PSYC chapter 12

which children are at a greater risk of being bullied

-children who are emotionally reactive -children who are different from others -gay or lesbian teens are at high risks of bullying

what is self-disclosure

sharing of personal information

why are we attracted to people who are similar to us

sharing things in common with them

social psychologists tend to take the _______ perspective

situationist

What is a stereotype?

specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of they individual characteristics

for self-serving bias what is success= failure=

success= internal factors failure= external factors

what was the significance of milligrams study experiment

taught us that the power of the authority figures have over us is great

what is diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

what is deindividuation

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when stripped of usual identification ex: KKK, internet trolls

what does social psychology assert?

that an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are very much influences by social situations

What is a stereotype threat?

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

what is conformity

the change in a persons behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group

what is Stanford prison experiment

-conducted by Zimbarbo demonstrated the power of social roles, social Norms and scripts and He turned the basement in the PSYC building at Stanford into a prison -participants fell into their roles based upon the setting

what is the confederate

a person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher -these people are meant to manipulate social situations

what is the bystander effect

a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

what is scapegoating

act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

what are the three components of attitudes

active component (feeling) behavioral component (effect of the attitude on behavior) cognitive component (belief and knowledge)

humans engage in ______ when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person

aggression

what is self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true

what is prosocial behavior

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

what are implicit attitudes

attitudes that are automatic -may motivate behavior that is instantaneous

what is explicit attitudes

attitudes we are aware or

what is dispositionism

holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors

why do we socialize through the evolutionary aspect

its protection and adaptive

for elaboration likelihood model what is the peripheral route

leads us to respond to persuasive arguments in the basis of snap judgments based on appealing aspects

what is cyberbullying

like bullying, its repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person -remains anonymous

what is instrumental aggression

motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain ex: a playground bully

what is hostile aggression

motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain ex: fight in a bar with a stranger

why do we socialize through the emotional aspect

need to belong, feel worthwhile, social support to mitigate negative effects of isolation

what is discrimination?

negative action toward an individual as a result of ones membership in a particular group

in ascots famous study, on conformity, participants most likely conformed due to

normative influence

what is social facilitation

occurs when an individual preforms better when an audience is watching them then the individual preforms the behavior alone

prejudice= discrimination= stereotypes=

prejudice= Affective (emotional) component discrimination= Behavior stereotypes= Cognitive

what is persuasion

process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

bullying does not have to be physical or verbal but can also be

psychological

what are the three things people see first when meeting a stranger

race, gender, age

what is social loafing

the exertion of less effect by a person working together in a group

what is reciprocity

the give and take in relationships

what is the single most influential fact in determining who you become friends with and who you date?

the people why whim you have the most contact- the most important factor is proximity

what is illusory correlation

the perception that there is a relationship between two things, but in reality no relationship exists

what is attribution?

the process by which individuals explain the causes of behaviors and events

What was Milligram's study?

the shocking experiment tested obedience

which of the following would be an internal/dispositional attribution for why someone bumped into our in the hall?

they are no good, air-wasting shitheads

social comparison theory?

we evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing ourselves to others

when are our behavior, attitudes and beliefs affected?

when we experience a threat to our self-esteem

consummate love=

Intimacy+ Commitment+ Passion

what is attribution

a belief about the cause of a result

infatuation=

passion

what is empathy

capacity to understand another persons perspective, to feel what he or she feels

what is obedience

changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure

empty love=

commitment only

what is belief

conclusion regarding factual evidence ex: "after looking at the data, I believe that death penalty does not effectively deter violent crime"

changing your behavior to fit in with others, without directly being told to do so is what

conformity

what limits our exposure to to diversity

homophily

people from an __________ have the greatest tendency to commit fundamental attribution error

individualistic culture

people in _____ cultures more prone to social loafing then collectivistic cultures

individualistic cultures

the fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to our rely on ____ attributions for other behavior

internal

what is dispositional influence?

internal (inside the person) enduring characteristics, such as personality traits, attitudes and intelligence ex: you instructor came into class angry because he's a mean person

negative behaviors of other individuals are _____ attributed

internally

companionate love=

intimacy + commitment

liking=

intimacy only

what are sternberg 3 components to love?

intimacy, passion and commitment

the field of social psychology is both what

intra- and interpersonal levels

what is racism

is prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on ones membership in a specific racial group ex: Asian women are shy

what is situationism?

is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment surroundings

people weigh a potential partner attractiveness against the

likelihood of success with that person

what is an empathic person

makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help

what is door-in-the-face

making an unreasonably large request before making a small request we're hoping to have granted

what is prejudice

negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group ex: having a negative attitude toward people who are not born in the United States

do people in all cultures commit the fundamental attribution error

no

why do we socialize through the motivational aspect

so we can preform better/achieve more

why do we socialize through the cognitive aspect

so we can understand who we are

what is confirmation bias

we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignores information that is inconsistent with our expectations

what is elaboration likelihood model?

considers the factors that influence the extent to which a message is systematically processed

what is Yale attitude change approach

describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes

what can social loafing lead to?

diffusion of responsibility

you witness a car accident on a crowded street. if you assume you don't need to call for help because someone else will, you have experienced?

diffusion of responsibility

what are the two explanations that attribute to attribution?

dispositional influence and situational influence

personality psychologist seem to take the _______ perspective

dispositions

what is the solution to group think

encourage disagreement and critical thinking

pluralistic ignorance

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do "it must just be me"

social psychology

examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation

what is situational influence?

external (outside the person) factors ex: your instructor came into class angry because he's having a bad day

positive behaviors of the individual can be ______ attributed

externally

what is fundamental attribution error

failing to recognize why the behavior of another is due to situational variables and thus to the persons state

what is the solution to this problem when it comes to group projects?

group members give each other grades on contributions to projects

what is an example of social loafing?

group projects

what is an in-group

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

what is an out-group

group that we view as fundamentally different from us

what is a social norm

groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its numbers-how they are supposed to think and have

what is just-world hypothesis

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

what is prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior with the intent to help others

the Asch effect

A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments. -the line example

symptoms of groupthink

-believing the group is morally correct -self-sensory by group members -holding negative attitudes toward the out-group

what factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure

-the size of majority -the presence of another dissenter -the public or private nature of the responses

the three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

1. change the thought-"smoking isn't that bad" 2. change the thought of behavior-"smoking has negative health consequences" 3. add a new thought that resolves in inconsistency -"I'm going to die anyways"

one model of attribution proposes 3 main dimensions

1. locus of control (internal versus external) 2. stability (stable versus mistable) 3. controllability (controllable versus uncontrollable)

what is attitude?

belief that includes an emotional component can be positive or negative

what is cognitive dissonance

an uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes do not match

what is self-serving bias

any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner

fatuous love=

passion + commitment

romantic love=

passion + intimacy

what is a social role?

pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

social loafing?

people are prone to exert less effort in a group then when alone

What is informational social influence?

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information

what is normal social influence

people conform to a group to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

what is just-world hypothesis

people get what they deserve ex: karma

what is altruism

peoples desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

what is justification of effort

peoples tendency to attribute a greater value (greater than the objective value) to an outcome they had to put effort into acquiring or achieving

what is a script

persons knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

for elaboration likelihood model what is the central route

persuasion works best when the target of persuasion or the audience is analytical and willing to engage in the processing of the information- persuasion with facts

what does social isolation lead to

poorer mental health outcomes

what are the root causes of human conflict?

prejudice and discrimination

what is ageism

prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their age ex: old people are bad drivers

what is homophobia

prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation ex: excluding gay or lesbian individuals from a social group

what is sexism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex ex: expecting women to be the care takers of the house

what are the 3 types of bias

prejudice, discrimination, stereotypes

what is bullying

repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, over time

what is frustration aggression theory

states that when humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive

what is actor-observer bias

the phenomenon of attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces

what is groupthink

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.

what is foot-in-the-door

the pursuer gets a person to agree to a small favor only to later request a bigger favor

what is lowball technique

the requestor gets an initial commitment from an individual, and then raises the cost of the commitment

we have a tendency to underestimate the power of what?

the situation

what is group polarization

the strengthening of an original attitude after the discussion of views within a group

what is diffusion of responsibility?

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

what is homophily

the tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar

what is social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

what is an example of just-world hypothesis

these people believe in karma

what is interpersonal?

those that pertain to groups- includes helping behavior, aggression, discrimination, attraction and close relationships

what is intrapersonal?

those that pertain to the individual and includes emotion and attitudes, the self, and social cognition (the way we think about ourselves and others)

What is altruism?

unselfish regard for the welfare of others