PSYC 312 (SmartBook Introduction)

Which of the following is an outcome of the changes in what constitutes a "family" occurring over the past several decades?

a growth in diversity in household composition

Which of the following best describes how sociological theories treat adolescents?

as a large group

Sociological theories of adolescence attempt to understand how adolescents, as a group, __________.

come of age in society

Hall's theory of recapitulation held which of the following?

individual development parallels the development of the human species

According to Freud, development is best understood in terms of __________.

psychosexual conflicts

Which of the following is an example of a boundary of adolescence under the chronological perspective?

reaching the designated age of adulthood

Coming to terms with the sorts of romantic relationships into which an adolescent is prepared to enter is related to which dimension of psychosocial development?

sexuality

G. Stanley Hall viewed adolescence as a period of __________.

"storm and stress"

Which of the following is a question that an adolescent engaged in identity development would ask?

"what makes me special?"

Which of the following is a question that a young person who is exploring his or her sexual development would ask?

- "What are my values and morals with respect to physical contact?" - "What is my sexual orientation?" - "How does my sexuality fit into my identity?"

Researchers now define adolescence as beginning at age __________ and continuing until the early 20s.

10

Middle adolescence covers the age range of ______ years.

14-17

The age range for emerging adulthood is ______.

18 to 25

Erikson proposed __________ stages of psychosocial development.

8

As he approached his senior year in high school, De'Juan became less emotionally dependent on his parents, learned to function independently, and established a personal code of values and morals. De'Juan has been developing a sense of __________.

autonomy

Dante, age 17, is establishing a healthy sense of independence. Dante is developing ______.

autonomy

Over the past 100 years, role of the peer group in the socialization and development of teenagers has ______.

become increasingly important

Genes inherited from biological parents, height and weight gains, advances in motor skills, and hormonal changes of puberty reflect __________ processes.

biological

The onset of puberty is when adolescence begins. Adolescence ends when the young person is capable of sexual reproduction. These boundaries are an example of the __________ perspective.

biological

Dr. Andreas believes that hormones and the physical changes of puberty are the driving forces behind adolescent changes. This view is consistent with the __________ view of adolescence.

biosocial

Like __________ theories, organismic theorists recognize the importance of the biological changes of adolescence.

biosocial

According to Piaget, development is best understood by examining __________.

changes in the nature of thinking

Thinking more logically, more idealistically, and more abstractly are __________ gains that occur in adolescence.

cognitive

In Piaget's theory, adolescence marks the transition from __________.

concrete to abstract thought

Unlike biosocial theorists, organismic theories __________.

consider the impact of contextual factors on development

One of the most common problems that first occurs in adolescence is __________.

depression

Which of the following best describes the changes in family relationships that occur in adolescence?

dramatic

According to __________ systems theory, two different brain systems develop simultaneously in adolescence, resulting in a maturational imbalance.

dual

The period during which individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood is referred to as __________ adulthood.

emerging

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development, we cannot understand development without examining the __________.

environment

Which of the following best explains why the changes of adolescence are not uniform for all people?

environment

Which of the following is an aspect of autonomy that emerges during adolescence?

establishing a personal code of values and morals

True or False: Both children and adolescents are equally skilled at thinking about hypothetical situations.

false

True or False: Learning theorists have much to say specifically about adolescence as a developmental period.

false

True or False: The effects of the biological, cognitive, and social transitions of adolescence are uniform for all people.

false

Hill refers to the biological, cognitive, and social changes that characterize adolescence as the __________ changes of adolescence.

fundamental

Which of the following would a historian of adolescence be LEAST likely to do?

generalize about the nature of intergenerational relations

Historical perspectives stress the fact that adolescence, as a developmental period, __________.

has varied considerably from one historical era to another

Which of the following remains a point of debate among researchers?

how schools should prepare adolescents for adulthood

Sixteen-year-old Julissa often wonders, "Who am I" and "Who will I be in 10 years?" These questions indicate that Julissa is in the process of developing a(n) __________.

identity

On which of the following do social learning theorists place the most emphasis?

imitation

During periods of economic downturn, adolescents are depicted as __________.

immature, unstable, and incompetent

According to sociological theories of adolescence, adolescents and adults grow up under different social circumstances and, therefore, develop different sets of attitudes, values, and beliefs. This causes inevitable __________.

intergenerational conflict

Developing the capacity to form romantic relationships that are trusting and loving is part of the development of __________.

intimacy

Which of the following is cited as a cause of adolescent marginality?

isolating adolescents from adults

Robbie just turned 20. He would be classified as a(n) __________.

late adolescent

Which of the following theories stresses the context in which behavior takes place?

learning

__________ theories have helped us understand how the specific environment in which an adolescent lives shapes his or her behavior.

learning

__________ theorists are at the center of the theoretical continuum between the extreme biological views and extreme environmental ones.

learning

Adolescent ______ emphasizes the difference in power that exists between the adult and the adolescent generations.

marginality

Into which of the following categories of adolescent influence does social media fall?

mass media

Kaedon received a 98% on a trigonometry exam. He studied very hard and the teacher praised his effort and performance. According to the __________ framework, because of the reinforcement Kaedon received, he is more likely to study hard in the future.

operant conditioning

__________ theorists take into account how contextual forces affect the biological changes of adolescence.

organismic

Over the past 100 years, the __________ has come to play a increasingly important role in the socialization and development of teenagers.

peer group

Changes in emotions, motivations, and behavior that affect changes in individuals' relationships are referred to as __________ changes.

psychosocial

Social scientists use the word __________ to describe aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature.

psychosocial

In contrast to Freud, Erikson stressed __________ rather than __________ conflicts.

psychosocial ; psychosexual

Which of the following is the first stage of adolescence?

puberty

According to the operant conditioning framework, when a __________ occurs, a behavior is less likely to occur again.

punishment

According to the dual systems view, the main challenge of adolescence is to develop __________.

self-regulation

Our society distinguishes between people who are underage, or minors, and people who have reached the age of majority. This illustrates a set of changes called __________ changes.

social

One group of theorists have an extreme position on adolescence, arguing that the way in which we divide the life cycle into stages is nothing more than a reflection of the political, economic, and social circumstances in which we live. This represents the idea of adolescence as a __________.

social invention

Which of the following is an outcome of intergenerational conflict?

tension between adolescents and adults

When parents believe that teenagers are reckless and rebellious, what effect does it have on their adolescent children?

the adolescents will be more likely to engage in reckless and rebellious behavior

Why do scholarly writers tend to depict teenagers differently, depending on the time period in which they are writing?

the circumstances of the time influence the way society wants to view teenagers

When do researchers now define adolescence as ending?

the early 20s

According to Erikson, the challenge of adolescence is to resolve __________.

the identity crisis

Which of the following social changes is most closely linked to the lengthening of adolescence?

the tendency to delay work and marriage until the mid-20s

Which of the following is a common stereotype of adolescents?

they are troubling and troubled.

True or False: Contemporary scientists no longer believe that adolescence is inherently problematic.

true

Both Freud and Hall viewed adolescence as a time of ______.

upheaval

Which of the following would Bronfenbrenner argue is most relevant to understanding how school affects adolescent development?

where schools are located

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, neighborhoods and communities are embedded in a broader context that is shaped by which of the following?

- history - geography - culture

Which of the following theorists are considered organismic?

- Jean Piaget - Sigmund Freud - Erik Erikson

Identify the two anthropologists who were among the most important in the study of adolescence.

- Margaret Mead - Ruth Benedict

Identify all of the major psychosocial developments of adolescence.

- achievement - autonomy - sexuality - identity - intimacy

Which of the following topics did Hall emphasize in his theory of adolescence?

- changes in sleep patterns - brain maturation - hormonal influences

Which of the following is a biological transition associated with adolescence?

- development of the ability to conceive children - changes in appearance

Which of the following sets of problems is often associated with adolescence?

- drug and alcohol abuse - delinquency - depression

In contemporary society, schools have become responsible for which of the following?

- educating students - socializing students - keeping students occupied

Which of the following influences on adolescent development occurs outside of home and school?

- extracurricular activities - part-time jobs

Which of the following reasons helps explain why the adolescent period has lengthened considerably in the past 100 years?

- many individuals delay entering into work and marriage until their mid-20s - physical maturation occurs earlier than it used to

Eighteen-year-old Shayla is trying to make decisions about her schooling and career. She is most likely to receive direction and advice from which of the following sources?

- teachers - friends - parents

According to Hill, which of the following features of adolescent development gives the period its special flavor and significance?

- the transition to new roles in society - the onset of puberty - the emergence of more advanced thinking abilities

Identify all of the major contexts in which young people spend time, according to the ecological perspective on human development.

- work and leisure settings - peer groups - families - schools

Of the following individuals, who is a social learning theorist?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following individuals is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence?

G. Stanley Hall

How would G. Stanley Hall characterize adolescence?

a period of pervasive upheaval

Teresa is from Latin America. She is currently preparing for her quinceañera, a tradition that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood on a girl's fifteenth birthday. This formal ceremony is an example of __________.

a rite of passage

According to Ruth Benedict, in industrialized societies, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is __________.

abrupt and difficult

Chase is 9 years old and Bethany is 14 years old. In their friendships, Chase is likely to value a sharing of __________, whereas Bethany is likely to value an exchange of confidences.

activities

Many of the crucial decisions about schooling and careers are made based on achievement during __________.

adolescence

__________ is the stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adult roles.

adolescence

Among theorists who argue that adolescence is entirely a social invention, what is cited as evidence?

adolescence was not a construct until the time of compulsory education