PSYC-241 Ch. 1-3 Exam

_________' view of evolution and culture across the life span: Evolutionary selection benefits decrease over life span. The need for culture increases over life span.

Baltes

________ genetics discovered the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits, development, and behavior.

Behavior

__________ are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Chromosomes

The types of adoption include . . .

- domestic public welfare system - private domestic - international private

__________ is the reproductive stage when egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote.

Fertilization

_______ ____ syndrome is when an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span.

Fragile X

______-______ _______ studies focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development.

Gene-gene interaction

_______ are units of hereditary information composed of DNA.

Genes

_______ ______ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the gene is passed on by mother or father.

Genetic imprinting

________-________ association method identifies genetic variations linked to a particular disease.

Genome-wide

Completion of the Human Genome project led to . . .

Genome-wide association method, linkage analysis, and the search for disease-related genes

________ is a person's genetic material.

Genotype

_______-_______ _______ describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a reduced cost and in a shorter period of time.

Next-generation sequencing

_______ genotype-environment correlations are when genetically linked biological parents provide rearing environment for the children.

Passive

________ is how an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable physical and psychological characteristics.

Phenotype

________ (_____) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

________ ________ is many different genes interacting plus environmental influence determine a characteristic or developing disease.

Polygenic inheritance

The goal of the Thousand Genomes Project was determining the genomic sequences of at least ______ individuals from different ethnic groups around the world.

1000

Human genome consists of approximately _______ genes.

20,000

Genes help cells to ________ themselves and manufacture the _______ that maintain life.

reproduce, proteins

Identifying genetic flaws enables medical professions to predict an individual's _______, recommend healthy ________, and prescribe the safest and most effective ________.

risks, practices, drugs

In _____-________ genes, when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is __-_______ inheritance.

sex-linked, X-linked

In evolutionary psychology, offspring that adapt, develop behaviors, and possess self-protective traits ________.

survive

Complex behaviors are influenced by genes and environments in a way that gives people a propensity for a particular developmental ________.

trajectory

In IVF, a zygote or fertilized egg is transferred into the woman's ________.

uterus

Older adults are ________ biologically and need culture-based resources. ex: cognitive skills, medical technology, social support

weakened

A ________ is a single cell formed through fertilization.

zygote

A unique _______ is when combining parents' two sets of genes increases genetic variability in offspring.

zygote

______-______ ______ is a genetic disorder that impairs the functioning of red blood cells.

Sickle-cell anemia

Genes collaborate with each other and nongenetic favors both inside and outside the _______.

body

Human life begins as a a single ______.

cell

Benefits conferred by evolutionary selection _______ with age.

decrease

Research has found that genes are _______, and that there are more ________ than genes.

dependent, proteins

In evolutionary ________ psychology, there is a growth in interest in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development.

developmental

Evolution gave us biological potentialities but does not _______ behavior and vice versa.

dictate

With the genomic information gathered from 1000 ethically-different people, scientists could conduct detailed studies of genetic variations in ________.

disease

Genes that are missing, nonfunctional, or mutated can be contributed to ________.

disorders

People have used their biological capacities to produce ______ cultures. This includes aggressive and peace-living, _______ and _________.

diverse egalitarian, autocratic

In fraternal or _______ twins, two eggs are fertilized by different sperm create two nonidentical zygotes as genetically similar as ordinary siblings.

dizygotic

Psychological mechanisms are _______-_______. For example, we developed sets of problem-solving skills for recurring problems like finding food.

domain-specific

In ______-______ genes principle, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene.

dominant-recessive

Adopted children fare much better than children raised in long-term ______ care.

foster

Testing evolutionary psychology theories can be done by studying specific ______ in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors.

genes

Imprinting is normal but can go awry, disturbing development and leading to ______ _______ or ________.

growth disorders, cancer

Natural selection primarily operates during the first _______ of life and during reproductive viability.

half

In IVF, multiple zygotes are often transferred but can increase _______ ______.

health risks

There is an ________ diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents.

increased

Each gene has its own ______ or designated place on a particular chromosome.

location

In sex-linked genes, most x-linked inherited diseases manifest in _______ who have only one X chromosome.

males

In identical or ________ twins, a single zygote splits into two genetically identical replicas and becomes two individuals.

monozygotic

A _______ gene is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

mutated

Stress, exercise, nutrition, radiation, temperature, and lack of sleep can ________ influence gene expression.

negatively

The ________ of each cell contains chromosomes.

nucleus

All of the cells in the body, except sperm and egg, have _____ chromosomes in _____ pairs.

46, 23

________ genotype-environment correlations (niche-picking) is where children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating and suited for their genetically influenced abilities.

Active

_______ _______ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses characteristics needed for survival.

Adaptive behavior

_______ is the social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth.

Adoption

________ study seeks to discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like their adopted parents who provided a home environment or their biological parents who contributed hereditary.

Adoption

______ _______ is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

Cystic fibrosis

Every individual carries _______ variations that predispose the person to serious physical disease or mental disorder.

DNA

_______ is a complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic code or information.

DNA

Gene x Environment (GxE) Interaction is when the interaction between hereditary and environment influences development and interactions of specific ______ ________.

DNA sequences

The (Gene x Environment) interaction is the interaction of specific measured ______ in the DNA and specific measured aspect of the _______.

DNA, environment

________ is the pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the life span.

Development

_________ involves growth and decline brought on by aging and dying.

Development

________ occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar.

Diabetes

______ _______ occurs when an extra chromosome (chromosome 21) causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities.

Down syndrome

_______ Views is where developmental influence is bidirectional: heredity and environment influence each other.

Epigenetic

_________ mechanisms involve molecular modifications of DNA strand as a result of environmental inputs in ways that alter gene functioning.

Epigenetic

_________ view is where development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.

Epigenetic

________ genotype-environment correlations are when genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Evocative

_______ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaption and reproduction to ensure survival.

Evolutionary

_________ occurs when delayed blood clotting causes uncontrolled internal and external bleeding.

Hemophilia

_______-_______ Correlation View is where developmental influence has one direction: heredity influences environment.

Heredity-Environment

__________ disease occurs when the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.

Huntington's

____ ______ _________ (_____) is where eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish by experts.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

________ is the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.

Infertility

________ _______ (_____) occurs in males when an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities. ex: undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and becoming tall

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

______-______ perspective involves growth, maintenance, and regulation.

Life-span

______ _______ helps discover the location of a gene or genes in relation to a marker gene.

Linkage analysis

_________ genes make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

Longevity

_________ is cell division forming eggs and sperm or gametes.

Meiosis

_______ is cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicated itself into 2 new cells.

Mitosis

______ _______ is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce.

Natural selection

______ ______ is a rural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities.

Spina bifida

_________ genes make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging.

Susceptibility

_______-_______ disease is the declaration of mental and physical development causes by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

Tay-Sachs

The ______ _______ _______ was the most detailed study of human genetic variation to date.

Thousand Genomes Project

________ _______ (___) is when a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.

Turner syndrome (XO)

______ study is when the behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared.

Twin

________ _________ is when an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height in males.

XXY syndrome

Relative contributions of heredity and environment are not ________.

additive

IVF success rate depends on the mother's ______ and other factors.

age

Children who are adopted at a very ______ age are more likely to have positive outcomes.

early

The time scale on which evolution occurs is not suited for _______ study.

empirical

Activity of genes is affected by their _________.

environment

Expression is influenced by ________ factors. For example, genetic potential for height may be stunted by lack of access to proper nutrition.

environmental

The chemical process of genetic imprinting prevents one member of the gene pair from ________ itself.

expressing

In mitosis, each cell contain the same DNA as the ______ cell.

parent

Genetic ________ determine how a genotype is expressed to create a particular phenotype.

principles