PSYC 2103 Ch.9

According to the text, today's adolescents can be described as:

"digital natives."

Why do emotions rule behavior for many teens? All of these answers are correct. The complexities of emotional restraint are beyond them. The amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex does. The onset of puberty is earlier.

All of these answers are correct.

What are the sex differences in the growth spurt?

Girls experience their height growth spurt an average of two years before boys do. Girls' height growth spurt usually precedes menarche, whereas boys' height growth spurt usually follows spermarche.

_____ is a period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood.

Puberty

deductive reasoning

Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. (Also called top-down reasoning.)

gonads

The sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). The gonads produce hormones and gametes.

Which of the following is NOT a primary sex characteristic? breasts penis ovaries testes

breasts

Isaac is a teenager, so he is MOST likely to prefer faster, more _____ thinking.

intuitive

According to the text, in the twenty-first century, the "digital divide" tends to:

separate young from old.

Isaac is struggling academically since he began middle school. He misses being in a single room and doesn't like going to different classrooms for every subject. Isaac is MOST likely suffering due to the lack of connection to his:

teachers.

Betsy is starting college in the fall. This new phase of her schooling is called _____ education.

tertiary

The thinking that leads young people to believe that everyone is watching them is known as:

the imaginary audience.

spermarche

A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a "wet dream") or via direct stimulation.

adolescent egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to believe in their own uniqueness, and to imagine that other people are also focused on them.

circadian rhythm

A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means "about a day").

cyberbullying

Bullying that occurs when one person attacks and harms another via technology (e.g., e-mails, text messages, or cell phones).

Which statement is TRUE according to the text? Education is correlated to increased wealth, but is not correlated to improved health. High school graduation rates improve health only for people in higher socioeconomic levels. The United States is one of the few countries that makes education compulsory. Completing high school is related to improved health in every nation and across socioeconomic levels.

Completing high school is related to improved health in every nation and across socioeconomic levels.

Why is body image often problematic in adolescence?

Few teenagers welcome every change puberty causes in their bodies. Instead, they tend to focus on and exaggerate imperfections. Few adolescents are happy with their bodies, partly because almost none look like the bodies portrayed in the media.

What is the connection between body fat and onset of puberty in girls and in boys?

Heavier girls reach menarche years earlier than malnourished girls do; most girls weigh at least 100 pounds before menarche. In boys, severe malnourishment always delays puberty, but body fat is not as influential.

What problems might occur if adolescents do not get enough iron or calcium?

Insufficient iron can cause anemia in adolescents, restricting muscle growth and strength. Insufficient calcium can lead to osteoporosis later in life.

To what does the term "menarche" refer?

a girl's first menstrual period

Seventeen-year-old David is gay and living in rural Montana. The Internet will MOST likely _____ his isolation.

decrease

Shane, a fifth grader, drinks his parents' liquor when they are not home and yells at family members when he does not get his way. Shane's behavior is MOST likely due to his:

early maturation.

eggie has convinced himself that middle school is stupid and therefore not worth his time. His avoidance of any effort towards his schoolwork is MOST likely protecting Reggie from:

feeling like a failure.

Josias is going through a growth spurt. The FIRST observable evidence will likely be that:

his fingers and toes lengthen.

Elle loves to think about possibilities and often asks "what if" questions. She is MOST likely engaging in _____ thought.

hypothetical

Eric listens to popular music because it makes him feel like dancing. This rationale demonstrates that Eric is making decisions using _____ thought

intuitive

About _____ percent of U.S. high school graduates enter college.

70

menarche

A girl's first menstrual period, signalling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.

pituitary

A gland in the brain that produces many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that signal the adrenal and sex glands to produce additional hormones.

body image

A person's idea of how his or her body looks, especially related to size and shape.

Why might some high schools adopt later start times?

A phase delay in the sleep-wake cycles occurs in teens due to the hormones of the HPA axis during puberty. Thus, many teens are drowsy and have difficulty focusing in the morning. Adolescent learning is better in schools that start after 8 a.m.

middle school

A school for children after elementary school and before high school, usually grades 6 through 8.

estradiol

A sex hormone considered to be the chief estrogen (female hormone). Females produce much more estradiol than males do.

testosterone

A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.

secular trend

Advances in growth and maturation that result from modern nutrition. For example, improved nutrition and medical care over the past 200 years has led to earlier puberty and taller average height.

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and obsession with weight. Affected individuals become pathologically thin, depriving their vital organs of nutrition.

high-stakes test

An evaluation that determines something very important. For example, if a single test determines promotion or graduation, it is a high-stakes test.

PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment)

An international test taken by 15-year-olds in 50 nations to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.

What problems are common among early-maturing boys?

Early-maturing boys in the twenty-first century are more aggressive, more likely to break the law, and more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol.

Why might early puberty be difficult for girls?

Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than do other girls. Because boys mature on average two years later than girls, they may tease an early-developing girl due to being unnerved by a sexual creature in their midst. Early-maturing girls also have more difficulties with self-image, tend to have older boyfriends, and are more susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse and domestic violence.

secondary education

Education that follows primary education (elementary or grade school) and precedes tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 11 to age 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation.

What visible changes take place in puberty?

For girls, the observable changes of puberty usually begin with nipple growth. Soon a few pubic hairs are visible, then peak growth spurt, widening of the hips, the first menstrual period (menarche), full pubic-hair pattern, and breast maturation. For boys, the usual sequence is growth of the testes, initial pubic-hair growth, growth of the penis, first ejaculation of seminal fluid, appearance of facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of the voice, and final pubic-hair growth.

Mark, a teenager, loves to drive his car at speeds above 70 mph. What BEST explains his need for thrill seeking?

His prefrontal cortex is not yet mature.

formal operational thought

In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by systematic logical thinking and by understanding abstractions.

How do hormones affect the physical and psychological aspects of puberty?

In girls, estrogen triggers menarche and may contribute to depression. In boys, androgens produce sperm and trigger spermarche, and, in a small number of boys, may also contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. In both boys and girls, hormones awaken their interest in sex.

What types of disordered eating are common in adolescence?

Overeating, eating erratically, or even ingesting drugs to lose weight is common among adolescents, especially girls. Boys may also overeat or eat erratically but are more likely to take steroids, creatine, etc. to increase their muscle mass.

What are the differences among anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?

People suffering from anorexia nervosa refuse to eat normally because their body image is severely distorted; they may believe they are too fat when actually they are dangerously underweight. Those with bulimia consume thousands of calories but then vomit or use laxatives to control their weight, whereas those with binge eating disorder overeat without purging.

secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts.

What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

Primary sex characteristics are directly involved in reproduction, whereas secondary sex characteristics signify that the body is capable of reproduction.

inductive reasoning

Reasoning from specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion. (Also called bottom-up reasoning.)

hypothetical thought

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that do not reflect reality.

In what way does stress affect puberty?

Stress increases the hormones that start puberty.

Julie is involved in many activities, including cheerleading, gymnastics, and a part-time job. Because of her stress, she started puberty early. Which is the BEST reason for this change?

Stress increases the hormones that start puberty.

Sophia is a 17-year-old girl. Which statement is TRUE about body fat for Sophia?

The average 17-year-old girl has twice the percentage of body fat as a 17-year-old boy.

personal fable

The belief that one's own emotions, experiences, and destiny are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.

invincibility fable

The fantasy that a person cannot be harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

entity theory of intelligence

The idea that intellectual ability is innate, a fixed quantity present at birth. Those who hold this view underrate the role of effort on achievement.

incremental theory of intelligence

The idea that intelligence can be increased by effort, with attention and practice, as in class participation and homework.

dual-process model

The idea that two modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning.

imaginary audience

The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, watch his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior.

primary sex characteristics

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.

growth spurt

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.

How do the skin and hair change during puberty?

The skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more acne-prone. Hair becomes coarser and darker, and grows under the arms, on faces, and in the pubic area.

puberty

The time at the end of childhood between the first onrush of growth hormones and full adult size. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.

intuitive thought

Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, a "gut feeling" influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.

analytic thought

Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic exploration of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.

adrenal glands

Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones in response to signals from the pituitary.

Rita is entering the stage of formal operational thought. In her social studies class, she can now understand such _____ concepts as a country's gross national product or its fertility rate.

abstract

Steven's parents are frustrated by his wild emotional behavior at home. Steven's counselor explains that his behavior will continue until his

amygdala is mature.

Mrs. Steinway is a teacher, so she is MOST likely to prefer slower, more _____ thinking.

analytic

Adolescents believe that others:

are as egocentric as they are.

Rosanna is 13 years old and is experiencing cyberbullying. According to the text, the imaginary audience can:

magnify her shame.

Jojo recently had her first menstrual period, called:

menarche.

About _____ of adult bone mass is acquired between the ages of 10 and 20.

one-half

A researcher is MOST likely to find a _____ correlation between scores on a depression inventory and the frequency of sexting. Assume that higher scores on the inventory reflect greater depression.

positive

The _____ is/are responsible for planning ahead and emotional regulation in the brain.

prefrontal cortex

Chad noticed that his testes were growing. This is the first visible sign of _____ in boys.

puberty

Sarah comments to her mother that her nipples have been growing. This is the first visible sign of _____ in girls.

puberty