PSYC 209 Chapter 10: Emotions
Learning by interacting with others that smiling was the appropriate way to express happiness in your culture is an example of which emotional theory? (James-Lange or Two-Factor theory)
Two-Factor
Do individualistic cultures or collectivistic cultures base life satisfaction on living up to others' standards for being a good person
collectivistic cultures
Responses in the James-Lange theory are...
products of the autonomic nervous system
Do individualistic cultures or collectivistic cultures base life satisfaction on positive emotions?
individualistic cultures
According to the James-Lange theory, emotions are all about?
physiological experiences
What are the two factors emotions are based on in the two-factor theory of emotions?
physiological responses plus our interpretation of those responses.
The James-Lange theory suggests..
that people in all cultures should have the same emotional experiences
What did Schacter & Singers research over interpreting emotions indicate?
the emotional experience came from the participants INTERPRETING their arousal in light of their belief in the particular situation they were in.
subjective well-being
the feeling of being satisfied with one's life.
The pursuit of happiness across cultures depends on?
the kinds of positive emotions people desire (ex: high/low arousal)
Researchers have found that the more heterogeneous a country's history of immigration...
the more emotionally expressive the people tend to be.
Which of the following is not one of the six basic emotions
(Anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, shame) SHAME is NOT
Do people from interdependent cultures (e.g., Chinese Canadians) or people from independent cultures (e.g., European Canadians) respond to anger-provoking events more intensely?
Independent cultures (European Canadians)
Ritualized displays
A facial expression that is expressed in some cultures but not in others
The expression of embarrassment, where they bite their tongue, is easily recognizable by Indians but not Americans because it is only done in India for embarrassment. This is an example of?
A ritualized display
The two-factor theory of emotions
A theory proposing that emotions are primarily interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli.
James-Lange theory of emotions
A theory proposing that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli
Are Americans or Japanese more likely to attend to the mouth because it is greater source of information than the eyes?
Americans
Do Americans or Japanese report feeling emotions longer and more intensely?
Americans
Do East Asians or Americans recall being happier than they actually were?
Americans
Do the Japanese or Americans experience emotions more as personal states within individuals?
Americans
Do the Japanese or Americans feel good when dwelling on emotional experiences that distinguish them from others?
Americans
Does dwelling on one's negative emotions, lead Russians or Americans to feel more depressed?
Americans; not Russians
Do Western or Asian children's books and religious texts emphasize LOW-arousal emotions (e.g., calmness)?
Asian
Do European Americans or Asian Americans appear to operate under the theory that emotional experience, like other aspects of life, should be balanced, not necessarily upbeat all the time?
Asian Americans
Do European Americans or Asian Americans prefer quieter, passive actives, such as sightseeing and picnicking?
Asian Americans
When making a choice between an activity that is useful and activity that is enjoyable,
Asian Canadians are less likely than European Canadians to choose enjoyable tasks.
Did the European-Canadians or Asian-Canadians tend to choose the useful game that improved thinking skills and boost grades?
Asian-Canadians
Why did the Chinese Canadians not have a negative physiological effect from not openly expressing their anger?
Because they experience their anger for a briefer period of time, doesn't affect their health as much. Their emotions aren't as intense
Which emotions have controversy about their universality?
Contempt, Shame, & Interest
Who was one of the first scientists to consider the universality of emotional expressions?
Darwin
Among the Utku Eskimos, public expressions of anger are strongly condemned; this is an example of?
Display rules
In certain Arab populations, it is dishonorable if a man does not respond to an insult with a great demonstration of Anger. This is an example of?
Display rules
The Balinese have a preference for emotional "smoothness," with an emphasis on avoiding strong displays of emotion, both positive and negative. This is an example of?
Display rules
The Kaluli of New Guinea showing their emotions intensely and dramatically is an example of?
Display rules
Do Westerners or East Asian operate under the implicit theory that a balance between positive and negative emotions and experiences is natural?
East Asian
Do East Asians or Americans recall having more balanced emotional states?
East Asians
Do East Asians or North Americans prefer low-arousal positive states? (e.g., calm, relaxed, peaceful)
East Asians
Positive emotions do not necessarily protect against depression for Westerners or East Asians?
East Asians
Some studies suggest that the cultural display rules governing the deamplifying and masking of emotions in East Asia are also associated with?
East Asians experiencing fewer and less intense emotions than Americans.
What does the two-factor theory of emotions predict?
Emotions should vary across cultures because different cultural experiences may lead to different interpretations of physiological responses
Despite reporting similar satisfactions during the days of the week, did the European Americans or Asian American remember their weeks as having been better than they really were?
European American
Do European Americans or Asian Americans appear to be operating under an implicit theory that they would be happy?
European Americans
Do European Americans or Asian Americans prefer active pursuits/high-arousal, such as jogging or rollerblading?
European Americans
Did the Chinese Canadians or European Canadians have a negative physiological effect from not openly expressing their anger?
European Canadians
Did the European-Canadians or Asian-Canadians tend to choose the fun and enjoyable game?
European Canadians
What are the six basic emotions that are universally recognized around the world?
Happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear
How does the James-Lange theory suggest an evolutionary origin for human emotions?
If emotions are biological signals that alert people to circumstances in their environment, it would follow that this survival mechanism would have been driven by evolution
What is emotion?
It his hard to reach concuss on defining emotion. Emotion has both universal and culturally variable components
Does the James-Lange theory or the Two-Factor theory suggest evolutionary origin of emotion?
James-Lange
The link between feeling happy and showing it by smiling hard-wired into our brain from birth would be an example of which emotional theory? (James-Lange or Two-Factor theory)
James-Lange
Are Japanese people or Americans more likely to conceal emotions they feel that are potentially disruptive by presenting a more neutral or pleasant face?
Japanese
Do the Japanese or Americans experience emotions more interpersonal states that connect people to each other?
Japanese
Do the Japanese or Americans feel especially good when they're focusing on how their emotional experiences enable them to connect with others?
Japanese
What did the study that had Japanese and American participants viewing photos of people's faces in which the top half of the face had a different emotional expression than the bottom half indicate?
Judgments of Japanese were more influenced by the top half of facial expressions (eyes) than Americans; Americans were more influenced by the bottom half of the photos (mouths)
What four emotions does the Natyashastra include that are not typically considered to be basic emotions?
Love, amusement, enthusiasm, and wonder
Brain imaging reveals a stronger fear response when people look at fearful facial expressions on people in their own culture, as opposed to foreigners, what does this demonstrate?
People are more attentive to signs of fear as expressed in culturally familiar ways
Do East Asians or North Americans prefer high arousal positive states (e.g., enthusiastic, excited, elated)
North Americans
Why do some cultures have display rules that allow for more expressivity?
One explanation involves immigration history, People living in more heterogeneous cultures, people don't share as much knowledge, so they have to be more open and precise in their communications in order to be understood.
Researchers explored whether feelings of life satisfaction are more highly correlated with overall positive attitudes in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures. What were the results?
People in individualistic societies were far more likely than those in collectivist societies to base their life satisfaction on how many positive emotions they were experiencing.
What did the research by Ekman and Friesen suggest after they took thousands of photographs of people making six different emotional expressions and showed it to individuals from the U.S., Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Japan.
People in the five different cultures showed a great deal of agreement about what feelings the facial poses were expressing.
What did the meta-analysis on cross-cultural recognition of facial expressions indicate?
People were about 9% more accurate in judging the facial expressions of people from their own culture than from another culture.
What does the James-Lange theory of emotions predict?
Predicts emotions should be universal due to physiological similarities across humans
There is a non arbitrary pairing of facial muscle movements with emotional experience. This is evidence for?
Reflexice facial expressions; meaning it is universal and provides evidence for the James-Lange theory
Which statement is true about languages around the world?
Some do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions
Our body responding to environmental stimuli by preparing us to react (such as running away from a bear) in order for survival is an example of what?
The James-Lange theory
Our emotions being the bodily cues that signal how we should behave is an example of what?
The James-Lange theory
The fear someone experiences on encountering a bear in the words serves him well in getting himself out of harm's way is an example of?
The James-Lange theory
What are the two theories about the universality or variability of emotional experience?
The James-Lange theory and the Two-Factor Theory
Between the James-Lange theory and the Two-Factor theory, which would suggest culture playing a huge role?
The Two-Factor theory; if interpretation is important, culture will explain differences in emotion
Display Rules
The culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited.
ideal affect
The kinds of feelings people desire, or emotions they want to have; they structure their lives in order to maximize the opportunities for experiencing them
How does the James-Lange theory differ from the two-factor theory of emotions?
The two factor theory is focused on a cognitive component; our interpretation of our physiological responses and NOT just the physical body.
Are Americans more or less able to guess whether an individual is from the U.S. or Australia, or a person is Japanese/Japanese American, just by looking at them expressing an emotion?
They can guess better, but they cannot make the same distinctions when the subjects are showing neutral faces.
What did the research by Ekman with the Fore people (who had no influence by Westerners) indicate? (he tased the Fore participants to imagine how they would feel in different situations)
They smiled when happy and frowned when they were sad, scowled when they were angry, etc. Strong evidence that certain facial expressions are universal.
Are we better or worse at recognizing emotions on people we are used to seeing?
We are better at recognizing emotions on people we are used to seeing.
What did James reason about the James-Lange theory?
We'd be left with a pure, cold intellectual state if we removed the heart palpitations, stomach queasiness, and muscle tension that goes along with feelings.
Do Western or Asian children's books and religious texts emphasize high-arousal emotions (e.g., excitement and enthusiasm)?
Western
Is the connection between the expression of intense emotions and health stronger in Western cultures or non-Western cultures?
Western cultures
Are Westerners or East Asians more likely to say their ideal life would be dominated by happiness?
Westerners
Do Westerners or East Asian operate under the implicit theory that opportunities for happiness should be maximized?
Westerners
Do positive emotions protect against depression for Westerners or East Asians?
Westerners
Are Westerners or Asian cultures more influenced by pursuing happiness as a reason for making a decision?
Westerners (choose the fun game)
Do adults (whether seeing or blind) make approximately the same expressions as infants?
Yes
Are English speakers more accurate than other cultures at identifying American-posed facial expressions?
Yes, English speakers are more accurate than Indo-European (e.g., Spanish) and non-Indo-European language (e.g., Japanese) speakers at identifying American-posed facial expressions
Does pride have strong evidence of universality despite involving the entire body?
Yes, pride has strong evidence of universality.
Can people reliably guess a person's nationality from their facial expressions?
Yes.
Research on facial expressions across cultures indicates that the expressions Americans make for the basic emotions...
are recognized much above chance in all cultures studied
Findings indicated that people in collectivistic cultures showed a higher correlation between their life satisfaction scores and?
being respected by others for living up to cultural norms
English has over 2,000 words, whereas the chewing of Malaysia have only 8; this is an example of?
cultural variation in descriptions of emotions based on language
How does the two-factory theory suppose cultural variability in emotional experience?
emotions are constructed from the belief systems that shape people's interpretations & because belief systems are influenced by culture, people might interpret their physiological signals in different ways across cultures.
What does the notion of display rules suggest?
even though people in different cultures vary considerably in how strong they express certain emotions, it's possible they're all having the same underlying feelings.
In addition to governing the intensity with which emotions are expressed, display rules also influence what?
gestures and facial expressions
What differentiates the pride expression from the six basic emotional facial expressions?
it involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial muscles
Due to interdependent cultures perceiving expressing anger as damaging and inappropriate they have done what?
learned to experience anger less intensely and developed strategies to effectively minimize anger.
Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the preferred kinds of emotions for East Asians are...
low-arousal positive states
A person's heart pounding in response to a bear and/or being on a steamy date with an attractive partner, in which case the person interpreted his sensations as a sign falling in love is an example of?
the two-factor theory of emotions
Which theory redirects the focus of emotions away from the physical body and into the mind?
the two-factor theory of emotions
Unlike the six basic emotions, what does the pride expression involve?
the whole body, including an erect posture, the head held high, a slight smile on the face, and arms extending away from the body
While people everywhere can recognize facial expressions of the basic emotions...
there are display rules that influence how people present these expressions in different cultures.
What does the two-factor theory suggest?
there is cultural variability in emotional experience.
What does the James-Lange theory imply?
without a physiological reaction there is no emotion.