PSYC-241 Ch. 1-3 Exam
_________' view of evolution and culture across the life span: Evolutionary selection benefits decrease over life span. The need for culture increases over life span.
Baltes
________ genetics discovered the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits, development, and behavior.
Behavior
__________ are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid.
Chromosomes
The types of adoption include . . .
- domestic public welfare system - private domestic - international private
__________ is the reproductive stage when egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote.
Fertilization
_______ ____ syndrome is when an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span.
Fragile X
______-______ _______ studies focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development.
Gene-gene interaction
_______ are units of hereditary information composed of DNA.
Genes
_______ ______ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the gene is passed on by mother or father.
Genetic imprinting
________-________ association method identifies genetic variations linked to a particular disease.
Genome-wide
Completion of the Human Genome project led to . . .
Genome-wide association method, linkage analysis, and the search for disease-related genes
________ is a person's genetic material.
Genotype
_______-_______ _______ describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a reduced cost and in a shorter period of time.
Next-generation sequencing
_______ genotype-environment correlations are when genetically linked biological parents provide rearing environment for the children.
Passive
________ is how an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable physical and psychological characteristics.
Phenotype
________ (_____) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
________ ________ is many different genes interacting plus environmental influence determine a characteristic or developing disease.
Polygenic inheritance
The goal of the Thousand Genomes Project was determining the genomic sequences of at least ______ individuals from different ethnic groups around the world.
1000
Human genome consists of approximately _______ genes.
20,000
Genes help cells to ________ themselves and manufacture the _______ that maintain life.
reproduce, proteins
Identifying genetic flaws enables medical professions to predict an individual's _______, recommend healthy ________, and prescribe the safest and most effective ________.
risks, practices, drugs
In _____-________ genes, when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is __-_______ inheritance.
sex-linked, X-linked
In evolutionary psychology, offspring that adapt, develop behaviors, and possess self-protective traits ________.
survive
Complex behaviors are influenced by genes and environments in a way that gives people a propensity for a particular developmental ________.
trajectory
In IVF, a zygote or fertilized egg is transferred into the woman's ________.
uterus
Older adults are ________ biologically and need culture-based resources. ex: cognitive skills, medical technology, social support
weakened
A ________ is a single cell formed through fertilization.
zygote
A unique _______ is when combining parents' two sets of genes increases genetic variability in offspring.
zygote
______-______ ______ is a genetic disorder that impairs the functioning of red blood cells.
Sickle-cell anemia
Genes collaborate with each other and nongenetic favors both inside and outside the _______.
body
Human life begins as a a single ______.
cell
Benefits conferred by evolutionary selection _______ with age.
decrease
Research has found that genes are _______, and that there are more ________ than genes.
dependent, proteins
In evolutionary ________ psychology, there is a growth in interest in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development.
developmental
Evolution gave us biological potentialities but does not _______ behavior and vice versa.
dictate
With the genomic information gathered from 1000 ethically-different people, scientists could conduct detailed studies of genetic variations in ________.
disease
Genes that are missing, nonfunctional, or mutated can be contributed to ________.
disorders
People have used their biological capacities to produce ______ cultures. This includes aggressive and peace-living, _______ and _________.
diverse egalitarian, autocratic
In fraternal or _______ twins, two eggs are fertilized by different sperm create two nonidentical zygotes as genetically similar as ordinary siblings.
dizygotic
Psychological mechanisms are _______-_______. For example, we developed sets of problem-solving skills for recurring problems like finding food.
domain-specific
In ______-______ genes principle, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene.
dominant-recessive
Adopted children fare much better than children raised in long-term ______ care.
foster
Testing evolutionary psychology theories can be done by studying specific ______ in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors.
genes
Imprinting is normal but can go awry, disturbing development and leading to ______ _______ or ________.
growth disorders, cancer
Natural selection primarily operates during the first _______ of life and during reproductive viability.
half
In IVF, multiple zygotes are often transferred but can increase _______ ______.
health risks
There is an ________ diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents.
increased
Each gene has its own ______ or designated place on a particular chromosome.
location
In sex-linked genes, most x-linked inherited diseases manifest in _______ who have only one X chromosome.
males
In identical or ________ twins, a single zygote splits into two genetically identical replicas and becomes two individuals.
monozygotic
A _______ gene is a permanently altered segment of DNA.
mutated
Stress, exercise, nutrition, radiation, temperature, and lack of sleep can ________ influence gene expression.
negatively
The ________ of each cell contains chromosomes.
nucleus
All of the cells in the body, except sperm and egg, have _____ chromosomes in _____ pairs.
46, 23
________ genotype-environment correlations (niche-picking) is where children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating and suited for their genetically influenced abilities.
Active
_______ _______ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses characteristics needed for survival.
Adaptive behavior
_______ is the social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth.
Adoption
________ study seeks to discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like their adopted parents who provided a home environment or their biological parents who contributed hereditary.
Adoption
______ _______ is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.
Cystic fibrosis
Every individual carries _______ variations that predispose the person to serious physical disease or mental disorder.
DNA
_______ is a complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic code or information.
DNA
Gene x Environment (GxE) Interaction is when the interaction between hereditary and environment influences development and interactions of specific ______ ________.
DNA sequences
The (Gene x Environment) interaction is the interaction of specific measured ______ in the DNA and specific measured aspect of the _______.
DNA, environment
________ is the pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the life span.
Development
_________ involves growth and decline brought on by aging and dying.
Development
________ occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar.
Diabetes
______ _______ occurs when an extra chromosome (chromosome 21) causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities.
Down syndrome
_______ Views is where developmental influence is bidirectional: heredity and environment influence each other.
Epigenetic
_________ mechanisms involve molecular modifications of DNA strand as a result of environmental inputs in ways that alter gene functioning.
Epigenetic
_________ view is where development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
Epigenetic
________ genotype-environment correlations are when genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
Evocative
_______ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaption and reproduction to ensure survival.
Evolutionary
_________ occurs when delayed blood clotting causes uncontrolled internal and external bleeding.
Hemophilia
_______-_______ Correlation View is where developmental influence has one direction: heredity influences environment.
Heredity-Environment
__________ disease occurs when the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
Huntington's
____ ______ _________ (_____) is where eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish by experts.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
________ is the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.
Infertility
________ _______ (_____) occurs in males when an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities. ex: undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and becoming tall
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
______-______ perspective involves growth, maintenance, and regulation.
Life-span
______ _______ helps discover the location of a gene or genes in relation to a marker gene.
Linkage analysis
_________ genes make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.
Longevity
_________ is cell division forming eggs and sperm or gametes.
Meiosis
_______ is cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicated itself into 2 new cells.
Mitosis
______ _______ is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce.
Natural selection
______ ______ is a rural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities.
Spina bifida
_________ genes make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging.
Susceptibility
_______-_______ disease is the declaration of mental and physical development causes by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.
Tay-Sachs
The ______ _______ _______ was the most detailed study of human genetic variation to date.
Thousand Genomes Project
________ _______ (___) is when a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.
Turner syndrome (XO)
______ study is when the behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared.
Twin
________ _________ is when an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height in males.
XXY syndrome
Relative contributions of heredity and environment are not ________.
additive
IVF success rate depends on the mother's ______ and other factors.
age
Children who are adopted at a very ______ age are more likely to have positive outcomes.
early
The time scale on which evolution occurs is not suited for _______ study.
empirical
Activity of genes is affected by their _________.
environment
Expression is influenced by ________ factors. For example, genetic potential for height may be stunted by lack of access to proper nutrition.
environmental
The chemical process of genetic imprinting prevents one member of the gene pair from ________ itself.
expressing
In mitosis, each cell contain the same DNA as the ______ cell.
parent
Genetic ________ determine how a genotype is expressed to create a particular phenotype.
principles