PSYC 355 Revel Questions (Ch. 1-7, 15)

Children raised in Russian orphanages (versus those raised by their biological parents) showed chemical alterations that affected the expression of genes. This example best illustrates ________.

epigenetics

Scott Kelly spent a year in space and when he returned, 7% of his genes were expressing themselves differently than the genes of his identical twin, Mark Kelly. This case study helps scientists understand more about ________.

epigenetics

The idea that the same genetic makeup can be expressed differently due to environmental factors acting at the cellular level is known as ________.

epigenetics

Lauren argues that because we humans have spent most of our history as hunter-gatherers, many of our desires and preferences are "stuck" in that time. Lauren is likely a(n) ________.

evolutionary psychologist

Which scientific method is the only way to prove causation?

experiment

The biggest difference between self-determination theory and Murrary's theory is that self-determination theory focuses on _________ and Murray's theory focuses on _________.

explicit motives; implicit motives

Approach-oriented people tend to be higher in which Big Five trait?

extraversion

The Big Five factors consists of _________, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

extraversion

Vickie and Isabelle love socializing at parties on the weekends and always appear to be happy and in good spirits. They would likely score high on which Big Five trait?

extraversion

Which Big Five Trait includes gregariousness and cheerfulness?

extraversion

What are the two primary attitudes of the ego, according to Jung?

extraversion vs. introversion

Which of the Big Five traits translate most effectively across cultures?

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

What are the Big Five personality traits?

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience

Financial success, popularity, and physical attractiveness are examples of _________.

extrinsic goals

The smaller specific components within each Big Five trait are called _________.

facets

Where are implicit motives thought to come from?

family environment

What other human tendency possibly rooted in evolution is approach and avoidance related to?

fight or flight

Ashley's therapist uses a psychodynamic approach. In her last session, her therapist asked her to simply talk about whatever comes to her mind. This psychodynamic technique is known as which of the following?

free association

Damage to what part of the brain can lead to disagreeableness and low conscientiousness?

frontal lobe

People who measure high for grandiose narcissism tend to have ________.

implicit self-esteem similarity high to others

Influential factors in the shaping of personality _________.

include genetics, parents, peers, and culture

The outward physical appearance our "selves" take on—including our body and clothes—is called the ________ self.

material

Which of the following is a main aspect of self-concept?

material self

The standard deviation measures the spread around the ________.

mean

Descriptive statistics allow you to compare your scores on personality test with others by focusing on the ________.

mean, median, and mode

Who is the theorist that developed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

Which of the following provides the best idea of the person's personality?

Akira is almost always late to class.

Which theorists suggested that some people suffer from an "inferiority complex"?

Alfred Adler

Which of the following illustrates a problem specific to self-report measures?

Alisha tries to answer the questionnaire in a way that makes her look good.

William James called the observing part of the self the _________, and the part of the self we see the _________.

I; me

How do implicit motives differ from explicit motives?

Implicit motives are unconscious whereas people are aware of their explicit motives.

How can implicit motives be determined by language?

Implicit motives can be coded through analyzing speeches and stories.

What is the difference between implicit and explicit self-esteem?

Implicit self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having; explicit self-esteem you are aware of having.

________ is the procedure in which potential research participants are told about the purpose of the study ahead of time.

Informed consent

Which of the following statements regarding Lewis Terman's study is true?

It collected data on habits, personalities, and behaviors in the longest-running longitudinal study ever conducted.

What does it mean to say Freud's work was generative?

It generated a lot of scientific research.

Which of the following statements about narcissism is true?

Narcissism is good for starting relationships.

Which of the following most accurately demonstrates how people tend to be motivated?

Needs drive motives, which influence goals.

What is the a primary difference between the psychodynamic theorists and the way personality psychology is conducted today?

Personality psychology today relies far more on empirical research.

Haley wants to stop eating so many sweets. What do we know about strengthening one's self-control that can help her accomplish her goal?

Self-control is like a muscle that needs to be exercised incrementally over time for the best results, so Haley should consider practicing her self-control in another area first.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is true?

Self-esteem feels good and leads people to initiate action.

________ is the measure of how far the score is from the average in a normal distribution.

Standard deviation

Which of the following statements regarding the Big Five is true?

The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive and reproduce.

What is the primary difference between the conscious and unconscious mind?

The unconscious mind is the part outside of our usual awareness; the conscious mind is the part we are aware of.

Researchers have used the lexical method to identify adjectives in other languages that describe personality and cluster together just as the Big Five does. What did they discover?

There is the most variation in whether neuroticism or openness are included and whether traits related to honesty and humility are added.

What is the main reason social desirability scales are useful in research?

These scales are used to screen out people who may not be telling the truth.

Why are open practices important?

They allow for greater transparency among researchers.

Shane and Sean are identical (monozygotic) twins being raised by the same parents in the same house, yet they differ on some personality traits. What is the best explanation for this?

They are influenced and shaped by both shared and nonshared environments.

Why do people high in extraversion run a somewhat greater risk of dying earlier?

They are more likely to abuse drugs and die in accidents.

What might be one reason that women are less likely than men to have heart attacks?

They are more likely to have a "tend and befriend" style in dealing with stress, which is thought to be better for the immune system.

One night, a young couple gets into a loud fight, disturbing their neighbors. Which of these explanations falls on the person side of the person-situation debate?

They were both aggressive types.

What is the best explanation for why being high in power motive can be detrimental to your health?

Thwarted attempts for power can lead to stress and chronic high blood pressure, which can then lead to immune system problems.

Tre and Brent are at a football game. Tre's team is about to win. Brent's is about to lose. Which of the following statements is true?

Tre's testosterone level is likely to rise.

Jacob is always busy. He keeps a daily calendar of his responsibilities. Any time he gets delayed or has to wait, he get impatient and a little hostile—even angry. Which best describes Jacob's personality?

Type A

Which of the following most accurately defines Type A and Type B personalities?

Type A personality is scheduled, hardworking, and impatient. Type B personality is laid-back and less scheduled.

Earl just started a job that allows him to make his own decisions in his work environment. Which of Earl's needs are likely being met by his job?

autonomy

Self-determination theory argues that which three needs can explain much of human behavior?

autonomy, competence, relatedness

Jill works really hard at her job because she is afraid of getting fired. This is an example of _________.

avoidance motivation

Nick is the lead in the school play. He's been very anxious since taking part since he's terrified of messing up and ruining the production, so he's rehearsed his lines endlessly for months. This is an example of ________.

avoidance motivation

Authenticity of the self has four related components. What are they?

awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, and authentic relationships

Which activity is a Type T person most likely to enjoy?

bungee jumping off a high bridge

When you exhaust the power to control yourself from resisting a temptation, it is called _________.

ego depletion

One study found that being ostracized by others caused activation in the same brain region associated with ________.

physical pain

In Maslow's hierarchy, which needs are most fundamental?

physiological needs

The unconscious mind is typically governed by the ________.

pleasure principle

When Marlita's motivation decreases, her test scores tend to decrease. This is an example of what kind of relationship?

positive correlation

Daniela does research on what makes our lives better and what makes us happier. She likely works within the research field of _________.

positive psychology

Chloe has run for student government every day of her high school career. She's constantly debating even the smallest points, isn't shy about asking for favors, and feels the need to make her presence felt in whatever room she enters. Chloe is a good illustration of which motive?

power

What are three major implicit motives?

power, achievement, affiliation

A study measuring autonomy, competence, and relatedness in eight different countries found that they _________.

predicted meaning in life and personal growth about equally in all eight countries

Which of the following hormones is associated with feelings of closeness to others?

progesterone

Which field attempts to find evidence for psychodynamic processes through brain scans?

psychodynamic neuroscience

Which of Eysenck's factors of personality appears to be a combination of low agreeableness and low conscientiousness?

psychoticism

Duane is using a numbers table to assign participants to each of the three conditions in his study. He is using ________.

random assignment

Jorge has a crush on Julie who is dating his best friend, which makes him feel guilty, so he frequently says mean and insulting things to her. What defense mechanism best describes his behavior?

reaction formation

When Senator Smith first took office, he was vocal in denouncing homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians. Years later, he revealed he was gay. What defense mechanism might Senator Smith have been experiencing initially?

reaction formation

In one study, students took a cognitive performance test with their subject matter number written in ink on the first page. The experiment randomly varied the color of the ink. This subtle difference produced surprising results: Those who saw ________ ink performed worse on the test than those who saw ________ ink.

red; green or black

Roberta enjoys volunteering and likes spending time with her church group, helping with the food pantry. Which of Roberta's needs are likely being met by her service in the community?

relatedness

When you live up to your ought self, you are likely to feel ________.

relaxed and at peace

What are the two main criteria researchers use to evaluate personality scales?

reliability and validity

A broken watch always shows the same time. It is ________.

reliable but not valid

Melissa just completed her research analysis and her findings of her study are very similar to a different study measuring the same thing. This is an example of ________.

replication

The defense mechanism of ________ involves keeping unconscious impulses or wishes completely out of consciousness, whereas ________ involves not acknowledging the conscious content at all.

repression; denial

In men high in power motive, testosterone ________ after success and ________ after a loss in a one-on-one contest.

rises; falls

What is a downside to extraversion?

risk taking

DeAndre periodically suffers from depression. Lately he has been thinking about all the things that could go wrong during his public speaking project. He's constantly worried about his teammates, his own performance, and all the technical problems that could occur with the lighting and sound system. This thought process is best described as ________.

rumination

Health, employment, and property are examples of ________ needs.

safety and security

People with a hostile attribution bias tend to _________.

see the worst in people

According to the theory about self-control discussed in the text, ________.

self-control can get tired in the short term

The need for love and belonging in the hierarchy of needs is similar to the need for affiliation in what theory?

self-determination theory

Which theory is a model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion?

self-discrepancy theory

Charlize believes that she can accomplish whatever she puts her mind to. Charlize has a strong sense of _________.

self-efficacy

Sheila's soccer coach repeatedly tells her that if she "believes in herself anything is possible." Sheila's coach is engaging in ________.

self-esteem boosting

Treating yourself like a good friend is called ________.

self-kindness

What are the three components of self-compassion?

self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness

Terry is at a formal dinner party and trying to blend in with the others, so she watches how the other women carry themselves and tries to do the same. Terry has a high level of the trait _________.

self-monitoring

The process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state is called _________.

self-regulation

What is the most commonly used research method in personality psychology?

self-report measure

Duke has a tendency to take credit when his team wins, but blame his teammates when the team loses. Duke's behavior is best explained as _________.

self-serving bias

Erik is interviewing participants for his research study. He has a set of questions he asks every participant, but sometimes asks follow-up questions as needed. What type of interview is he conducting?

semi-structured interview

People can get a sense of your personality by ________.

the clothes you wear

Psychodynamic approaches focus on the interaction and conflict between which of the following?

the conscious and the unconscious mind

What is the International Review Board?

the entity that will decide if the research fits ethical guidelines

For Jung, the anima and animus is ________.

the other sex inside of ourselves

Which of the following measures is typically of most interest to personality researchers?

the score calculated by adding up all participants' scores and dividing by the number of scores

What does correlation measure?

the statistical relationship between two variables

What is the "Barnum effect"?

the tendency for people to believe vague, positive statements about themselves

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

the variable that the researcher manipulates

In psychodynamic theory, the unconscious mind is the ________.

thoughts and feelings we are not aware of

According to evolutionary psychology, we have a near universal need ________.

to belong

What is the purpose of a twin study?

to help us understand the influence of genetics and environment on personality

Psychologists example behaviors using the concept of _________, which is based on the idea that some people reliably behave differently than other people.

traits

The relatively stable tendencies of individuals are called _________.

traits

The nature-nurture debate has ________.

transformed into a discussion of the gene-environment interaction

Kai is using multiple assessment methods to learn about one aspect of personality. Kai is exploying what method?

triangulation

Shane met his girlfriend Eloise their freshman year of college. Shane cannot image being with anyone else because for the first time in his life he feels completely like himself. When he's around Eloise, he feels like his real self. Shane seems to be getting in touch with his ________ self.

true

Carl Rogers believed that everyone can get closer to self-actualization when they experience _________.

unconditional positive regard

Which of the following terms is critical to defining the term personality?

usual pattern

What are confounding variables?

variables that make it look like the two original variables are causing each other

Low conscientious appears in the brain as great activity in the ________.

ventral striatum

Which of the following scenarios provides the most accurate representation of someone's personality?

walking into someone's dorm room on a typical weekday afternoon

Positive psychology's research focuses on _________.

what makes our lives better and happier

When is the use of informant reports particularly helpful?

when a personality study is seeking to understand undesirable traits

If you are a personality researcher, which of the following is the best way of measuring behavior to best predict personality?

when behavior is averaged across several days

What is a many labs approach?

when different groups of researchers attempt to replicate the results of the same study

What is the core of the person-situation debate?

whether a person's behavior is influences more by personality or a particular situation

According to evolutionary psychology, if you were in a fire and could save only one person, you would most likely save your ________.

youngest sibling

Evolutionary psychology argues that men value ________ when choosing a mate while women are more likely to value ________.

youthfulness; a good earning capacity

What school of psychology emphasized free will and seeing the whole person?

humanistic

Which of the following is a critical component to having high self-esteem?

maintaining strong relationships

Personality psychology is considered a hub topic because it incorporates _________.

many difference fields of psychology

Which of the following statements about personality is true?

Personality is shaped by many factors.

Which term best describes a Type D personality?

anxious

Anticipating rewards for success is called _________.

approach motivation

Women with a low 2D:4D ratio ________.

are more likely to be assertive and interested in leadership positions

People high in neuroticism are more likely to have _________.

both physical and mental health issues

Twin studies have found that about ________ of the variance in personality traits is due to genetics.

50%

What is the main concept of Freud's theory of developmental stages?

As the child develops, the libido attaches to different parts of the body.

How have brain scans been used in personality research?

Brain scans have begun to help identify area of the brain associated with certain personality traits.

Who proposed the idea of mental tests?

Cattell

The person-situation debate tried to settle which question?

Do people have consistent behavioral tendencies across situations?

________ aims to discover the universal preference and needs of people, and thus the personality traits we have in common.

Evolutionary psychology

Which of the following statements regarding testosterone is true?

Experiences can cause rises and falls in testosterone levels.

What's the difference between extroversion and introversion?

Extraversion is how outgoing and talkative someone is and introversion is how shy and reserved someone is.

_________ is the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment.

Flow

Hippocrates and _________ both presaged modern trait theory when they discussed differences between people grounded in so-called "humors."

Galen

________ is most closely associated with a more extraverted, socially bold, self-centered, egotistical, vain personality.

Grandiose narcissism

Nelson is using a Likert scale in constructing his personality questionnaire. What does this mean?

He has put in a range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item.

Toby is always trying to take over situations. His friends consider his bossy, and his girlfriend has almost broken up with him a number of times for being too controlling. Which of the following is the best way to describe Toby's personality?

He is high in power motive.

Lana loves stickers and is given one every time she does her spelling homework, which has caused her performance to increase. After a month, the teacher stops giving her stickers. How is Lana's motivation to do her spelling homework likely to be affected?

Her motivation will decrease.

Why might Type A personalities have an increased risk of heart attacks?

Hostile people have elevated white blood cells counts, which can lead to inflammation of bodily tissue.

Which of the following is a person high in self-efficacy most likely to say?

I can give a great performance if I practice a lot.

Why is self-actualization at the very top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

It is at the very top because it is difficult to attain.

How was the person-situation debate resolved?

It was resolved by concluding that both the person and the situation have about equal influence, and that the person and situation also interact to predict behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a self-concept?

Jill views herself and caring and compassionate.

Which person is most likely to be conducting personality research?

Josh, who examines changes in extraversion over students' first year in college

Object relations theory focused on how our relationships with others affected our personality, whereas ________ questioned psychoanalysis and its emphasis on childhood as a source of neurosis.

Karen Horney

Why is it important to have sufficiently large samples in social science research?

Larger samples help ensure that the study can reliably detect an effect.

Which of the following is correct about many of the ideas described by Freud?

Many of the ideas described by Freud are pervasive in popular culture.

_________ is being aware of your thoughts and perceptions without clinging to them or judging whether they are good or bad.

Mindfulness

Why is it more accurate to think of the Big Five traits as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories?

Most people measure somewhere in the middle for each trait, rather than entirely at one extreme or another.

Much of the time, people's scores fall into a normal distribution. What does this mean?

Most people score in the middle and fewer score at the extremes.

Which of the following statements regarding siblings and personality is true?

Nonshared environments affect siblings' personalities.

What is the main focus on object relations theory?

Object relations theory focuses on understanding individuals by examining how they think about other people.

What is the difference between optimistic explanatory style and pessimistic explanatory style?

Optimistic explanatory style involves seeing bad events as transient and external while pessimistic explanatory style involves seeing bad events as stable and global.

_________ are times when people transcend themselves and feel one with the world.

Peak experiences

Which of the following statements regarding personality and physical health is true?

People high in affiliation motive tend to have better immune system function.

What is a downside to agreeableness?

People might take advantage of a person who is high in agreeableness.

Which factor explains why some of your friends thrive at parties, whereas others shrink into the background?

People respond differently to the same situation.

What do we know about how personality appears online?

People's personalities tend to match up with their online activities and profiles.

Jamar is debating a friend about the definition of personality. Which of the following claims should he use in his argument?

Personality is best understood across time and situations.

Why are experiments not often used in personality psychology?

Random assignment is very difficult.

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters and personality is true?

Research suggests a link between personality and specific neurotransmitters.

Rosario has just taken the Big Five (IPIP) personality questionnaire. What information is helpful for her to consider as she reviews her scores?

Scores are best viewed as a continuum between extremely low and high results.

________ describes attitudes about sex without commitment.

Sociosexuality

According to Freud, what occurs during the Oedipus complex?

Sons become sexually attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals.

In one study, preschoolers who liked to draw were told they could earn a certificate with a large gold star and a red ribbon. Other children drew a picture but either didn't get an award or got one unexpectedly. A week later, the experimenter returned to see what activities the children chose to engage in during free-play time and found which of the following?

The children who got their expected award for drawing spent only half as much time drawing as those who did not get an award or who received it unexpectedly.

In one experiment, adults praised one group of children for good performance on difficult problems by saying, "You must be smart at these problems," while telling another set of children, "You must have worked hard on these problems." What happened when the children were given an even more difficult task?

The children who were praised for working hard performed better.

How are needs represented in Maslow's hierarchy?

The fundamental needs are at the base and each higher need builds up upon each other.

What was the goal of psychodynamic and neo-analytic thinkers?

The goal was to develop large theoretical models that could explain a wide range of clinical observations.

What is the difference between the person-situation debate and the nature-nurture debate?

The person-situation debate asks whether personality exists at all and the nature-nurture debate asks about what causes personality.

What makes the research finding statistically significant?

The probability is less than 5% that the results are due to random chance.

What does the research discussed in the text about women and fertility possibly suggest?

The research suggests that men find women who are experiencing high fertility more attractive while women find stereotypically masculine men more attractive on high-fertile days.

Your friend tells you that Freud's topographical model of the mind consists of the id and the ego. What would you tell your friend to correct this mistake?

The topographical model consists of the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind.

Which researcher's work launched the person-situation debate?

Walter Mischel

What is the best way to increase your self-control?

Work at it, incrementally, over time.

What is the circadian rhythm?

a biological pattern that influences when we sleep and eat

Tia is having an amazing game. Every shot she takes goes in. The hoop looks huge to her, and running up and down the court feels effortless, like she can play forever. Tia is most likely experiencing which of the following?

a flow state

Self-esteem is ________.

a person's attitude towards himself or herself

The 2D:4D ratio is an indicator of ________.

a person's prenatal testosterone exposure

Personality is defined as __________.

a person's usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts

In psychodynamic theory, what is a defense mechanism?

a psychological process that keeps us from experiencing some causes of suffering

Zoe is about to compete in the state finals for track. She is looking forward to winning the first place trophy and the recognition that comes with it. This is an example of ________.

approach motivation

Studying the speeches of U.S. presidents to assess personality is done using ________.

archival research

People low in conscientiousness are more likely to _________.

abuse drugs and alcohol

Kesha works very hard at school and has trouble accepting help from anyone else. This is an example of what motive?

achievement

According to the text, researchers recorded all of the _________ in an English-language dictionary that could be used to describe people.

adjectives

Logan likes to use puns when talking with others to make them laugh. He is using the ________ humor style.

affiliative

Brady and Liam spend much of their spare time volunteering at local charities, and they also like helping their friends. Brady and Liam likely score high on which Big Five trait?

agreeableness

Which of the Big Five traits includes morality and altruism?

agreeableness

Brain studies now show a person high in neuroticism have stronger responses in the ________.

amygdala

What is an implicit motive?

an unconscious motivation you are not aware of having

Even though it appears that he needs to use the bathroom, when Tommy's parents ask him if he wants to use the "potty," he says no. What did Freud call people who gained pleasure from retaining their bowels?

anal retentive

Mindfulness practice has been shown to help treat which of the following?

anxiety disorders

Negative emotions turned inward result in ________; negative emotions turned outward result in ________.

anxiety; anger

In object relations theory, the ________ is the lack of connection between the child and mother that can impact adult relationships in the future.

basic fault

Why do personality assessments contain some reverse-scored items?

because people tend to agree with everything

When researchers have participants report what they are doing at random times on the day using their cell phones, they are measuring ________.

behavior

In biology, the phenotype is how genes appear in the organism. In personality psychology, the phenotype is the ________.

behavior resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

If a Cat Person Scale correlates very highly with a measure of IQ, it would be said to be lacking ________.

discriminant validity

Thinking that even small negative events are major problems is known as __________.

catastrophizing

The Jungian process of individuation is that of ________.

changing the center of your universe from your ego to the Self

What is a common method researchers may use to assess mental health disorders?

clinical interviews

According to Jung, the ________ is filled with psychological structures called archetypes that are universal across cultures and time.

collective unconscious

According to Adler, some people will ________, or react against, a perceived inferiority by behaving as if they were strong and powerful.

compensate for

Kembra wants to develop new skills and continually learn at work. She is high on what self-determination theory need?

competence

A study of nearly 70,000 Facebook users who filled out a personality questionnaire and then allowed researchers to access their pages found which of the following words were more likely associated with introverts on their Facebook pages?

computer, internet, read

One of the most efficient ways for researchers to better understand the influence of genetics and environment is to ________.

conduct twin studies

Darla is known as one of the best workers in her office, and she also is very disciplined when it comes to exercising and diet. Darla is likely to measure high on which Big Five trait?

conscientiousness

Peter is always on time for work and makes sure he does each task to the best of his ability. Peter is likely high in which of the Big Five traits?

conscientiousness

Which of the Big Five traits appears to be most related to living longer?

conscientiousness

Which of the Big Five traits includes achievement-striving and self-discipline?

conscientiousness

An extraversion scale is correlated with other extraversion scales. This is considered to be an example of ________.

convergent validity

Tyson has found that his scale on conscientiousness correlates well with his friend Natasha's scale on conscientiousness. This is a sign of ________.

convergent validity

What part of your mind, according to Freud, would be responsible for a "Freudian" slip?

id

Personality psychology aims to ________.

define and measure what it can while acknowledging that it will not be everything

When researchers are measuring the effects of drugs, the effects are the ________.

dependent variable

Scientists have found that when mice experience a stressful environment as newborns, they become more socially anxious and this was subsequently passed down to their children and grandchildren. This is an example of ________.

gene expression causing heritable changes in behavior

The process of genetics and environment working together to shape personality is called ________.

gene-environment interaction

A genotype is the ________.

genetic predisposition of a person

The nature-nurture debate is the view that ________.

genetics versus the environment cause personality traits

Sheila is a narcissist, so she is likely to have a _________ view of herself.

grandiose

A factor analysis is when words that correlate with each other form _________.

groups

Which of the following outcomes is more likely to be experienced by people who are considered extraverts?

happiness

Amber is an extrovert, so we would expect her to ________.

have many friends on Facebook

What is the most likely outcome of being high in agreeableness?

having a strong social support system of friends and loved ones

Which of the following is an example of a self-report measure?

having people fill out a questionnaire to describe themselves

Adam really wants to go on a date with Cara, but is afraid that she doesn't like him. He exhibits defense pessimism by telling himself ________.

he won't be too upset if she says no

What are some common physiological measures related to personality that can be measured by physiological tests?

heart rate and sweating

Haley is on antidepressants and now shows lower impulsivity. The antidepressants have likely increased ________.

her serotonin levels

Toby is known for his micro-management leadership style. Many of his employees have left the company or have found ways to go around him thereby thwarting his power, both of which frustrate him greatly. If this continues, Toby is most likely to develop which of the following conditions?

high blood pressure and possible immune system problems

Which of the following traits is linked to a host of health problems, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and obesity?

high neuroticism

Which two characteristics are typical of Type D personality?

high neuroticism and high social inhibition

Morning people tend to be ________ than evening people.

higher in conscientiousness

Men and women who are single tend to have ________ levels than those who have partners.

higher testosterone

An example of how situations can affect approach-avoidance motivation is that people under threat tend to experience ________.

increased avoidance motivation while approach motivation doesn't change

When all the questions in a personality questionnaire measure the same thing, the questionnaire is considered to have ________.

internal reliability

Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling are examples of what kind of goals?

intrinsic

Luke has always loved feeling connected to the people around him and is studying to become a social worker. Luke is being guided by _________.

intrinsic goals

With regard to other personality research, the Big Five _________.

is useful because it can incorporate traits used in other models

Molly has a dream that she's being chased by a dog. Her therapist tells her that the dogs are a symbol of the fear she has about her upcoming college entrance exams. Being anxious about her entrance exams is, in psychodynamic terms, the dream's ________.

latent content

The _________ is the idea that important traits are embedded in our language.

lexical hypothesis

Freud's version of a life force is the ________.

libido

Which of the following has a strong correlation with low self-esteem?

loneliness

A(n) ________ collects data on people at more than one time.

longitudinal study

The most common way to practice mindfulness is with _________.

meditation

What term to researchers use to describe the most frequent score in a set of raw data?

mode

Someone high in conscientiousness is, on average, ________.

more likely to be on time

Where can personality be observed, according to research studies?

most places and contexts

What are explicit motives?

motives that people are aware of having

Horney developed a model of personality that focuses on three techniques, including ________, or trying to find peace by avoiding others.

moving away

Self-control, according to the text, is very much like a(n) _________.

muscle

When the temperature is high, people wear less clothing. This is an example of a(n) ________.

negative relationship

Ashley tends to get anxious when she gets through periods of change in her life. Ashley likely measures high on which Big Five trait?

neuroticism

Peter suffers from depression and was recently diagnosed with general anxiety disorder. It is not surprising that Peter also measures quite high on which Big Five personality trait?

neuroticism

The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in the processing of reactions to fear. It makes sense, then, that people in the ________ Big Five trait show more activity there.

neuroticism

Which Big Five trait includes anger and immoderation?

neuroticism

The ________ is the distribution of scores in which most people fall in the middle with fewer scores at the extremes.

normal distribution

Based on twin studies, you and your sibling, who was adopted, will be ________.

only slightly more similar in personality than randomly selected strangers

Dan and Michelle are making their research materials and data on neuroticism in middle-aged men public. They are engaging in ________.

open practices

Which Big Five trait is least likely to appear in other cultures and languages?

openness to experience

Which Big Five traits contains facets such as intellect, imagination, and adventurousness?

openness to experience

Which of the Big Five have the weakest association with health outcomes?

openness to experience

Your friend Meghan decided to backpack across Europe so she could meet new people, try different foods, and experience a range of cultures and languages. Meghan likely scores high in which of the following Big Five traits?

openness to experience

Chris just got a laid off at work. He figured that he lost his job because there were too many qualified people in his role and that the company had to let someone go, not because his performance was poor. This is an example of a(n) __________.

optimistic explanatory style

Students often mistakenly think that conscientiousness means consideration for others, but instead it refers to someone who is _________.

organized

If your friends are always encouraging you to work out, this would create a(n) _________ self of someone who goes to the gym. If your friends don't care either way if you do to the the gym, but you yourself really want to get in shape, you would have a(n) _________ self of being fit.

ought; ideal

One of Horney's most notable critiques was of Freud's idea of ________, which she thought was significantly exaggerated.

penis envy

Some studies report their result as the ________ explained by genetics or environment.

percentage of variance

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance model examines the relationships between which three variables?

performance, relevance, and closeness

Rather can competing to see which has the biggest role in behavior, the person and situation actually work together in many different ways, called ________.

person-situation interaction

Research exploring if personality can predict whether people use a Mac or PC has found that ________.

personality does predict preferences for features associated with brands

Dominique broke her leg right before she was to go one spring break with her friends. "It figures," she says. "Things like this always happen to me exactly when they shouldn't. That's just the way it is." This is an example of a(n) __________.

pessimistic explanatory style

According to Jung, your dark side is considered your ________.

shadow

Samantha is normally a very reserved person, who studies all of the time and keeps to herself. She went to a party one weekend, however, and danced all night. Jung would say this other side of Samantha is her ________.

shadow

Monozygotic twins ________.

share the same genetic profile

When Sarah is out with her friends she sees herself as loud and the center of attention, but when she is around her grandparents, she sees herself as far more quiet and respectful. This is an example of the _________ self.

social

What does a "donut personality" mean?

someone low in implicit self-esteem and high in explicit self-esteem

Which of the following best illustrates vulnerable narcissism?

someone who is more neurotic and anxious

The id, ego, and super-ego make up the ________.

structural model of the mind

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves turning unconscious unacceptable desires into something constructive?

sublimation

What was Freud's term for the treatment of hysteria?

talking cure

Which of the following tend to be evening people?

teenagers

Victor sees himself as a humble, hardworking person who tries to make the world a better place. What two aspects of self are at work here with Victor "seeing" himself?

the "I" and the "me"

Freud saw the ego as the center of the psyche, whereas Jung believed that ________.

the Self was at the core, with the ego orbiting the Self