PSYC-2301 Ch. 14 Quiz A2

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A) Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive if one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. B) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. C) Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D) Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

B) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"? A) Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman B) Hans Selye C) Walter Cannon D) Brenda Lyon

B) Hans Selye

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health? A) They have more healthy genes. B) They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors. C) They are smarter than less affluent individuals. D) They tend to believe their reaction to life's stressors is out of their hands, so they worry less about their health.

B) They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? A) distress B) coping C) autopilot D) biofeedback

B) coping

Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________. A) passion B) flow C) personality D) absorption

B) flow

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) _______. A) negative outlook and negative expectations B) positive outlook and positive expectations C) angry outlook and negative expectations D) neutral outlook and low expectations

B) positive outlook and positive expectations

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout? A) exhaustion B) wanting to quit C) diminished sense of personal accomplishment D) depersonalization

B) wanting to quit

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? A) Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. B) Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees gas station nearby. C) Grace experiences stress when she sees the coyote, but Mary thinks the coyote is a dog so she does not experience stress. D) Laura experiences stress because her heart rate increased when she noticed the spider.

A) Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor? A) Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat. B) Sophia decides to get a divorce because her husband is cheating on her. C) Mekhi weighs his options on dealing with the bully who is harassing him. D) Ava decides to quit her job because her employer is so unpleasant.

A) Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. B) Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. C) Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D) Fear is a conditioned response.

A) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? A) Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. B) Intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. C) Stress has no effect on remembering educational material. D) Recall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions.

A) Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight reaction describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency. A) The phrase "fight-or-flight" should be changed to the word "alarm." B) The word "adaptation" should be changed to the word "adjustment." C) The word "immediate" should be changed to the word "delayed." D) The word "general" should be changed to the word "stress."

A) The phrase "fight-or-flight" should be changed to the word "alarm."

Naomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Naomi has a ________ personality. A) Type B B) stress-free C) Type A D) tranquil

A) Type B

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. A) cognitive B) physical C) emotional D) social

A) cognitive

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________. A) stressor B) eustressor C) distressor D) animator

A) stressor

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A) He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. B) His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. C) He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. D) He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

C) He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor. A) non-threatening B) acute C) chronic D) threatening

C) chronic

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A) secondary B) primary C) higher order D) initial

C) higher order

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________. A) more anxiety than someone who has no effective options B) more stress than someone who has no effective options C) less stress than someone who has no effective options D) no physiological response to the stressor of having no friends

C) less stress than someone who has no effective options

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009? A) White males B) unemployed people C) retired people D) Black females

C) retired people

Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress? A) Tony experiences stress when he sees the storm warning, but Pepper is not bothered by thunderstorms so she does not experience stress. B) Clark experiences stress because his friend plans to shoplift some candy. C) Robin experiences stress because he notices his boat is damaged and worries about taking on water, but then he feels better when he sees a Coast Guard ship nearby. D) Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.

D) Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.

What can be changed to make the following sentence true? The physical symptoms of psycho physiological disorders are nonexistent, and they can be produced or exacerbated by psychological factors. A) The word "psychological" should be changed to the word "physical." B) The word "physical" should be changed to the word "psychological." C) The word "exacerbated" should be changed to the word "worsened." D) The word "nonexistent" should be changed to the word "real."

D) The word "nonexistent" should be changed to the word "real."

Which of the following is an example of a stressor? A) reading a comic novel about zombies B) daydreaming about robots C) falling asleep in class D) being in car accident

D) being in car accident

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A) conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B) conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C) conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food D) conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able a to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

D) conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able a to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. A) slows the heart rate, which leads to less efficient distribution of oxygen through the body B) restricts a person's salt intake, which suppresses the immune system C) places stress on the thyroid system, which inflames the arteries D) forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

D) forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart