PSYC chapter 12
which children are at a greater risk of being bullied
-children who are emotionally reactive -children who are different from others -gay or lesbian teens are at high risks of bullying
what is self-disclosure
sharing of personal information
why are we attracted to people who are similar to us
sharing things in common with them
social psychologists tend to take the _______ perspective
situationist
What is a stereotype?
specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of they individual characteristics
for self-serving bias what is success= failure=
success= internal factors failure= external factors
what was the significance of milligrams study experiment
taught us that the power of the authority figures have over us is great
what is diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
what is deindividuation
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when stripped of usual identification ex: KKK, internet trolls
what does social psychology assert?
that an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are very much influences by social situations
What is a stereotype threat?
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
what is conformity
the change in a persons behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group
what is Stanford prison experiment
-conducted by Zimbarbo demonstrated the power of social roles, social Norms and scripts and He turned the basement in the PSYC building at Stanford into a prison -participants fell into their roles based upon the setting
what is the confederate
a person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher -these people are meant to manipulate social situations
what is the bystander effect
a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
what is scapegoating
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
what are the three components of attitudes
active component (feeling) behavioral component (effect of the attitude on behavior) cognitive component (belief and knowledge)
humans engage in ______ when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person
aggression
what is self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true
what is prosocial behavior
any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
what are implicit attitudes
attitudes that are automatic -may motivate behavior that is instantaneous
what is explicit attitudes
attitudes we are aware or
what is dispositionism
holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors
why do we socialize through the evolutionary aspect
its protection and adaptive
for elaboration likelihood model what is the peripheral route
leads us to respond to persuasive arguments in the basis of snap judgments based on appealing aspects
what is cyberbullying
like bullying, its repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person -remains anonymous
what is instrumental aggression
motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain ex: a playground bully
what is hostile aggression
motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain ex: fight in a bar with a stranger
why do we socialize through the emotional aspect
need to belong, feel worthwhile, social support to mitigate negative effects of isolation
what is discrimination?
negative action toward an individual as a result of ones membership in a particular group
in ascots famous study, on conformity, participants most likely conformed due to
normative influence
what is social facilitation
occurs when an individual preforms better when an audience is watching them then the individual preforms the behavior alone
prejudice= discrimination= stereotypes=
prejudice= Affective (emotional) component discrimination= Behavior stereotypes= Cognitive
what is persuasion
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication
bullying does not have to be physical or verbal but can also be
psychological
what are the three things people see first when meeting a stranger
race, gender, age
what is social loafing
the exertion of less effect by a person working together in a group
what is reciprocity
the give and take in relationships
what is the single most influential fact in determining who you become friends with and who you date?
the people why whim you have the most contact- the most important factor is proximity
what is illusory correlation
the perception that there is a relationship between two things, but in reality no relationship exists
what is attribution?
the process by which individuals explain the causes of behaviors and events
What was Milligram's study?
the shocking experiment tested obedience
which of the following would be an internal/dispositional attribution for why someone bumped into our in the hall?
they are no good, air-wasting shitheads
social comparison theory?
we evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing ourselves to others
when are our behavior, attitudes and beliefs affected?
when we experience a threat to our self-esteem
consummate love=
Intimacy+ Commitment+ Passion
what is attribution
a belief about the cause of a result
infatuation=
passion
what is empathy
capacity to understand another persons perspective, to feel what he or she feels
what is obedience
changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
empty love=
commitment only
what is belief
conclusion regarding factual evidence ex: "after looking at the data, I believe that death penalty does not effectively deter violent crime"
changing your behavior to fit in with others, without directly being told to do so is what
conformity
what limits our exposure to to diversity
homophily
people from an __________ have the greatest tendency to commit fundamental attribution error
individualistic culture
people in _____ cultures more prone to social loafing then collectivistic cultures
individualistic cultures
the fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to our rely on ____ attributions for other behavior
internal
what is dispositional influence?
internal (inside the person) enduring characteristics, such as personality traits, attitudes and intelligence ex: you instructor came into class angry because he's a mean person
negative behaviors of other individuals are _____ attributed
internally
companionate love=
intimacy + commitment
liking=
intimacy only
what are sternberg 3 components to love?
intimacy, passion and commitment
the field of social psychology is both what
intra- and interpersonal levels
what is racism
is prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on ones membership in a specific racial group ex: Asian women are shy
what is situationism?
is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment surroundings
people weigh a potential partner attractiveness against the
likelihood of success with that person
what is an empathic person
makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help
what is door-in-the-face
making an unreasonably large request before making a small request we're hoping to have granted
what is prejudice
negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group ex: having a negative attitude toward people who are not born in the United States
do people in all cultures commit the fundamental attribution error
no
why do we socialize through the motivational aspect
so we can preform better/achieve more
why do we socialize through the cognitive aspect
so we can understand who we are
what is confirmation bias
we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignores information that is inconsistent with our expectations
what is elaboration likelihood model?
considers the factors that influence the extent to which a message is systematically processed
what is Yale attitude change approach
describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes
what can social loafing lead to?
diffusion of responsibility
you witness a car accident on a crowded street. if you assume you don't need to call for help because someone else will, you have experienced?
diffusion of responsibility
what are the two explanations that attribute to attribution?
dispositional influence and situational influence
personality psychologist seem to take the _______ perspective
dispositions
what is the solution to group think
encourage disagreement and critical thinking
pluralistic ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do "it must just be me"
social psychology
examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation
what is situational influence?
external (outside the person) factors ex: your instructor came into class angry because he's having a bad day
positive behaviors of the individual can be ______ attributed
externally
what is fundamental attribution error
failing to recognize why the behavior of another is due to situational variables and thus to the persons state
what is the solution to this problem when it comes to group projects?
group members give each other grades on contributions to projects
what is an example of social loafing?
group projects
what is an in-group
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
what is an out-group
group that we view as fundamentally different from us
what is a social norm
groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its numbers-how they are supposed to think and have
what is just-world hypothesis
belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
what is prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior with the intent to help others
the Asch effect
A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments. -the line example
symptoms of groupthink
-believing the group is morally correct -self-sensory by group members -holding negative attitudes toward the out-group
what factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure
-the size of majority -the presence of another dissenter -the public or private nature of the responses
the three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
1. change the thought-"smoking isn't that bad" 2. change the thought of behavior-"smoking has negative health consequences" 3. add a new thought that resolves in inconsistency -"I'm going to die anyways"
one model of attribution proposes 3 main dimensions
1. locus of control (internal versus external) 2. stability (stable versus mistable) 3. controllability (controllable versus uncontrollable)
what is attitude?
belief that includes an emotional component can be positive or negative
what is cognitive dissonance
an uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes do not match
what is self-serving bias
any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner
fatuous love=
passion + commitment
romantic love=
passion + intimacy
what is a social role?
pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
social loafing?
people are prone to exert less effort in a group then when alone
What is informational social influence?
people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information
what is normal social influence
people conform to a group to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
what is just-world hypothesis
people get what they deserve ex: karma
what is altruism
peoples desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
what is justification of effort
peoples tendency to attribute a greater value (greater than the objective value) to an outcome they had to put effort into acquiring or achieving
what is a script
persons knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting
for elaboration likelihood model what is the central route
persuasion works best when the target of persuasion or the audience is analytical and willing to engage in the processing of the information- persuasion with facts
what does social isolation lead to
poorer mental health outcomes
what are the root causes of human conflict?
prejudice and discrimination
what is ageism
prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their age ex: old people are bad drivers
what is homophobia
prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation ex: excluding gay or lesbian individuals from a social group
what is sexism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex ex: expecting women to be the care takers of the house
what are the 3 types of bias
prejudice, discrimination, stereotypes
what is bullying
repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, over time
what is frustration aggression theory
states that when humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive
what is actor-observer bias
the phenomenon of attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces
what is groupthink
the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
what is foot-in-the-door
the pursuer gets a person to agree to a small favor only to later request a bigger favor
what is lowball technique
the requestor gets an initial commitment from an individual, and then raises the cost of the commitment
we have a tendency to underestimate the power of what?
the situation
what is group polarization
the strengthening of an original attitude after the discussion of views within a group
what is diffusion of responsibility?
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
what is homophily
the tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
what is social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
what is an example of just-world hypothesis
these people believe in karma
what is interpersonal?
those that pertain to groups- includes helping behavior, aggression, discrimination, attraction and close relationships
what is intrapersonal?
those that pertain to the individual and includes emotion and attitudes, the self, and social cognition (the way we think about ourselves and others)
What is altruism?
unselfish regard for the welfare of others