PSYC Ch 8-Memory

_____ refers to brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about three seconds before fading away.

Echoic memory

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

Implicit; explicit

_____ is a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.

Recall

_____ is a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.

Recognition

_____ is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Relearning

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by:

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

_____ memory is to transience as long-term memory is to permanence.

Sensory

Which statement is NOT true of working memory?

This stage is simply a temporary store for holding incoming information.

_____ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information as well as information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

Participants in George Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the corresponding row.

a few tenths of a second

How long does information last in sensory memory?

a fraction of a second to several seconds

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that one can only store _____ in short-term memory.

about seven bits of information

Solomon Shereshevskii, a Russian journalist, could remember and recite long strings of digits. When it came to recalling the situations in which he learned the digits, he would:

accurately describe the context in which he learned them.

Deshawn is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Deshawn cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because short-term memory is limited in duration and _____.

capacity

According to one information-processing model, called _____, memories are products of interconnected neural networks. Specific memories arise from particular activation patterns within these networks.

connectionism

Meaningful _____ helps in remembering information from novel, abstract paragraphs.

context

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

effortful processing

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second.

iconic memory

Using mental pictures is a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. This process involves:

imagery.

Echoic sensory memory:

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

According to psychologists, memory refers to the persistence of _____ over time.

learning

Sensory memory is to transience as _____ memory is to permanence.

long-term

Knowledge, skills, and experiences are permanently stored in _____ for future retrieval.

long-term memory

Recall, recognition, and relearning are three:

measures of retention.

A(n) _____ question is a good way to test recognition.

multiple choice

The brain processes many things automatically, by means of:

parallel processing.

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good way to test:

recall.

A multiple-choice test is a good way to test _____.

recognition

A multiple-choice test is a good way to test:

recognition.

An aspect of memory that involves picking the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as:

recognition.

Paolo is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass by using:

recognition.

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

rehearsal

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

chunking.

Through the conscious repetition of information, one can encode information in long-term storage. This is known as:

rehearsal.

Recall, recognition, and _____ are three measures of retention.

relearning

Candace thought she had adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. While taking the final, however, she could not remember the material she had previously retained. According to the information-processing model of memory, Candace is having difficulty with _____.

retrieval

Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and _____ of information.

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

retrieval.

While taking his statistics exam, Pierre is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Pierre is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.

retrieve

In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ encoding yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.

semantic

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of:

semantic encoding.

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, which stage of memory involves the immediate, brief recording of information in the memory system?

sensory memory

Although _____ is rich and detailed, one loses the information in it quickly unless one uses certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

sensory memory

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, in what order does one process information?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

seven, plus or minus two

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, this stage of memory briefly holds a few items before the information is stored or forgotten.

short-term memory

Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the _____ and retrieval of information.

storage

The retention of information over time is called:

storage.

In Baddeley's model of working memory, _____ focuses attention and pulls information from long-term memory to help make sense of new information.

the central executive

Memory may be formally defined as:

the mental processes that enable one to learn, store, and retrieve information.

Students who review previously learned course material at various times throughout a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This BEST illustrates the value of:

the spacing effect.

The peg-word system relies heavily on the use of:

visual imagery.

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, each paired with an unseen slide. The participants were able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory

_____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

_____ questions are a good way to test recognition.

Multiple-choice

Psychologist _____ studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

Sperling

The three steps in the typical information-processing model of memory are:

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

encoding.

Memory for facts and experiences that one consciously knows and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory.

Without _____ attention, information often fades.

focused