PSYC 209 Chapter 10: Emotions

Learning by interacting with others that smiling was the appropriate way to express happiness in your culture is an example of which emotional theory? (James-Lange or Two-Factor theory)

Two-Factor

Do individualistic cultures or collectivistic cultures base life satisfaction on living up to others' standards for being a good person

collectivistic cultures

Responses in the James-Lange theory are...

products of the autonomic nervous system

Do individualistic cultures or collectivistic cultures base life satisfaction on positive emotions?

individualistic cultures

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions are all about?

physiological experiences

What are the two factors emotions are based on in the two-factor theory of emotions?

physiological responses plus our interpretation of those responses.

The James-Lange theory suggests..

that people in all cultures should have the same emotional experiences

What did Schacter & Singers research over interpreting emotions indicate?

the emotional experience came from the participants INTERPRETING their arousal in light of their belief in the particular situation they were in.

subjective well-being

the feeling of being satisfied with one's life.

The pursuit of happiness across cultures depends on?

the kinds of positive emotions people desire (ex: high/low arousal)

Researchers have found that the more heterogeneous a country's history of immigration...

the more emotionally expressive the people tend to be.

Which of the following is not one of the six basic emotions

(Anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, shame) SHAME is NOT

Do people from interdependent cultures (e.g., Chinese Canadians) or people from independent cultures (e.g., European Canadians) respond to anger-provoking events more intensely?

Independent cultures (European Canadians)

Ritualized displays

A facial expression that is expressed in some cultures but not in others

The expression of embarrassment, where they bite their tongue, is easily recognizable by Indians but not Americans because it is only done in India for embarrassment. This is an example of?

A ritualized display

The two-factor theory of emotions

A theory proposing that emotions are primarily interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli.

James-Lange theory of emotions

A theory proposing that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli

Are Americans or Japanese more likely to attend to the mouth because it is greater source of information than the eyes?

Americans

Do Americans or Japanese report feeling emotions longer and more intensely?

Americans

Do East Asians or Americans recall being happier than they actually were?

Americans

Do the Japanese or Americans experience emotions more as personal states within individuals?

Americans

Do the Japanese or Americans feel good when dwelling on emotional experiences that distinguish them from others?

Americans

Does dwelling on one's negative emotions, lead Russians or Americans to feel more depressed?

Americans; not Russians

Do Western or Asian children's books and religious texts emphasize LOW-arousal emotions (e.g., calmness)?

Asian

Do European Americans or Asian Americans appear to operate under the theory that emotional experience, like other aspects of life, should be balanced, not necessarily upbeat all the time?

Asian Americans

Do European Americans or Asian Americans prefer quieter, passive actives, such as sightseeing and picnicking?

Asian Americans

When making a choice between an activity that is useful and activity that is enjoyable,

Asian Canadians are less likely than European Canadians to choose enjoyable tasks.

Did the European-Canadians or Asian-Canadians tend to choose the useful game that improved thinking skills and boost grades?

Asian-Canadians

Why did the Chinese Canadians not have a negative physiological effect from not openly expressing their anger?

Because they experience their anger for a briefer period of time, doesn't affect their health as much. Their emotions aren't as intense

Which emotions have controversy about their universality?

Contempt, Shame, & Interest

Who was one of the first scientists to consider the universality of emotional expressions?

Darwin

Among the Utku Eskimos, public expressions of anger are strongly condemned; this is an example of?

Display rules

In certain Arab populations, it is dishonorable if a man does not respond to an insult with a great demonstration of Anger. This is an example of?

Display rules

The Balinese have a preference for emotional "smoothness," with an emphasis on avoiding strong displays of emotion, both positive and negative. This is an example of?

Display rules

The Kaluli of New Guinea showing their emotions intensely and dramatically is an example of?

Display rules

Do Westerners or East Asian operate under the implicit theory that a balance between positive and negative emotions and experiences is natural?

East Asian

Do East Asians or Americans recall having more balanced emotional states?

East Asians

Do East Asians or North Americans prefer low-arousal positive states? (e.g., calm, relaxed, peaceful)

East Asians

Positive emotions do not necessarily protect against depression for Westerners or East Asians?

East Asians

Some studies suggest that the cultural display rules governing the deamplifying and masking of emotions in East Asia are also associated with?

East Asians experiencing fewer and less intense emotions than Americans.

What does the two-factor theory of emotions predict?

Emotions should vary across cultures because different cultural experiences may lead to different interpretations of physiological responses

Despite reporting similar satisfactions during the days of the week, did the European Americans or Asian American remember their weeks as having been better than they really were?

European American

Do European Americans or Asian Americans appear to be operating under an implicit theory that they would be happy?

European Americans

Do European Americans or Asian Americans prefer active pursuits/high-arousal, such as jogging or rollerblading?

European Americans

Did the Chinese Canadians or European Canadians have a negative physiological effect from not openly expressing their anger?

European Canadians

Did the European-Canadians or Asian-Canadians tend to choose the fun and enjoyable game?

European Canadians

What are the six basic emotions that are universally recognized around the world?

Happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear

How does the James-Lange theory suggest an evolutionary origin for human emotions?

If emotions are biological signals that alert people to circumstances in their environment, it would follow that this survival mechanism would have been driven by evolution

What is emotion?

It his hard to reach concuss on defining emotion. Emotion has both universal and culturally variable components

Does the James-Lange theory or the Two-Factor theory suggest evolutionary origin of emotion?

James-Lange

The link between feeling happy and showing it by smiling hard-wired into our brain from birth would be an example of which emotional theory? (James-Lange or Two-Factor theory)

James-Lange

Are Japanese people or Americans more likely to conceal emotions they feel that are potentially disruptive by presenting a more neutral or pleasant face?

Japanese

Do the Japanese or Americans experience emotions more interpersonal states that connect people to each other?

Japanese

Do the Japanese or Americans feel especially good when they're focusing on how their emotional experiences enable them to connect with others?

Japanese

What did the study that had Japanese and American participants viewing photos of people's faces in which the top half of the face had a different emotional expression than the bottom half indicate?

Judgments of Japanese were more influenced by the top half of facial expressions (eyes) than Americans; Americans were more influenced by the bottom half of the photos (mouths)

What four emotions does the Natyashastra include that are not typically considered to be basic emotions?

Love, amusement, enthusiasm, and wonder

Brain imaging reveals a stronger fear response when people look at fearful facial expressions on people in their own culture, as opposed to foreigners, what does this demonstrate?

People are more attentive to signs of fear as expressed in culturally familiar ways

Do East Asians or North Americans prefer high arousal positive states (e.g., enthusiastic, excited, elated)

North Americans

Why do some cultures have display rules that allow for more expressivity?

One explanation involves immigration history, People living in more heterogeneous cultures, people don't share as much knowledge, so they have to be more open and precise in their communications in order to be understood.

Researchers explored whether feelings of life satisfaction are more highly correlated with overall positive attitudes in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures. What were the results?

People in individualistic societies were far more likely than those in collectivist societies to base their life satisfaction on how many positive emotions they were experiencing.

What did the research by Ekman and Friesen suggest after they took thousands of photographs of people making six different emotional expressions and showed it to individuals from the U.S., Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Japan.

People in the five different cultures showed a great deal of agreement about what feelings the facial poses were expressing.

What did the meta-analysis on cross-cultural recognition of facial expressions indicate?

People were about 9% more accurate in judging the facial expressions of people from their own culture than from another culture.

What does the James-Lange theory of emotions predict?

Predicts emotions should be universal due to physiological similarities across humans

There is a non arbitrary pairing of facial muscle movements with emotional experience. This is evidence for?

Reflexice facial expressions; meaning it is universal and provides evidence for the James-Lange theory

Which statement is true about languages around the world?

Some do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions

Our body responding to environmental stimuli by preparing us to react (such as running away from a bear) in order for survival is an example of what?

The James-Lange theory

Our emotions being the bodily cues that signal how we should behave is an example of what?

The James-Lange theory

The fear someone experiences on encountering a bear in the words serves him well in getting himself out of harm's way is an example of?

The James-Lange theory

What are the two theories about the universality or variability of emotional experience?

The James-Lange theory and the Two-Factor Theory

Between the James-Lange theory and the Two-Factor theory, which would suggest culture playing a huge role?

The Two-Factor theory; if interpretation is important, culture will explain differences in emotion

Display Rules

The culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited.

ideal affect

The kinds of feelings people desire, or emotions they want to have; they structure their lives in order to maximize the opportunities for experiencing them

How does the James-Lange theory differ from the two-factor theory of emotions?

The two factor theory is focused on a cognitive component; our interpretation of our physiological responses and NOT just the physical body.

Are Americans more or less able to guess whether an individual is from the U.S. or Australia, or a person is Japanese/Japanese American, just by looking at them expressing an emotion?

They can guess better, but they cannot make the same distinctions when the subjects are showing neutral faces.

What did the research by Ekman with the Fore people (who had no influence by Westerners) indicate? (he tased the Fore participants to imagine how they would feel in different situations)

They smiled when happy and frowned when they were sad, scowled when they were angry, etc. Strong evidence that certain facial expressions are universal.

Are we better or worse at recognizing emotions on people we are used to seeing?

We are better at recognizing emotions on people we are used to seeing.

What did James reason about the James-Lange theory?

We'd be left with a pure, cold intellectual state if we removed the heart palpitations, stomach queasiness, and muscle tension that goes along with feelings.

Do Western or Asian children's books and religious texts emphasize high-arousal emotions (e.g., excitement and enthusiasm)?

Western

Is the connection between the expression of intense emotions and health stronger in Western cultures or non-Western cultures?

Western cultures

Are Westerners or East Asians more likely to say their ideal life would be dominated by happiness?

Westerners

Do Westerners or East Asian operate under the implicit theory that opportunities for happiness should be maximized?

Westerners

Do positive emotions protect against depression for Westerners or East Asians?

Westerners

Are Westerners or Asian cultures more influenced by pursuing happiness as a reason for making a decision?

Westerners (choose the fun game)

Do adults (whether seeing or blind) make approximately the same expressions as infants?

Yes

Are English speakers more accurate than other cultures at identifying American-posed facial expressions?

Yes, English speakers are more accurate than Indo-European (e.g., Spanish) and non-Indo-European language (e.g., Japanese) speakers at identifying American-posed facial expressions

Does pride have strong evidence of universality despite involving the entire body?

Yes, pride has strong evidence of universality.

Can people reliably guess a person's nationality from their facial expressions?

Yes.

Research on facial expressions across cultures indicates that the expressions Americans make for the basic emotions...

are recognized much above chance in all cultures studied

Findings indicated that people in collectivistic cultures showed a higher correlation between their life satisfaction scores and?

being respected by others for living up to cultural norms

English has over 2,000 words, whereas the chewing of Malaysia have only 8; this is an example of?

cultural variation in descriptions of emotions based on language

How does the two-factory theory suppose cultural variability in emotional experience?

emotions are constructed from the belief systems that shape people's interpretations & because belief systems are influenced by culture, people might interpret their physiological signals in different ways across cultures.

What does the notion of display rules suggest?

even though people in different cultures vary considerably in how strong they express certain emotions, it's possible they're all having the same underlying feelings.

In addition to governing the intensity with which emotions are expressed, display rules also influence what?

gestures and facial expressions

What differentiates the pride expression from the six basic emotional facial expressions?

it involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial muscles

Due to interdependent cultures perceiving expressing anger as damaging and inappropriate they have done what?

learned to experience anger less intensely and developed strategies to effectively minimize anger.

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the preferred kinds of emotions for East Asians are...

low-arousal positive states

A person's heart pounding in response to a bear and/or being on a steamy date with an attractive partner, in which case the person interpreted his sensations as a sign falling in love is an example of?

the two-factor theory of emotions

Which theory redirects the focus of emotions away from the physical body and into the mind?

the two-factor theory of emotions

Unlike the six basic emotions, what does the pride expression involve?

the whole body, including an erect posture, the head held high, a slight smile on the face, and arms extending away from the body

While people everywhere can recognize facial expressions of the basic emotions...

there are display rules that influence how people present these expressions in different cultures.

What does the two-factor theory suggest?

there is cultural variability in emotional experience.

What does the James-Lange theory imply?

without a physiological reaction there is no emotion.