infants become discriminative in their signaling Phase 3: 6-24 months. Secure base behavior. True attachment emerges. Babies show "proximity-seeking" behavior (e.g., following, clinging). Directed to a primary caregiver or, if s/he's not available, then someone else. Phase 4: 24 months+. Internal models of attachment form.

What are the 7 types of child maltreatment

Physical abuse, Neglect, Sexual abuse, Sexual exploitation, Emotional abuse, Parental substance abuse, Abandonment

Describe the types of child maltreatment.

Physical abuse: "nonaccidental physical injury to the child.....results in physical impairment." [but, leaving a mark sufficient]Neglect: "deprivation of adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision."Sexual abuse: "rape, molestation, or any form of sexual contact."Sexual exploitation: "employment, use, persuasion, inducement,enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in or assist another person in any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct either for the sexual gratification of an adult or for the purpose of a visual depiction of such conduct."Emotional abuse: "injury to the psychological or emotional stability of the child as expressed in depression, anxiety, withdrawal, changes in behavior, and/or school performance."Parental substance abuse: "manufacturing a controlled substance in the presence of a child; using drugs in the presence of a child; selling,distributing, or giving drugs or alcohol to a child; exhibiting impaired capacity to respond to a child's needs as a result of alcohol or drug use."Abandonment: "leaving a child in circumstances in which the child is likely to be harmed; leaving caregivers without knowledge of one's whereabouts for an extended period of time."

What does it mean to understand another's intentions? Do preschool children have this ability?

Piaget didn't think so. But, some studies suggest they can. In Nelson(1980), 3-year-olds said someone who intentionally hit another with a ball is more naughty than someone who didn't.

In which type of classroom—Piagetian or Vygotskyan—would teachers more likely simply provide children with educational materials, such as blocks, and allow children to figure out relationships between objects on their own? In which type of classroom would you more likely see teachers assist children in their discoveries of these materials?

Piagetian. Vygotskyan

What gland controls growth and development? How?

Pituitary gland. Secretes growth hormone.

What is in vitro fertilization? What is its success rate?

Placing a sperm and ovum in a petri dish and allowing to form there. Until 6-8 cells and then moved to mom's womb.

Compared to mothers, how do fathers tend to interact with their infants?

Play with them more, physical roughhousing

Describe the social and behavioral functioning of children with PDD.

Poor communication skills; unable to understand the give-and-take of relationships; unusual, repetitive behaviors such as hand flapping; some develop attachments to objects and become anxious or enraged when separated from them; others engage in self-injurious behavior

According to Gerald Patterson, what leads to delinquency in a child?

Poor discipline and monitoring by the parents. May lead to peer rejection and academic difficulty. Then, kid may hang out with delinquent/deviant peer group.

What are the effects of high quality child care on children's cognitive development?

Positive for low income. Significant and lasting gains in IQ and later school performance. Mixed results for middle income, though.

How does poverty affect intellectual disabilities?

Poverty is an important factor, especially in developing countries. Living in poverty increases the likelihood of malnutrition, inadequate medical care, or exposure to environmental toxins.

What is the leading cause of infant death in America?

Premature birth.

Describe what marks the beginning and end of each period of development and the approximate ages for each.

Prenatal: conception to birth Infancy: birth to use of language to communicate (0-2 years) Early childhood: use of language to entrance into formal schooling (2-6) Middle childhood: formal schooling to puberty (6-12) Adolescence: puberty to varying ages (12-18)

How do many psychologists say parents and teachers can prevent stereotypes from becoming racial prejudice?

Preschool teachers should openly discuss race and make effort to teach non prejudiced attitudes. They can make kids aware of historical realities such as slavery and race segregation. Can also ensure children of different races do projects together. And can emphasize strengths as individuals. And, can try to develop positive race/ethnic identity.

According to the video, what are the leading reasons the United States has one of the worst infant survival rates in the industrialized world? Considering only White Americans, how well would the U.S. fare among industrialized nations for these outcomes?

Preterm and low birth rate. Considering only on White Americans, these outcomes would still rank the U.S. as only 23rd best in the world.

Describe the circular reactions.

Primary: repetitive actions organized around the infant's body Secondary: more aware of events outside body and tries to make them recur Tertiary: infant tries new ways of playing with or manipulating objects.

Based on what the book's authors say, should parents of gifted children encourage them to skip a grade?

Probably. Does not seem linked to social maladjustment and is linked to better achievement. Might help ward off boredom in the child.

What are some symptoms of adult ADHD?

Problems with: managing time, keeping a job, with relationships, managing money, and driving.

How do children with mental retardation typically differ from other children in their thinking/information processing?

Process information more slowly; think concretely and have trouble with abstract reasoning; require more complete and repeated instruction to learn; do not generalize new learning to other situations; difficulty with recognition of facial expressions.

What are some symptoms associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Pronounced facial features, heart disease, low birth weight, central nervous system abnormalities, and growth retardation.

What are characteristics of families with higher IQ children?

Provide interesting and complex physical environment, including ageappropriate play materials.Respond warmly and appropriately to child's behavior.Talk to children more, using rich and accurate language.Aim conversations to children at slightly higher level than child at.Ask questions rather than give commands.Avoid being restrictive However, all of these correlational.

What did Dr. Bandura do and find in the Bobo Doll experiment?

Put adult in a room with a child and a bunch of toys. After about a minute the adult begin to hit the Bobo Doll. Every child imitated what adult had done. Closest imitation came if adult same sex.

Describe the issue of continuity vs. discontinuity in development

Quantitative vs. qualitative change. Do we change by degree or kind? How do we explain 2-year-olds like of a good friend and the 8-year-olds abundance of good friends?

What type of study design might a developmental psychologist use when an experimental approach is unethical, such as examining the effects of abuse on children?

Quasi-experimental design.

As children move from preschool to elementary school, do they become quicker or slower in their ability to press a button when they hear a buzzer?

Quicker. Called "processing efficiency."

How "stable" are children's IQ scores?

Quite. Correlation from one year to the next in middle childhood .80.

How early do children become racist? Why?

Racial schemas well in place by 4 or 5.Seem to reflect a "like me" or "not like me" categorization scheme.By 5 or so, White kids know stereotypes of minorities.

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Rare genetic disorder that causes androgens to be released and therefore females to develop male genitalia.

Describe receptive and expressive language. When do each appear?

Receptive: "comprehension of spoken language" Expressive: "the ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning." Receptive language occurs around 8 months and expressive 12-13 months

What are some genetic disorders that boys are more likely to have than girls?

Red-green color blindness, hemophilia (blood won't clot), fragile-X syndrome (the X chromosome is damaged and can cause mental retardation that progressively worsens)

What does the researcher at Cornell University say is the single most effective way to prevent child maltreatment?

Reduce poverty and inequality.

What are some benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?

Reducing breast cancer and protecting against osteoporosis

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement causes behavior to occur more often. Punishment, less.

What's a partial reinforcement schedule? How does that help explain whiny or noncompliant children?

Reinforcement occurs only occasionally, reinforcing all the previous attempts. If kid gets attention or way once out of 10 pleas, reinforces all the pleas.

How do older mothers compare to adolescent mothers in their sensitivity?

Report infants as less difficult. Display more sensitive caregiving.

What is selective mutism? How does Dr. Steven Kurtz and the Brave Buddies therapy program go about treating selective mutism?

Selective mutism: a childhood anxiety disorder in which the child does not speak or communicate in a specific social setting (e.g., school). Brave Buddies is a week-long program which repeatedly exposes children to public speaking in a structured fashion. At the end of treatment, children are expected to be able to effectively conduct social interaction.

According to the video, how great a reduction in IQ is experienced due to the mental strain of financial struggle? Under what other condition does this reduction occur? What reason do researchers give for this IQ drop? What do they compare the mind to?

Research suggests that economic/financial struggle can reduce IQ by about 13 points. A similar drop occurs in those who miss a night of sleep. Worrying about one' financial situation and their ability to pay bills takes up more mental capacity for cognitive tasks in those with lower-income than it does in those less worried about money. They say our minds are like computers and when too many programs are running, the processing system slow down.

If a parent spanks, what do developmental psychologists tend to recommend accompanies the spanking?

Reserve it for potentially harmful behaviors Be accompanied with an explanation of why the child was punished and an assurance the child is loved.Never used for children under 2 years.

Based on the studies presented in the book, what types of problems/issues does SIDS seem related to?

Respiratory issues. Risk factors: more common in winter when babies more likely to have viral infections that cause breathing difficulties, infants with sleep apnea, moms who smoke prenatally

What did Piaget think was the most critical of all concrete operations?

Reversibility. "the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed."

What percentage of people are right-handed vs. left-handed? How has that changed through human history? How do researchers/historians know?

Right-handed: 83%. Left-handed: 14%. Ambidextrous: 3%.It hasn't changed.The bones of the dominant arm are typically longer than the nondominant arm. Same percentage lengths in fossils.

How did children react to violence on film?

Same way, even if adult dressed as cat.

What is scaffolding? The zone of proximal development?

Scaffolding: an adult or more competent child structuring a learning experience for a child. Zone of proximal development: "the set of tasks too hard for the child to do alone but that can be managed with guidance."

What does sensorimotor intelligence refer to?

Schemes related to looking, listening, sucking, and grasping.

What is Professor Paul Bloom's critique of B.F. Skinner's theory (or operant conditioning) as it relates to morality?

Science continues to point to the existence of a universal moral core which all humans share. This means that our sense of justice, or of right and wrong, isn't fundamentally acquired through reward and punishment; it's at least partly built into our biology.

Describe the four attachment styles.

Secure: "a pattern of attachment in which an infant readily separates from the parent, seeks proximity when stressed, and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration." Insecure-avoidant: "a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people." Insecure-ambivalent: "a pattern of attachment in which the infant shows little exploratory behavior, is greatly upset when separated from the mother, and is not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort her/him." Insecure-disorganized: "a pattern of attachment in which an infant seems confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behavior, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her."

Do vaccines cause autism?

Seems "no." a mercury called thimerosal was suspected. But, large studies have since found no differences between infants with and without these vaccines.

What types of behaviors can extreme lack of stimulation lead to?

Self-stimulating behaviors such as hand flapping, rocking back and forth, or aggression.

Describe Piaget's cognitive-developmental stages, including their names, approximate ages, and main advances/ways of functioning.

Sensorimotor (0-2 years): develop motor schemes. Use simple symbols toward the end of this period. Preoperational (3-6): can use symbols to think and communicate. Develops ability to take others' perspective. Can classify objects. Concrete operational (6-12): new internal operations, such as conservation and class inclusion, allow great step forward. Tied to known world, though. Formal operational (12+): child manipulates ideas and not just objects. Thinks hypothetically.

When does sex-typed behavior emerge? When do boys and girls tend to segregate in their play?

Sex-typed behavior: 18-24 months. Preference for trucks vs. dolls.Sex segregation: 3 years

What type of play seems to help young children develop theory of mind?

Shared pretend play

At what point during pregnancy can a pregnant woman safely drink alcohol?

She can't.

Does spanking work in the short-term? Long-term? Why or why not?

Short-term: yes Long-term: no a. models infliction of pain as ways to get others to do what you want b. associates spanking parent with pain c. leads to a family climate of emotional rejection d. associated with higher levels of aggression

Describe sickle cell trait and disease. What babies are most at risk for it?

Sickle cell disease: blood can't carry enough oxygen to keep the body's tissues healthy. Few children with sickle cell disease live past 20 years. It's a recessive trait. Those with sickle cell trait only have a few abnormal red blood cells. Among African-Americans, 1 in 8 has sickle cell trait, and 1 in 650 has sickle cell disease. Also more prevalent among Mediterranean, Caribbean, Indian, Arab, and Latin Americans than European Americans.

Who founded psychoanalytic theories?

Sigmund Freud

What economic trends have been observed in the top 1% and bottom 50% of income earners since 1978?

Since 1978, the portion of national income gained by the top 1% increased from 11% to around 20%. The bottom 50%, on the other hand, has experienced no gain (or loss) in its share of the national income.

Which race-ethnicity has the highest proportion of children living with single mothers in the United States? Single fathers? Why?

Single mothers: Blacks. Lack of economic opportunities for men leave them less able to take on family responsibilities.Single fathers: Native Americans. "kin orientation": raising a child responsibility of entire family. Receive more emotional and material support and may feel less obligation to marry. Doesn't explain why single fathers, though.In both groups, grandparents help take parenting roles.

Infants can detect all speech sounds until about what age? What happens at this point? Is this reversible?

Six months. If sound hasn't been used in their native language, ability to discriminate it from others disappears. Vowel discrimination disappears at 6 months and consonant at 12 months. Yes, it's reversible. Neuroimaging studies find that children who receive instruction in new language show more flexibility in these neural networks.

How do preschool children skilled at group entry compare to those less skilled?

Skilled: observe what others are doing and try to become a part of it.Unskilled: aggression or interrupting the group.

What outcome related to prenatal stress have researchers consistently found?

Slower growth.

Describe the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Smaller, smaller brains, heart defects, hearing losses, flattened noses, long space between the nose and mouth. Mild mental retardation or learning or behavior difficulties.

On average, how does the size of the brain of a child with FASD compare to other children's?

Smaller.

Which sports do experts say elementary school children should particularly engage in? Why?

Soccer and swimming. They involve "fundamental movement skills" that children need to perfect, can do, and involve aerobic exercise. Baseball and team sports involve specific fine or gross motor skills that may not be well developed.

Describe how understanding of others' intentions relates to aggression.

Some kids more likely to view accidents as intentional provocations.

Describe Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk's (1960) "visual cliff" and what it helped researchers find about infant depth perception.

Square box with red and white checkerboard pattern. Plexiglass across top. Half-way across box, checkerboard pattern drops a foot. When 6 month olds got to this mid-way point, most stopped. Could perceive the difference.

Describe the "internal models" that John Bowlby says infants and young children develop.

Start to form at end of first year and become elaborated through first five years. Child's confidence (or lack thereof) that the attachment figure will be available, the child's expectation of rebuff or affection, the child's sense of assurance that the attachment figure is really a safe base for exploration. By age 5, a model of primary caregiver, of self, and of relationships.

Describe Skinner's theory of language development. What is a major critique of his theory?

Starts with babbling. Parents reinforce word-like sounds. Parents also reinforce grammatical as opposed to nongrammatical use of words. Observations don't find parents reinforcing babbling as discriminately as Skinner suggests. All babbling is reinforced.

In the stay of execution case of Federico Mecias, what did Dr. Ceci believe influenced the child's memory/testimony?

Stereotypes. Mom had told daughter to stay away from his trailer.

Once a clear primary attachment appears in Phase 3, what else also appears? For how long?

Stranger anxiety: "expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strongers." Separation anxiety: "expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure." Until about 12-16 months

In Dr. Paul Amato's "meta-analysis" of studies of divorce, did he find divorce to have a stronger or weaker effect on children than in the past? Why does he think this might be? Why does Dr. Afifi's students think it is?

Stronger. Dr. Amato: Reasons for divorce differ. In the 70s and 80s more for bad behaviors such as adultery. Now more and more for personal happiness. Dr. Afifi's students: Because children are closer with their parents. With the advances in technology, children are able to keep in constant contact with their parents.

Does genetics play a stronger or weaker role in autism than in other health conditions such as cancer and diabetes? Is this true for all persons with autism?

Stronger. No, genetic influence differs for different individuals with autism.

After the first month of life, what causes the death of most infants?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. "a phenomenon in which an apparently healthy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly."

Which matters more for the development of an attachment relationship, contact after birth or synchrony?

Synchrony

On p. 329, what two school characteristics do the book's authors state facilitate learning?

Teachers with authoritative style and smaller classes (20 or less)

What types of identical twins end up with their own placenta?

Those that split within five days after conception. If split occurs during days 5-10, commitment to a single, shared placenta. Monochorionic vs. Bichorionic pregnancy.

What gene important for sex differentiation is located on the Y chromosome? What does it do?

The SRY gene. Signal the release of testosterone to start male reproductive development.

What industrialized country has the highest rate of premature births?

The United States.

What is effortful control? What child's game requires good use of it? What other child games can you think of that use it?

The ability to control impulses.Book has example of duck, duck, goose.

What does Dr. Posada say is the most important ingredient for success?

The ability to delay gratification

What ability do adults with ADHD say they lack?

The ability to engage in a self-disciplined, persistent course toward their goals.

How might an ethologist explain why an infant's cry is irritating?

The adult is motivated to act to remove the irritation. An evolved response.

What did Georgette Mulheir find/experience when she first visited orphanages? Why did the infants and children act that way?

The babies were lying on their backs just staring into space. They were silent and not moving around much. The infants and children had no experience of crying leading to a response from others, so they learned to stop crying.

How are new synaptic connections made?

The brain develops in response to experience and stimulation. When a baby learns a new skill or knowledge, a new synaptic connection is made.

Who initiates the majority of verbal interactions between mother and child?

The child.

What age children are most at risk for abuse and neglect? Why?

Those under four. [even greater, those under 1]Caring for young child trying on parents.

Where does the fertilized egg start to divide?

The fallopian tube

Between 1970 and 2000, how did the income gap in reading test scores change? What did Dr. Reardon find about the change over time in scores between low-income students vs. middle-class students and middle-class students vs. high-income students?

The gap increased more than 40% during this time (from 85 to 125 points). Over the last 50 years, the gap between poor and middle-class students hasn't changed much. On the other hand, the gap between middle-class and high-income students has nearly tripled (i.e., 70 points).

What will people with ADHD always tend to be dependent on?

The immediate consequences that are around them for how long they can sustain an action.

When the interviewer was questioning children about Ms. Baker and stickers, why did the children state Ms. Baker put stickers on their knees even though it was clearly shown she did not?

The interviewer continuously questioned the children about whether or not Ms. Baker put the sticker on their knees, even if the children initially answered correctly.

Why did Piaget call it the "concrete operational" stage?

The logical schemes that the child perfects involve logical relationships that can be verified in the physical or concrete world.

How do intellectual disabilities develop prenatally?

The mother's use of alcohol, use of drugs, or infection.

What is a concordance rate? What is the concordance rate for autism for identical twins? fraternal twins? siblings?

The percentage of time a second person (e.g., an identical twin) has a trait if the first person has it. Identical twins: 77% Fraternal twins: 31% Siblings: 20%

Genetically, what occurs in Down syndrome?

Three copies of chromosome 21. Greater risk when mom over 35.

Explain the critical period hypothesis. How does the video suggest this relates to language learning at different ages?

The plasticity of the young brain allows it to employ both hemispheres in language acquisition, thus making the learning process easier. Drawing also on the right hemisphere for language learning might allow for a more holistic understanding of its social and emotional dimensions. If learning a second language in adulthood, one is more likely to exclusively use the left brain for language, which can make it more difficult to learn. It may also lead adults to be less emotional and more rational than children about problem solving in a second language.

What is viability? At what age does it occur?

The point at which the infant can live outside the womb.

Which chromosome determines the sex of a baby?

The presence of a Y chromosome

What is the rate of premature births in America

The rate is 11.5%

Which determines the sex of a baby, the egg or the sperm? Why?

The sperm because it carries both an X or a Y chromosome, while eggs only have X chromosomes.

What is parentese (or infant-directed talk)? What three features characterize it?

The unique and exaggerated style of speech used by adults to address infants and young children. It is universal across human cultures and is characterized by shorter words, higher pitch, and exaggerated vowel sounds

When pregnant, why does the woman's period stop?

The womb doesn't shed it's lining.

In the token experiment, describe the responses of the youngest participants versus each of the two sets of older ones and explain what this suggests.

The younger children, preoccupied largely with social comparison, usually chose whichever token allocation option gave them more than the other hypothetical child. At around 8 years old, though, children began to allocate tokens equally at noticeably higher rates. And by 9-10 years of age, children began to deliberately grant the hypothetical child more tokens than they themselves had. Apparently, the older children are, the more society's influence pushes them toward generosity.

According to the study of individuals with childhood trauma who developed PTSD, how does abuse become "embedded in a person's cells"?

Their experience altered aspects of their gene expression. These changes affected cell death, growth rate regulation, and the immune system.

What are the typical outcomes for children whose parents have a high rate of conflict and stay married?

These children have the most difficulty psychologically and establishing relationships later in life.

What happens when children do not get enough sleep at night?

They are not able to concentrate or perform as well in school, especially with tasks that are complex. Also, more likely to become depressed, sick, or obese.

What is a major limitation of correlations?

They do not establish causal direction.

What has research since Piaget found about whether or not all children go through his stages in the order he delineated?

They do, but not at the same speed. Some don't make it to formal operations until adulthood or even ever.

Why does the neo-Piagetian Robbie Case think young children perform poorly on Piagetian tasks?

They have limited short-term storage space. Can only think of one thing at a time.

Why do concrete operational children enjoy magic tricks more than preoperational children?

They understand the rules that govern physical reality.

What did Dr. Barkley's study find about adults who received early intervention and treatment for their ADHD?

They were able to live relatively normal lives.

Do most psychologists believe nature or nurture has a stronger influence on development?

They've moved away from an either/or perspective and look at the subtle ways both influence.

What's involved in the cognitive domain of development?

Thinking, memory, problem-solving, other intellectual skills

Describe the cortisol experiment and its findings.

This experiment had children or teenagers sit with one of their parents and have a stressful conservation with them. The experimenters would test the children's or teenager's spit to look at their cortisol levels. If the parents were good at resolving conflicts and had a good relationship with their child, then the children were not as stressed with the conversation and produced less cortisol. Their bodies were also able to calm down and return to normal quickly. Children with parents who had high levels of conflict and were still married had the highest levels of cortisol and anxiety.

What are the four goals of developmental scientists?

To describe, to explain, to predict, and to influence

What does the video say is the first step a child must take in order to learn a language? Why is this step important?

To learn the phonemes (i.e., the basic units of sound that make words distinct) in their language. This is important because the phonemes of one language often vary substantially from those of another.

What does it mean to scaffold children's learning?

To provide individualized levels of support and feedback to meet the learning needs of a given child/person. Successful scaffolding ensures that the student emerges more successful in a task than s/he would've been without assistance.

Describe the study by Damon (1977).

Told children story about boy named George who liked to play with dolls.4-year-olds thought that was okay, but 6-year-olds didn't. 9-year-olds are able to differentiate what's "normal" vs. what's "wrong."

What age seems ideal to have a child, younger or older?

Too young or too old can cause problems. Most infants of older mothers fine. But, risk for multiple births, low birth weight, heart malformations, and chromosomal disorders increase with older age.

Which sense seems most well developed at birth?

Touch. Many reflexes dependent on touch.

What types of fats lead to increased risk of heart disease? What types of foods contain these fats?

Trans fats and partially hydrogenated fats. Chips and crackers.

Describe Erikson's stages up to and including adolescence. What ages did he associate with each?

Trust vs. mistrust (0-1). Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3). Greater mobility and sense of self prerequisites for this. Saying "no" to parents. Toilet training. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6). Industry vs. inferiority (6-12). Beginning of schooling and need to develop specific competencies. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18). Erikson emphasized occupational identity and sexual identity.

What evidence suggests children are not completely egocentric at ages younger than Piaget thought?

Two and three year olds play and speak differently based on age of playmate.

Describe the procedure of Karen Wynn's experiment involving the tiger and dog puppets. What were the findings of this experiment? What conclusion was drawn from them?

Two groups of infants (one aged 3 months and the other 5 months) were shown a tiger puppet trying to get a toy by opening a box. A "nice" dog puppet is shown helping the dog open the box, followed by a "mean" dog puppet who keeps slamming it shut before the dog can get its toy. Researchers found that the 5-month-old group consistently reached for the nice puppet rather than the mean one. 3-month-olds displayed preferential looking toward the nice puppet over the mean one, demonstrating a similar trend. The fact that both groups of infants seemed to prefer the nice puppet was taken as evidence for the existence of an inborn moral code favoring prosocial over antisocial behavior.

What percentage of children with ADHD have symptoms that continue into adulthood?

Two-thirds

What percentage of births occur in a hospital in the United States? In the Netherlands? Does home delivery come with increased risk?

U.S.: 99%; Netherlands: 66% (or, at least, 33% occur at home) Risk the same if prenatal care has been good and trained birth attendant present.

What are the two biggest risk factors for premature birth?

Uninsured women (often low-income) and women who smoke.

What percentage of prenatal care do physicians provide in the United States? In Europe and Asia?

United States: 91%; Europe and Asia: mostly nurse and certified midwives

What is systematic desensitization? Describe how a psychologist might use it to help a child overcome fear of school.

Unlearning learned fears. Starts with controlling respiration and muscular contraction. Attempts to associate these calming techniques with school cues--such as getting reading for school, waiting for bus, sitting on bus, etc.--so that school becomes calming.

What are common physical symptoms women experience during the first trimester?

Urinate more often, fatigue, breast tenderness, morning sickness (nausea and sometimes vomiting).

What factors lead to declines in aggression across the preschool years?

Verbal skills improve (leading to verbal aggression)Decline in egocentrism Increase in understanding others' thoughts and feelings Emergence of dominance hierarchies (3 or 4 years)

What different types of scales does the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV) have?

Verbal, Performance, Working memory, processing speed vocabulary, understanding of similarities between objects, general world knowledge nonverbal tasks Arranges pictures in order to tell a story, creating a pattern with a set of blocks short-term memory capability how efficiently a child processes information.

What are some examples of how social conditions can impact growth and development? Are these reversible?

Verbally or emotionally abused who get enough to eat may grow at a slow rate. Yes, if intervention occurs, children can regain the height/weight

What is behaviorism? Who was one of the first behaviorists?

View that development involves "behavior changes caused by environmental influences." John Watson.

In general, in what U.S. cities is spanking more accepted?

Washington DC and southern cities. Midwest cities a little less. Northern and western cities less. (based on surveys of college students)

What is social learning theory?

We can be influenced by watching other people's behavior.

What are two important limitations of experiments?

We cannot do experiments on many of the most important things. Second, age is often the independent variable of interest. Cannot manipulate that.

Why would evolution select for an innate ingroup bias?

Weariness of "the other" was likely a healthy characteristic for our ancestors. Presumably, it must have facilitated their continued survival.

Who was more likely to think that the white and black children in the pictures were not friends, white children or black children?

White children.

For whom is authoritarian parenting most clearly related to anxiety and depression?

White, American kids"no-nonsense" parenting of African-American parents similar to authoritarian but without child outcomes

Why did Bandura conduct the Bobo Doll experiment? What did some people believe prior to this study?

Widespread view was that watching violence reduces aggression. Was that true?

When does the brain grow to its full size? When does most of that growth occur?

Within the first 3 years. Within the first 6 months.

What are the most clearly stereotyped sex traits around the world? How early in life do children express some of these stereotypes?

Women: weakness, gentleness, appreciativeness, soft-heartedness Men: aggression, strength, cruelty, coarseness Also:Women: warm, expressive, tactful, quiet, gentle, and aware of others' feelings Men: competent, skillful, assertive, able to get things done, independent,logical 3 years of age.

Do most victims of abuse as young children remember the event?

Yes

Is it possible for children adopted from orphanages to develop normally?

Yes, if adopted into a loving environment.

Is childhood obesity completely reversible?

Yes, in most kids.

Can infants experience stress and anxiety?

Yes.

Does mild hearing loss place a child at risk for school failure?

Yes.

Are researchers allowed to cause animal subjects harm in studies?

Yes. But have to argue that benefit to humans greater than harm to animals.

Can a pregnant mom with HIV pass HIV along to her unborn?

Yes. Can be passed along the placenta. About 1/4th become infected.

Should mothers sing to low birth weight babies? Why or why not?

Yes. Coleman et al. (1997) found infants sung to 3x/day for 20 minutes for four days ate more, gained weight faster, and discharged from hospital earlier.

Are physically abused and neglected children typically able to recover from its effects?

Yes. If placed in foster care, within a year physical, cognitive, and emotional differences typically disappear.

Do drugs given to mothers to reduce pain pass through the placenta to the fetus? If so, what effects do these seem to have on the newborn?

Yes. In the first two weeks these infants more sluggish, gain weight slower, and spend more time sleeping.

What is an experiment? What are key properties of an experiment?

a study that tests a causal hypothesis." Participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups.

Describe Diana Baumrind's three parenting styles and Eleanor Maccobby and John Martin's fourth additional style. What child behaviors do each relate to?

a. Authoritarian. High in control and low in acceptance. Less well in school, lower self-esteem, less skilled with peers. Some may show higher aggressiveness.b. Permissive. Low in control and high in acceptance. Slightly worse in school, more aggressive, immature with peers. Less responsible.c. Authoritative. High in control and high in acceptance. Higher self esteem,more independence, compliant, more altruism, more self confidence,greater achievement and grades.d. Uninvolved. Low in control and low in acceptance. Indifferent to child's behavior and parent responsibilities. Mom may be depressed or otherwise overwhelmed. Not connected to child. More impulsive and antisocial, less peer skills, much less achievement.

How do Diana Baumrind's four categories map onto the two broad dimensions of parenting?

a. Authoritative: high warmth, high control b. Authoritarian: low warmth, high control c. Permissive: high warmth, low control d. Uninvolved: low warmth, low control

Describe the study of learned helplessness with dogs. What mental disorder is it seen as a model of?

a. Beck and the dogs. b. Turned connection between button and opening gate between electrified side and non-electrified side off. c. Depression. Learning that whatever we do don't make a difference.

What are characteristics of permissive parenting?

a. Can be warm but rules not there b. Either parent isn't there or doesn't follow through c. Sometimes parents that want to be friends with their kids d. Sometimes post-divorce see this.

What child behaviors are associated with permissive parenting?

a. Externalizing symptoms: bad conduct b. More true for boys than girls. c. Sense of self fine. d. Over time this might change, though...self-esteem may go down later e. Substance use

What are characteristics of uninvolved parenting?

a. Low warmth and low levels of control b. Most extreme cases c. Own mom psychopathology, such as depression d. Maybe didn't want kid in the first place.

What are characteristics of authoritarian parenting?

a. Micromanagement b. Not explaining rules c. My way or the highway d. Sometimes love withdrawal, health of parent as consequence

What steps might help ease the difficulty of divorce on children?

a. Minimize the number of changes (e.g., school, house, church)b. Custodial parent should help child stay in touch with non-custodial parent. Non-custodial parent should stay in touch as much as possible. c. Keep open conflict to a minimum.d. Do not talk disparagingly to child about spouse e. Do not expect the child to provide emotional support.

What child behaviors are associated with authoritative parenting?

a. More positive child behaviors b. High self-esteem and self-reliance c. Cheerful, cooperative

What is the dominant culture of the education system?

a. Standardized testing. b. Rather than a culture of curiosity, there's a culture of compliance.

What do some other countries do with their education system that America currently is not?

a. They individualize learning and teaching b. Have a broad spectrum of studies c. They attribute a very high status to the teaching profession d. They devolve responsibility to the school level, not board of education

What are the basic regulations in the Family and Medical Leave Act?

a. Three months, unpaid, job protected b. Within first year of life c. Isn't just for newborns but sicknesses within family, adoptions, and foster children d. Only pertains to companies with 50 or more employees i. That eliminates 45% of American workers e. Have to have worked at company for a year f. If in top 10% of salary, they can refuse to cover you

What are characteristics of authoritative parenting?

a. Tough love b. Democratic parenting c. Child can choose between choices d. Rules but with a rationale

What are two broad dimensions of parenting?

a. Warmth: positive reinforcement, responsiveness b. Control

What are internalizing behaviors? What parenting style are they most often related to?

a. anxiety, depression, self-esteem b. authoritarian parenting c. conduct usually okay

Why do the authors believe that sex-typed play is not simply the result of adult and peer influence?

a. appear earlier and are more consistent in male infants b. by 3 boys may say "yuck" when offered girls' toys c. boys may prefer to play with a tomboyish girl than a cross-gender behaviored boy. difficult to change boys' preferences with modeling and reinforcement

Does inclusive education work? What have studies found?

a. children with physical disabilities but no learning problems make better academic progress in full inclusion programs b. for children with learning disabilities, success in inclusive classroom depends on teacher ability to implement individualized program. c. Inclusion programs only work if teachers given extensive additional training and support. (this doesn't usually happen)

What recommendations do experts make for weight management in children?

a. provide plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products b. include low-fat or nonfat milk or dairy products c. for protein, choose lean meats, poultry, fish, lentils, and beans d. serve reasonably sized portions e. encourage everyone in the family to drink lots of water f. limit sugar-sweetened vegetables g. limit sugar and saturated fat consumption h. limit children's television, video game, and computer time i. involve the whole family in physical activities such as walking and biking

What often co-occurs with insecure attachment?

atypical cortisol secretion, more likely to have colds, more visits to the pediatrician, depression, withdraw, anxiety, aggression and other physical problems.

According to the video, how did the scientific consensus on the bilingual brain compare pre-1960s versus today?

before the 1960s: bilingualism handicapped children by forcing them to spend too much energy distinguishing between primary and secondary languages. modern research: response times and errors in cross-lingual tests do, in fact, increase for some bilingual students. However, the increase in effort and attention needed for these bilinguals to switch between languages can also strengthen areas of the brain associated with executive functioning (i.e. problem solving, switching between tasks, selective attention, etc.).

For what do chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis test?

chromosomal and genetic disorders. Typically used if woman over age 35.

What are the 4 types of conservation

conservation of number, liquid, mass, area

Describe independent and dependent variables. If a researcher tested if noise caused children to score lower on intelligence tests, what would be the independent variable? Dependent variable?

independent variable: "the presumed causal element in an experiment." Dependent variable: "the characteristic or behavior that is expected to be affected by the independent variable. Independent: noise Dependent: IQ scores.

What are some signs of dyslexia to watch out for in children in preschool and in kindergarten?

late talking, pronunciation problems, slow vocabulary, difficulty with rhyming words, unable to find the right word, trouble learning words, the alphabet, numbers, and days of the week, slow in connecting letters with sounds, confuses words, makes consistent reading errors, letter reversal, substitution of a complicated word with a simpler word, letter inversion

What did Walter Mischel do in his marshmallow study? What did they find?

left 4-year-old children with a marshmallow in front of them. Told them they could get a second marshmallow if they waited for experimenter to come back. Took 15 minutes on average for experimenter to comeback.

What functions are most typically associated with the left and right hemispheres of the brain? Is this differentiation exact?

left hemisphere: analytical, logical, and linguistic processes right hemisphere: emotional and social processes. The differentiation is a matter of degree rather than complete split.

Rather than cause poverty, what four behaviors/qualities commonly linked to the poor does the Los Angeles Times argue could be the results of poverty?

less preventive healthcare, higher obesity rates, less attentive parenting, and making poor financial decisions.

How much screen time does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend?

no more than 2 hours of screen time/day.

What types of "trauma" can result in an intellectual disability?

not getting enough oxygen as an infant or being injured during delivery. Head injuries from an accident or child abuse.

Which determines the sex of the child, the sperm or the ovum?

the sperm

Do active fetuses tend to become active children?

yes